Conjunction

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o'clock. b (used after nice or good to add force): It's nice and sunny today. | The soup was good and hot. 6 (in saying numbers, used before the numbers 1 to 99 and after the word hundred, but sometimes left out in AmE): one million, two hundred and

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Nội dung Text: Conjunction

o'clock. b (used after nice or good to add force): It's nice and sunny today. | The soup was good and hot. 6 (in saying numbers, used before the numbers 1 to 99 and after the word hundred, but sometimes left out in AmE): one million, two hundred and fifty-three thousand, four hundred and twenty-six (=1,253,426) 7 (in descriptions of food or drinks) served with: according as bacon and eggs | a gin and tonic | bread and butter : conj BrE fml (=bread spread with butter) depending on whether 8 and how! sl (used to give force to the idea just expressed) very much so: “Did you enjoy after yourselves?” “And how!” 2 conj at a later time than (when): I found your coat after you 9 and so on/forth and other things of that kind: pots, pans, dishes, and so on had left the house. | She started the job soon after/shortly after she left the university. as 2 conj albeit : conj fml 1 (used in comparisons): She doesn't run as fast as she used to. | He works in the same office as my sister. | I even though; although: It was a very important, albeit was as surprised as anyone when they offered me the small, mistake. | Attitudes to this question are job. (=no one was more surprised than me) | Two is to changing, albeit slowly. four as four is to eight. 2 in the way or manner that: Do as I say! | He was although : conj late, as usual. | David, as you know (=and you know 1 in spite of the fact that; THOUGH: They are this), is a photographer. | As I said in my last letter, I generous although they are poor. | Although my car is am taking the exam in July. very old, it still runs very well. 3 while; when: He saw her as he was getting off the 2 but; HOWEVER: The price increase will obviously bus. | As the election approached, the violence got be unpopular, although it's unlikely to reduce demand. worse. 4 because: As she has no car, she can't get there and : conj easily. 5 though: Improbable as it seems, it's true. | Tired as I 1 (used to join two things, esp. words of the same type was, I tried to help them. | (esp. AmE) As popular as or parts of sentences of the same importance) as well he is (=even though he is popular) the President has as; also: a knife and fork | John and I | He started to not been able to get his own way on every issue. shout and sing. | a mixture of sugar, flour, and water | 6 (with so or such, showing a result): so cold as to We were cold and hungry. | We solved the problem by make swimming impossible | such an expression on reducing our costs and borrowing more money. his face as left no doubt of his decision -see also SO¹, 2 then; afterwards: She knocked on the door and went SUCH¹ in. | I woke up and got out of bed. | We don't know yet 7 (showing a purpose): He ran away so as not to be if the operation was a success - we'll just have to wait caught. and see. 8 as against in comparison with: Our profits this year 3 (expresses a result or explanation): Water the seeds amount to £20,000 as against £15,000 last year. and they will grow. | She was sick and took some 9 as for sometimes derog (used when starting to talk medicine. (=because she was sick) Compare She took about a new subject, connected with what came some medicine and was sick. (=because she took the before) when we speak of; concerning: You can have medicine) a bed; as for him, he'll have to sleep on the floor. 4 (joins repeated words) a to show that something 10 as if/though: a as it would be if (something were continues to happen: We ran and ran. | We waited for true): I couldn't move my legs. It was as if they were hours and hours. | It came nearer and nearer. b infml stuck to the floor. | Why doesn't she buy us a drink? It to show a difference in quality or kind: There are isn't as if she had no money. (=she has plenty of dictionaries and dictionaries. (=some are much better money) b in a way that suggests that (something is than others) true): He shook his head as if to say “don't trust her”. | 5 a (used instead of to after come, go, try, etc.): Come We've missed the bus. It looks as if (=it seems) we'll and have tea with me. | Try and get here before 4 have to walk. c (showing a strong negative): “He's gone.” “As if I cared!” (=I don't care at all). 5
11 as it is: a in reality; in the situation that actually 3 rather; instead: They own not one but three houses! | exists: We had hoped to finish it today, but as it is we The purpose of the scheme is not to help the probably won't finish until tomorrow. b already: Don't employers but to provide work for young people. say anything else; you're in enough trouble as it is. 4 except that; however: He would have won easily, 12 as it were as one might say; in a sort of way: He is, but he fell and broke his leg. | I would like to go, but as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. I'm too busy. | We were coming to see you, but it 13 as of/from starting from (the time stated): As of rained (so we didn't). | We had no alternative but to today, you are in charge of the office. dismiss her. | There's no doubt/no question but (that) 14 as to: a (used esp. when speaking of arguments and he's guilty. | (lit) There was not a man but had tears in decisions) on the subject of; concerning: He's very his eyes. (=they all had tears in their eyes) | But for uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him. b (=without) your help I'd be stranded. according to; by: correctly placed as to size and colour 5 (used to express surprise, disagreement, or other 15 as yet fml (with negatives) until now: I have strong feeling: But how wonderful! | But that's received no answer from them as yet. -see also as long outrageous! as (LONG²), as often as not (OFTEN), and so far 6 (used to give force to a statement): It'll be the event ¤sUSAGE In comparisons, you can use as or so after of the year - everyone, but everyone, is coming. not: He's not as/so old as I am. Otherwise use as: She's 7 (used to change the subject) anyway: But now to the as pretty as her sister. In AmE the first as in such main question… comparisons is sometimes omitted: He's old as the hills. | She turned red as a beet. ¤v considering 1 : prep, conj if one takes into account the rather surprising fact (of): because : conj Considering the strength of the opposition, we did 1 for the reason that: I do it because I like it. | She got very well to score two goals. [+that/wh-] He did very the job because she was the best candidate. | “Why well in his exams considering that he had studied so can't I go?” “Because you're too young.” little/considering how little he had studied. 2 because of by reason of; as a result of: I came back because of the rain. -see REASON (USAGE) cos 1 : conj nonstandard 3 because it's there quote a phrase originally used by the mountain climber George Mallory when asked to because -see also COS LETTUCE explain why he wanted to climb Mount Everest, and directly now sometimes used humorously as an answer when 2 conj BrE infml someone is asked why they want to do something very as soon as: I came directly I got your message. difficult or dangerous either 3 conj before 3 conj (used to begin a list of two or more possibilities 1 earlier than the time when: Say goodbye before you separated by or): It's either a boy or a girl. | Either say go. | It will be some time before we know the full you're sorry or (else) get out. | It's either blue, red, or results. green - I can't remember. | She's one of those people 2 more willingly than; rather than: He will die before that you either love or hate. he tells them what they want to know. ¤sUSAGE Either … or and neither … nor are usually 3 if not; or else; otherwise: Get out before I call the followed by a plural pronoun and plural verb, except police. in formal writing: If either David or Janet come, they will want a drink. In formal English this would be: If but either David or Janet comes, he or she will want a 1 : conj 1 against what might be expected; in spite of this: The drink. ¤v situation looked desperate, but they didn't give up ere hope. | They are poor but proud. | It was cheap, but it : prep, conj goes quite well. poet or old use before: I shall be gone ere morning/ere 2 yet at the same time; on the other hand: It wasn't you return. cheap, but it's very good. | These changes will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long except 2 conj run. | an expensive but immensely useful book | It has some limitations, but then (again) what do you expect 1 apart from: I can do everything around the house from a £100 computer? except cook. 6
2 infml but: I would go, except it's too far. to you. | Could you ask her if she'll be coming to the 3 except for: a apart from; with the EXCEPTION of: meeting? | I couldn't remember if you took sugar in Except for one old lady, the bus was empty. | The road your coffee or not. was empty except for a few cars. b (only before nouns 4 (used like that after words expressing surprise, and PRONOUNs) except: Everyone was tired except sorrow, or pleasure): I'm sorry if she's annoyed. | I for John. | Except for John, everyone was tired. c if it don't care if she is ten years older than me - I love her. were not for; but for (BUT): She would have left her | Do you mind if I smoke? (=May I smoke?) husband years ago except for the children. 5 if I were you (used when giving advice): If I were you I'd leave at once. 6 it isn't/it's not as if (often expressing annoyance) it is for 2 conj fml or lit not true that: I don't know why he's so mean - it isn't (used after the main statement) and the reason is that; as if he hasn't got any money! (=he has plenty of because: The old lady does not go out in the winter, money) -see also if you like (LIKE¹ (9)) for she feels the cold a great deal. ¤sUSAGE You can use if with will/won't when the meaning is “be willing”: If you will just sign here For as . much as : conj esp. please (=a polite request) I'll give you the money. | If you won't help me (=if you refuse) I'll shoot myself. old use , because; as it is a fact that Compare If he signs the cheque I'll be really happy. -see also WHETHER (USAGE), as if (AS²), even if how 2 conj (EVEN²), if only (ONLY²) ¤v 1 the fact that: Do you remember how she used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day? immediately 2 conj BrE 2 infml HOWEVER¹: In your own home you can act as soon as; DIRECTLY²: “Immediately your how you like. application is accepted you will be covered by the … Plan.” (insurance advertisement) however 1 : conj in whatever way: I'm going by car but you can go lest /lest/ conj fml or old-fash however you like. 1 in order that the stated thing should not happen; in case: Lest anyone (should) worry that this will lead to if 1 : conj price increases, let me reassure them that it will not. 1 (not usu. followed by the future tense) a on 2 (with words expressing fear) that: I was afraid lest condition that: We'll go if the weather stays fine, but if she (should) be offended. it rains we'll stay at home. | If you promise not to tell 3 lest we forget a phrase which is often written on anyone else, I'll tell you how much I paid for it. b British MONUMENTs to people killed in the First supposing that: If she phones/(fml) If she should and Second World Wars, or on WREATHs put on phone, tell her I'm out. | Just ask John if you need any such monuments, e.g. on Remembrance Day help/(fml) should you need any help. | If he told you that, he was lying. | Get out of here at once. If not, I'll like 5 conj phone the police. | If John was/were here, he would 1 infml as; in the same way as: Do you make bread know what to do. | If you'd listened to me/(fml) Had like you make cakes? | Like I said, I can't get there on you listened to me, you wouldn't be in such trouble Saturday. (=I have said this before) now. c in any situation in which; whenever: If you pour oil on water, it floats. | If I go to bed late, I find it 2 nonstandard as if: He acts like he's the boss. hard to get up in the morning. -see UNLESS USAGE) neither 2 accepting that; although: a (often with even) We'll 2 conj go even if it rains. (=We'll go, whether it rains or not.) (used before the first of two or more choices separated | If she's poor, at least she's honest. b (joining nouns, by nor) not either: He neither drinks, smokes, nor eats adjectives, or adverbs): a pleasant if noisy child | It meat. | Neither my father nor I were there. was a nice meal, if a little expensive. | Too sweet? - I thought it was a little dry, if anything. nor : conj 3 (in reported questions, or after verbs like know, remember, or wonder) whether: Do you know 1 (used between the two or more choices after if/whether she's coming? | I wonder if she isn't neither): just pleasantly warm, neither too cold nor too mistaken? (=I think she is.) | I'll see if he wants to talk hot 7
2 (used before the second, third, etc., choices after provided : also provided that, providing, not) and/or not: The job cannot be done by you nor providing that- conj (by) me nor (by) anyone else. 1 if: Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall 3 esp. BrE (used at the beginning of an expression just hold the meeting here. before a verb) and also not: “I don't like it.” “Nor do 2 and only if; on condition that: I will go, (always) I.” | I'm not going to work today and nor is Susie. | provided/providing (that) you go too. (fml) I have never been dishonest, nor do I intend to start being so now. -see NEITHER³ (USAGE) providing : also providing that - conj now 3 also now that- PROVIDED conj because (something has happened): Now (that) John's seeing arrived, we can begin. also seeing that , seeing as infml, seeing as how nonstandard- conj once 3 conj as it is true that; considering the fact that; SINCE³ (2): Seeing (that) she's legally old enough to get married, I from the moment that; when: Once she arrives, we don't see how you can stop her. can start. | Once in bed, the children usually stay there. since 3 conj only 3 conj infml 1 (used with the present perfect or past perfect tenses) a after the past time when: It's been years since I except that; but: She wants to go, only she hasn't got enjoyed myself so much as last night. | When I met enough money. him last week, it was the first time we had seen each other since we were at school. | Since leaving Paris, or : conj we've visited Brussels and Amsterdam. b continuously 1 (often with either; used before the last of a set of (and up to the present time) from the time when: possibilities): Would you prefer coffee or tea? | She's We've been friends (ever) since we met at school. either 21 or 22. | I don't care whether I get it or not. | 2 as; as it is a fact that; because: Since you can't Did you or didn't you? | She's going to spend the answer the question, perhaps we'd better ask someone summer in London or Paris or Rome/in London, Paris, else. | He must have shut the door since he was the or Rome. -see EITHER³ (USAGE) last one to leave. 2 (after a negative) and not: He never smokes or drinks. so 2 conj 3 if not; otherwise: Wear your coat or (else) you'll be 1 with the result that: It was dark, so I couldn't see cold. | He can't be ill, or he wouldn't have come. | what was happening. | She wrote a famous book, and Either say you're sorry or get out! so won a place in history. 4 (used when giving a second name for something) that is; that means; it would be better to say: She was 2 therefore: I had a headache, so I went to bed. | I'm busy today, so can you come back tomorrow? born in Saigon, or Ho Chi Minh City as it is now 3 with the purpose (that): I packed him a little food so called. (that) he wouldn't get hungry. 5 or so about; at least; or more: a minute or so | five 4 (used at the beginning of a sentence) a (with weak dollars or so 6 or two (used after singular nouns) about; at least; or meaning): So here we are again. b (to express discovery): So that's what you've been up to while I've more: a minute or two | a dollar or two -see also or been away! c what if?; what does it matter that?: So, I else (ELSE) ¤sUSAGE Or can be used when you want to limit or made a mistake. It's not the end of the world! 5 so what? infml why is that important?; why should I correct something you have said: It's going to snow tomorrow, or that's what the forecast says. | He is, or care?: “He says he doesn't like you.” “So what?” was, a very famous writer. ¤v suppose 2 also supposing - conj plus 1 what would/will happen if: Suppose it rains, what 4 conj in addition to this: I've got to finish reading this book shall we do? | It's a good idea, but suppose your mother were to find out? by Friday, plus I've got two essays to write! 2 (used for making a suggestion): Suppose we wait a while. 8
herself! e according to; as far as: He's never been here that I know of. than 1 : conj 3 lit (used for introducing an expression of desire): Oh 1 (used for introducing the second part of an unequal that I could fly! (=I wish I could fly!) | Would (that) comparison): I know him better than you (do). (=you he had never come! (=I wish he had never come!) may know him well, but I know him better) | Jean ¤sUSAGE 1 In ordinary speech that can often be left runs faster than John. | Paul is taller than I am. | out before a noun clause, especially after common Profits are higher than they were last year. | Don't tell verbs of saying or thinking: She said (that) it wasn't them any more than they need to know. | Nothing is time. | I think (that) it's fine. | He told me (that) he more unpleasant than finding/than to find insects in agreed. | I'm glad (that) you passed your exam. | I your bath. | They work better together than if they're knew (that) he had arrived. It is not usually left out in alone. formal English or after more formal verbs of saying: 2 (used for introducing the less acceptable choice in She stated that the report was incomplete. 2 That can statements of what one wants to do): I'd rather play only be used instead of who or which when they limit football than go swimming. | She said she'd rather the meaning of a noun more narrowly: Which of my leave her job than be forced to work for such an brothers did you meet? The one who/that lives in unpleasant man. Glasgow, or the one who/that lives in Leeds? It cannot 3 fml except; OTHER than: You leave me with no be used to introduce additional information in option than to resign. sentences like: This is my father, who (NOT that) 4 (used esp. after hardly, scarcely, and no sooner) lives in Leeds. (=I am introducing my father and when; as soon as: Scarcely had I started to speak than telling you where he lives) ¤v he began to argue with me. though 1 : conj that 3 : / conj 1 in spite of the fact that; even if: Though/Even 1 (used for introducing various kinds of CLAUSE) a though it's hard work, I enjoy it. | The offenders were (used after verbs, nouns, or adjectives marked [+ dealt with firmly though fairly. | Hardworking though (that)] in this dictionary): She said (that) she would he was, there was never enough money to pay the come early. | The rules state quite clearly that smoking bills. | a competent, though hardly exciting, piece of is not allowed. | Is it true (that) you're getting married? work | I'm afraid that I can't help you. | I'll give it to you on 2 as though as if: He sounds as though he's got a sore condition (that) you don't break it. | The fact that you throat. -see also ALTHOUGH don't like her has nothing to do with the matter. b (used (as if) in answering a question beginning with til : also 'til prep, conj AmE nonstandard what): “What was his reason for not coming to the meeting?” “The reason was that he forgot.” | The TILL¹ problem is that we didn't bring enough money. c (used esp. after so or such to express purpose or result): He till 1 : prep, conj was so rude that/He spoke in such a rude manner that she refused to reply. | Bring it closer so (that) I can see until it better. | (fml) Bring it closer so (that) I may see it : I'll keep it for you till Monday/till you come better. d (used for expressing reason): We rejoice that back. -see TO (USAGE) you are safe. 2 (used as a RELATIVE PRONOUN) a (as the unless : conj subject of a CLAUSE) which/who: Did you see the letter that came today? | He's the greatest man that's if ... not; except on the condition that: Do not leave ever lived. b (as the object of the verb in a CLAUSE) the building unless instructed to do so. | Unless the which/whom: Did you get the books (that) I sent you? government agrees to give extra money, the theatre | There are lots of things (that) I need to do before I will have to close. leave tonight. c (as the object of a PREPOSITION in a ¤sUSAGE Compare unless and if...not. 1 Unless is CLAUSE) which/whom: There's the man (that) I was not used of imaginary events. We cannot use unless in telling you about. | They've found the gun that she was these sentences: She would have died (=an imaginary shot with. d (introducing a CLAUSE) in, on, for, or at event) if the doctors had not saved her. | If he weren't which: The day that he came I was out. | The speed so stupid (=an imaginary situation) he would (that) she drives, I'm surprised she hasn't killed understand. 2 Unless can only be used instead of if ... not when there is an idea of ending an intention or 9
situation that already exists (not of starting a new where the receiver will have to be called in. | Where one): I'll stay at home unless I'm invited/if I'm not possible (=whenever it is possible), we use fresh local invited to the party (=an invitation would end my ingr edients. present intention to stay at home). Unless is very unlikely in the following sentence: I'll be angry if I'm whereas : conj not invited to the party (=not being invited would 1 (used to show an opposite or different fact, situation, make me angry, but I am not angry at present). ¤v etc.) but: They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. | Whereas we want a flat, they would until : also till- prep, conj rather live in a house. 1 up to (the time that): I waited until 10 o'clock, but he 2 law (used at the beginning of a sentence, esp. in still didn't come. | Wait until I call. | We won't start official papers) since; because of the fact that until Bob comes. | He stayed from Monday till Friday. | The problem has never really arisen until now. | Until whereat : adv, conj old use when do the pubs stay open? | (infml) He was here up 1 WHEREUPON until last week. 2 at which; where 2 as far as; up to (a place): Stay on the train until Birmingham. -see TO¹ (USAGE) wherefore : adv, conj old use when 1 why: Wherefore comest thou? 1 /wen/ adv, conj 1 at what time; at the time that: When will they come? 2 for that reason; therefore | Do you know when they're coming? | She'll tell us wherein : adv, conj fml or old use when to open it. | I jumped up when she called. | Things were different when I was a child. | Fire the in what; in which: Wherein lies the difficulty? | the rockets when I give the signal. | When completed, the grave wherein he lies new railway will run for 250 miles. 2 considering that: Why do you want a new job when whereof : adv, conj fml or old use you've got such a good one already? 3 even though; in spite of the fact that: They kept of what; of which trying when they must have known it was hopeless. whereon : adv, conj fml or old use whenever : adv, conj 1 on which: the table whereon lay the food 1 at whatever time: Whenever I come here it rains! | 2 whereupon Come whenever you like. | I'd like to see you whenever (it's) convenient. wheresoever : conj, adv lit 2 (shows surprise) when: Whenever did you find time for WHEREVER (1) to do all that? whereto : also whereunto : old use- adv, conj fml where : adv, conj or old use at, to, or from what/which place, position, or situation; to what place; to which at or to the place that: Where do you live? | Where are you going? | I asked her where she was going. | Where whereupon : conj did you get that book (from)? | Where will all this trouble lead? (=what result will it have?) | This is the at once or soon after and because of which; at which building where I work. | I told him where to put it. | point; as a result of which: One of the men insulted Sit where you like. | The crisis has reached a point another, whereupon a fight broke out. her feelings. | I wonder whether or not we should tell her. | I wonder whether we should tell her or not. whether : conj 2 a no matter if … (or) … : I will go, whether you 1 if … or not: He asked me whether she was coming. | come with me or stay at home. b (used to introduce I couldn't decide whether to do it. | It was uncertain two or more possibilities) I don't know if: I'm sure whether she would recover. | The decision whether to we'll see each other again soon, whether here or in see her was mine alone. | I worry about whether I hurt New York. | Whether by accident or design (=through luck or on purpose) they met. 10
¤sUSAGE If can be used instead of whether in meaning 1. But we must use whether (not if), a before why 1 : adv, conj infinitives: The question is whether to go or stay, b 1 for what reason: Why did you do it? | Why (should after prepositions: It depends on whether he's ready or we) bother waiting any longer? | They asked him why not, c after nouns: It's your decision whether you go or he did it. (not They asked him why did he do it.) | I stay, d with or not in sentences like this: I asked him can't think why she said that. | Is there any reason why whether or not he was coming. -see also IF (USAGE) (=a reason for which) you can't come? | I can't see ¤v why it shouldn't work. (=I think it probably will work) 2 why not? (used for making suggestions): Why not while 2 also whilst esp. BrE- conj make one for yourself instead of buying one? | Why 1 during the time that: They arrived while we were don't you ask him yourself? having dinner. | While she read the paper, I cleaned up the kitchen. | He got malaria while travelling in yet 2 conj Africa. | They got married while still at the university. but even so; but: She felt sad yet at the same time 2 although: While I understand what you say, I can't relieved that it was time to leave. | She's a funny girl, agree with you. (and/but) yet you can't help liking her. 3 but; WHEREAS: Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none. §ç Träng Ng hÜa §ç Träng Ng hÜa CÇu §ê ng Anh A K41 CÇu §ê ng Anh A K41 §¹i Häc Giao Th«ng VËn T¶i §¹i Häc Giao Th«ng VËn T¶i 11
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