Đặc điểm và giá trị của du lịch tôn giáo ở Việt Nam

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Với sự mở rộng toàn cầu của du lịch và lữ hành, ngành du lịch của Việt Nam đã phát triển từng ngày. Nhiều loại hình du lịch mới được khám phá và mở rộng một cách bất ngờ. Trong điều kiện hiện nay, việc thiết kế một tour du lịch đáp ứng nhu cầu của khách du lịch dường như khó hơn. Nhiều du khách không chỉ quan tâm đến những chuyến du lịch thư giãn, giải trí mà còn đi tour với những mục đích cụ thể khác. Một trong những số đó là tour du lịch tôn giáo, một mô hình tour mới và tiềm năng ở Việt Nam

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Đặc điểm và giá trị của du lịch tôn giáo ở Việt Nam Nguyễn Quang Minh Triết Tóm tắt Với sự mở rộng toàn cầu của du lịch và lữ hành, ngành du lịch của Việt Nam đã phát triển từng ngày. Nhiều loại hình du lịch mới được khám phá và mở rộng một cách bất ngờ. Trong điều kiện hiện nay, việc thiết kế một tour du lịch đáp ứng nhu cầu của khách du lịch dường như khó hơn. Nhiều du khách không chỉ quan tâm đến những chuyến du lịch thư giãn, giải trí mà còn đi tour với những mục đích cụ thể khác. Một trong những số đó là tour du lịch tôn giáo, một mô hình tour mới và tiềm năng ở Việt Nam. Từ khoá: ngành du lịch, đặc điểm, tôn giáo, tiềm năng, khách du lịch Features and values of religious tourism in Vietnam Abstract With the global expansion of travel and tourism, Vietnam’s tourism industry has developed day by day. Many new kinds of tour are discovered and extended unexpectedly. Designing a tour which meets the demands of tourist seems more difficult in current status. Many tourists are interested in not only relaxing or entertaining tours but also tour in other specific purposes. One of these is religious tour which is a new and potential tour model in Vietnam. Key words: tourism industry, feature, religion, potential, tourist Introduction With a huge base of relatively undisturbed natural resources, a rich history, and a long- established culture, Vietnam is becoming an attractive tourism destination in Asia. Not only the numbers of foreign tourists who come to Vietnam are more and more increasing rapidly but also the domestic tourists in Vietnam are rising considerably. Vietnam is mixed by Western and Eastern culture, so religion in Vietnam is diversified. According to the 2014 survey of Pew Research Center Washington D.C, most of the Vietnamese practice indigenous religions (ancestor worship). Buddhism and Catholic are 2 important religions in Vietnam. To meet the spiritual demand, many tourist companies have developed religous tours, especially for Buddhist and Catholic. Although, this kind of tour has recently formed, it brings a very large profit for tourist companies in Vietnam. Understanding the characteristics of religious tourist is vital to comprehending the challenges for the emerging tourism industry in Vietnam. Literature review Tourism In Vietnam, official definition of tourism was announced by tourism decree-law in 1999 “Tourism is the activities of human outside their usual environment to satisfy the demands for visisting, relaxing and enjoying convalescence”. So, when connecting all of these definitions, we can recognize that tourism just occurs when travelers have specific purposes. Each trip has one and only one main purpose though a visitor can also undertake secondary activities 154
According to Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, tourism is defined that “tourism is the business of providing services for people who are travelling for thier holiday”. Religion as a concept is linked to a variety of issues in the tourism research literature, but is most commonly mentined in relation to pilgrimage and discussions about the links between tourism and pilgrimage. Petroman I.et al [ 3]; Richards, G. [ 5]; Tran, T. Hung et al [7] found the characteristic features of spiritual tourism in particular regions. Another area of research has linked religion to the relationship between the tourists (the guests) and the local community (the hosts) or the site. Millán Vázquez de la Torre, M Genoveva [2] found out the impacts of religious event tourism on host communities in the City of Pietarsaari and the relationship between student behavior while on spring vacation and their religion. Pilgrimage Standing on Wikipedia’s viewpoint, pilgrimage is defined that it is a journey to a shrine or other location of important to a person’s belief and faith, although sometimes it can be a metaphorical journey into someone’s own beliefs. Many religions attach spiritual importance to particular places: (1) the place of birth or death of founders or saints, or (2) the place of their “calling” or spiritual awakening, or of their connection (visual or verbal) with the divine, (3) locations where miracles were performed or witness, (4) locations where a deity is said to live or be “housed” or (5) any site that is seem to have special spiritual powers. Robert Stoddard [6] stated that it was not surprising that a human activity as complex and varied as a pilgrimage had no universally accepted definition. He also summarized that the term pilgrimage was used in at least 3 senses. (1) There was first the “interior pilgrimage”, the “journey of the soul” in a life time of growth from spiritual infancy to maturity. (2) There was, second, the literal pilgrimage to some sacred place as a paradigm of the intent of religion itself. This literal journey may be called “extroverted mysticism” (3) Finally, every trek to one’s local sanctuary was a pilgrimage on miniature insofar as it acts out on a small scale some transition, or growth and experience of the sacred and new community which pilgrimage in general affords. Although two definitions are different, all of these show that pilgrimage relates to trips to specific religious locations. It also means that people who belong to one particular religion as well as have a desire to get experience of someone’s own belief require going on a travel. As a result, pilgrimage can be developed into attractive tourism industry. Religious tourism Pilgrimage tourism has many different names such as “spiritual tourism”, “religious tourism”, “sacred tourism” but also commonly referred to as faith tourism is a type of tourism where people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure (fellow ship) purposes from the standpoint of Wikipedia. Spiritual tourism “is completely different to the sightseeing at places and contemplation to physical dimensions. Spiritual tourism is the visit to the hearts and the minds of the sages at different places and especially at where existed the abundant civilized environment” pointed out Doctor A.P.J Abdul Kalam, the former President of India in the opening speech at the 2004 International Conclave on Buddhism and Spiritual Tourism in India. This visit can go along with “a pilgrimage to a land that is hallowed by the footsteps of patriarchs and prophets, a land that Christians hold in particular veneration as the 155
setting for the events of the life, death and resurrection of Jesus”, as stated by Pope Benedict XVI [4] when he journeyed Jerusalem. These findings from previous studies may provide some indication of the complication of religious tourism. It has to be retained its origin and attracted to tourists by combining with other kinds of tour at the same time. This combination will attract to more and more tourists expand the client base and make abundant in tourism. Features and values of religious tourism in Vietnam Definition in Vietnam In Vietnam, religious tourism is still unfamiliar. There are more than 44,000 destinations, landscape, and historical heritage, half of which can be exploited the religious tourism model. Some famous places can be listed such as Hung Temple (Phu Tho), Yen Tu Pagoda (Quang Ninh), Bai Dinh Pagoda (Ninh Binh), Phu Day Pagoda (Nam Dinh), Tu Dam Pagoda (Hue), La Vang Holy Land (Hue), Christ the King (Vung Tau) … Religious tourism in the world is associated with religious activities, while it is aimed at ancestor orientation. There has not been a fixed definition about religious tourism in Vietnam yet. When mentioning the spirit, it can be simply related to religion such as religious festival of Huong temple (Ha Noi), Avalokitesvara festival (Da Nang), Ponagar festival (Nha Trang), Kate festival (Ninh Thuan),etc, and traditional festival like Hoi Giong (Ha Noi), Fishing festival (Binh Thuan), Via Ba Nui Sam festival (Chau Doc), etc. It shows that either spiritual demands or tourism demands are the main motivation. When someone starts a journey and has a visit to some places where is scared in his belief, he is known as going on a pilgrimage. In the world, every religion has own its visits to some special places, attractions in order to contemplate, memory and worship or to some living clergies to study or receive consultations. Professor Do Quang Hung stated “Catholic Pilgrimage is a kind of journey to holy lands to perform penitence and pray to God, do someone’s duty, show a token of affection, even pray for miracle and peace [8]. History Before 2014 Religious tourism has existed in Vietnam for a long time. There are the diversity of religious heritages and religious, traditional festivals in whole the country. The number of spiritual travelers has increased, making up the large density of tourists structure, especially in domestic portion. Customers of this kind of tour usually had a faith trip combined with other intentions. Hence it is impossible to draw a distinction between pure faith with faith-based tourists (except for monks and nuns, clergies, Buddhists, and the followers), etc. However, tourists only traveled individual form or in small groups before 2014, based on some tourist’s trip diaries to religious attractions in Vietnam. From 2014 to 2018 Religious tourism has prospered since 2014. After Lunar New Year, many tourist companies invested to expand more routes to serve their guests. The new trait this year was that the guest not only choose Binh Duong – Tay Ninh – Chau Doc routes but also booked North and Central routes, Vietravel’s manager of Domestic Tourism Dinh Thu Nga said. Among 32.5 156
million domestic arrivals in 2017, there was 13.5 million arrivals to religious destinations (temple, church, sanctuary), equivalently 41.5 percent. To have specific outlook on the status of religious tourism in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018, statistic on the number of arrivals to the guest house of Bai Dau’s nunnery in Vung Tau. This nunnery was build in 1950s for Cai Mon Lovers of the Cross Association’s worship. Then it was expanded to serve for the small tourist groups visits Virgin Mary of Bai Dau. Due to the higher demands, the monastery built another building next to the old one in 2014 so as to welcome a large number of guests. Figure 1: The number of arrivals to guest house of Bai Dau’s nunnery in Vung Tau (2014-2018) 12500 11300 6750 7200 4500 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: Board of Directors of Bai Dau’s nunnery in Vung Tau, Vietnam Graph 1 presents the number of arrivals to guest house of Bai Dau’s nunnery in Vung Tau from 2014 to 2018. It tends to considerably fluctuate in this period of time. For example, by 2014 the number of arrivals was almost 4.500, but just 2 years later, nearly 7.200 tourists visited this place. This can be explained that the new one was built with capacity of 400 visitors in the peak season. There were 2 blocks, each of which had 4 floors and 12 rooms every floor. Moreover, there also had a community room which came to 80 people. Around the end of 2016 to 2018, the number of arrivals also rose dramatically from more than to 7.200 to nearly 12.500 due to it became more and more popular and was famous by the quality of services as well as convenient location. Thus, it seems that Vietnamese has a tendency to stay at the religious guest houses and the number of tourists coming to religious destinations is going up substantially. There was also a special event which promoted religious tourism in Vietnam. International conference on religious tourism held in Ninh Binh in 2014 which was an idea of UNWTO General Secretary Taleb Rifai was started up after he had come to Vietnam. According to UNWTO evaluations, spiritual tourism has a lot of developing potential, especially Asia and Pacific including Vietnam. The best advantage of this kind of tourism are both honoring traditional culture values and improving local life quality. This is the first time Vietnam has organized International Religious Tourism Conference “For Sustainable development” in Ninh Binh Province for two days, November 21 and 22. The conference in the northern province of Ninh Binh with 300 local and foreign representatives focuses on religious tourism as the highly potential tourism segment in Vietnam, according to the tourism ministry. 157
With the huge quantity of cultural, historical heritages, Vietnam has acknowledged and evaluated highly the potential religious tourism development. However, making best use of this potential, benefit contribution at local level, resident’s improving income, heritage conversation are not easy issues. At the event, State officials, companies and tourism researchers discussed related contents on planning, management, preservation and exploitation and development of tourism associated with religious activities. It is expected that the contents on management and sustainable development of religious tourist attractions, the trend of tourism product development in combination with experiences of many nations in developing this kind of tourism activity will bring a new view for the country to develop the segment. The tourism industry was still unable to have statistics and specific strategies on religious tourism as well as the contributions of visitors to the segment. However, tourism in provinces like An Giang, Ninh Binh and Quang Ninh reported that millions of visitors take tours and make pilgrimages at the same time or visit popular religious tourist sites in their localities annually. Religious destinations have recently been the tourist’s favorite choices; however religious tourism has faced to challenges and difficulties. The maintenance and repair of historic and religious buildings to develop religious tourism is a matter for controversy. Some critics worried about their ancient and neglected appearance. The tourist overloaded in annual festival is effecting the substantial development of religious tourism in Ninh Binh in particular and Vietnam in general. Features Market segmentation Vietnam has been recognized as an emerging economy with a significance of the huge domestic market is ignored by government policy, planning and promotion efforts, there has been some attention paid to the emergence of domestic tourism in Vietnam, said Bui, H. T., & Jollife, L, [1]. Segmentation in tourism is the strategic tool to tap all these groups of tourists so that it can choose a segment to serve most effectively and to focus on service. This study focuses on segmenting tourists by psychographic factors and socioeconomic factors. The kind of tourism researched is religious tourism in Vietnam. Results indicate number of tourists group in Vietnam religious tourism, identifying characteristics of the target group. As shown in the Table 2, most the respondents were teenagers from 18 to 25 years old, accounting for 40 percent of the total. Regarding religion, the proportion of Roman Catholic, Buddhist and non-religion was 36 percent, 30 percent and 34 percent respectively. These religions are nearly same rate. More than 50 percent of the respondents had the income from 3 to 7 million vnd per month. It was a medium rate of living at present. The major source of religious organizations (29 percent) and multi-media (6 percent). However, 12 percent of respondents have not aware of this kind of tourism. This result reveals that faith tourism is really unfamiliar with Vietnamese and can be developed if becoming more popular. Regarding frequency, more than 60 percent of participants acknowledged that they just went on tour once a year. According to these results of “income per month” and “frequency”, they considered carefully when booking a tour. They chose obviously tour with reasonable price, even low price to afford. The majority of respondents had a visit to religious destination for working and relaxes, at 66 percent, whereas only 1 percent of them were for relaxing of exploring. The 158
findings indicate that they went on tour with many purposes simultaneously. Therefor, tourist companies can focus on this feature to attract their clients. With regards to the partner whom the respondents went with, more than 50 percent of tourists went on religious tour with religious organization’s members, with the rest with family, friends and themselves (28, 15 and 1 percent respectively). Based on these responses, many people in general and teenagers had been aware of this kind of tourism. Nevertheless, the means to approach tourists were restricted. Actually, they tended to go on low-price tour but high quality and in group. They would spend more time on traveling in the future because the figure of frequency showed that Vietnamese had a visit twice and three times a year, accounted for 30 %. It was remarkable more close to different tourist subjects; especially people hadn’t experienced this new type of tour. Sale of tour for religious organizations or groups is the best idea in current status. Table. Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents Criterion The Ratios Criterion The Ratios number of (%) number of (%) participants participants (people) (people) Age 286 100 Manners to know 286 100 religious tourism 18-25 year-old 115 40 From family, friends 152 53 26-35 year-old 70 25 From religious 82 29 organizations 36-55 year-old 64 22 From multi-media 17 6 >55 year-old 37 13 Not yet 35 12 Religion 286 100 Frequency (per year) 286 100 Roman Catholic 103 36 once 188 66 Buddhism 86 30 2-3 times 85 30 Non-religion 97 34 more than 3 times 13 4 Other 0 0 never 0 0 Income per month 286 100 Main purpose 286 100 0-3 millions vnd 74 26 Primarily worship 91 32 >3-7 millions vnd 166 58 Explore 3 1 >7-15 millions vnd 41 14 Relax 2 1 >15 millions vnd 5 2 Worship and relax 190 66 Other 0 0 Partner 286 100 Family 81 28 Friends 43 15 Religious organization’s 160 56 members By yourself 2 1 159
Tourist season Chart 3: The season of religious tourism in Vietnam 15% On religious holidays In low season 47% 28% In free time Non- definition 10% The purpose of question 13 in the survey is to point out the season of religious tourism in Vietnam. The majority of traveler went on a tour on religious holiday, at 47%, while only 10%, 28% and 15% of them were in low season, in free time and at any time respectively. As mentioned in above part, religious tourism has reached the best profit in the particular festivals. They wanted to share their belief, ideas with the others who have the same religion. Therefore, the crowd did not make them annoy or inconvenient. Otherwise, they felt motivated to express their faith, show what was in deep in their soul. It was a reason why people would like to visit on religious holiday. In any region, spring is associated with revival and hope. There is something festival in air, there is a feeling that magic blends into reality. Therefore, there is no surprise that a list of religious holidays in spring is really impressive. According to Youth Newspaper published on March 24, 2014, religious tourism season had started before Tet holiday but became busier in February and March. The guest came to pagodas to pray healthy for their family, prosperity for their business and peace for their life. Figure 4: The number of arrivals to guest house of Bai Dau’s nunnery in Vung Tau in 2014 2500 1970100 2 1350 2000 1200 1510 1500 900700 750510 850 1000 450 350 500 Decem… Novem… Septe… 0 March February January July June August April May Octorber Taking a closer look at the given chart, the number of arrivals to guest house of Bai Dau’s nunnery in Vung Tau gradually increased from 1200 in January to 1350 in February because it was the time for Tet holiday. Every family had free time for travelling. However, there was a 160
decrease of 900 arrivals in May. Then the number rose dramatically from 450 to 1970 possibly due to the summer in Vietnam. Students took a break after studying period. From June to August, there was a tourism season in Vietnam. People wanted to go to beaches or some cool places in the hot weather, so Vung Tau is a good idea for tourists. In this period of time, the number reached a plateau around 2012 arrivals. After the peak season of the year, the number suddenly dropped from 1540 in August to 700 in September and steadily declined until November. Nonetheless, there was an increase in December. This considerable growth might have been owing to the Christmas time, which is one of the biggest festivals of Christians. Generally, there are 2 periods of time that are the religious tourist seasons in Vietnam. They are Tet holiday and the summer. However, many people go to spiritual attractions for other purposes in the rest of the year. Similarities and differences between religious tourism in the world and in Vietnam Similarities The region is known for its diverse cultures, rich heritage, and inexpensive tourism services, making it a favorite destination for young Western backpackers seeking authentic experiences with a limit budget, cited in Bui, T.H., et al, [1]. In Vietnam, economic achievements have led to the emerging urban middle class being a driving force for consumption, expressed by the result in Table 1 about “income per month”. Furthermore, it is apparent from the following chart 5, Vietnamese was able to pay from 800 hundred vnd to 1 million vnd for a 2 day – 1 night religious tour (59%), whereas 24%, 16% and 1% for higher prices. References from New Tour Company, Bien Dao Company, Bazan Travel, etc showed that the average price of religious tour for 2 day – 1 night of tourist Companies in Ho Chi Minh City has been from 1 to 1.5 million vnd. The results of questionnaire also implied that teenagers had awareness of religious tourism in Vietnam and interested in. This is the first similarity between religious tourism in the world and in Vietnam. Chart 5: Traveler’s financial ability to pay for a 2 day – 1 night religious tour 1% 800.000 vnd - 1.000.000 vnd 16% > 1.000.000 vnd - 1.500.000 vnd 24% 59% > 1.500.000 vnd - 2.000.000 vnd > 2.000.000 vnd Make My Trip and Expedia said their business in this segment had been growing in excess of 25%. Make My Trip expected the share of religious travel to more than double to 5% of domestic leisure revenue from 2% the previous year. The travel companies want to get a bigger share of this market. They said religious trips have now grown in significance beyond 161
pilgrimages. The number of tourists to religious destination after Tet holiday accounted for from 30 to 60 % of the total, according to website www.vietbao.vn in the first quarter of 2014. These reports suggested that the travel companies should invest in this segment. “With better infrastructure and facilities, pilgrimages are transforming into an opportunity for family bonding and members of different age groups often accompany the elderly in these journeys” said Mohit Gupta, chief business officer, holidays, Make My Trip, Travelers aged above 50 years comprise the majority, around 55% of customers buying a pilgrimage package with Make My Trip. But 17% of travelers buying pilgrimage packages with Make My Trip, are aged between 40-50 years. According to the statistics of Bai Dau’s nunnery, the major customers are women from 35 to 50 years old, who are in Catholic Women Associations of churches in Ho Chi Minh City. It can be explained that pilgrimage tour has been loved by this age group. Notwithstanding, younger people are increasingly going on faith-based journeys, said Vikram Malhi, general manager, South and Southeast Asia at Expedia. “In addition to the retired senior citizen population that was associated with taking these pilgrimage tours, the young generation has also latched on to these spiritual journeys and more and more youngsters between the age group of 25-30 are travelling for pilgrimage tours, Malhi said. It is also important to point out that tourists are able to purchase everything on the destination to satisfy the needs. However, they can not purchase the experience that must be lived experienced. So, this is one of reasons why people travel to the same sacred sites each year. Differences Specific characteristics of faith tourism in Vietnam are very different from these in the world, which can be represented by important remarks. The first ones are the factors affected to the essence of religious and faiths in Vietnam depends on the age-old buildings, architectures that relate to Eastern philosophies, beliefs, tangible and intangible values. All of them are objectives of religious travelers. In reality, the Vietnamese tourists’ goal is to visit famous and long-standing places, which is expressed through their itineraries. Secondly, it has also attached to worship national heroes, predecessors who deserved well of the country. “Reversion to the original point” tour is interested by children and young people as well as their parents. Moreover, Death Anniversary of the Hung Kings is recognized as an intangible culture heritage of humanity by UNESCO in 2014, which has effected to the number of tourists in this festival. Thirdly, ancestor worship to show gratitude to their parents contributed to religious tourism enrichment in Vietnam. Their trips have brought not only practical but also humanity worth. This specific feature makes religious tourism in Vietnam distinctive from any places in the world. Fourthly, it is developed along with spiritual activities such as yoga, religious meditation. These activities have been practiced in many pagodas in Vietnam, especially Truc lam Yen Tu group’s temple. Finally, it has comprised spiritual elements and mysteries. The second ones are the factors affected to the reposal of religious tourism. The attack, the bloody confrontation days and the terrorism have occurred at religious festival in many countries, which is the fear of a lot of tourists in the world. Religious terrorism is terrorism carried out based on motivations and goals that have a predominantly religious character or influence. However, Vietnam is a single-party state and the government has played well role in social security financial field. It is praiseworthy because there is not any terrorism fighting or violence 162
in Vietnam. The tourists feel absolutely safe and comfortable to partake in almost festivals and events around the year. They might also show their belief among the crowd without the prevention. The last ones are the factors affected to the attraction of religious tourism. The expense for religious tour in Vietnam is so cheap. It is just half or one-third as much as other kind of tours. Besides that, they have many choices for their itineraries because religious destinations in the same region are so close and convenient to transfer. These features show that the Vietnam’s religious tourism is extremely different from any places all over the world that make it become the unique entity on the world stage. Conclusion The number of arrivals to spiritual destinations has sharply increased from 2014 to 2018, so many tourist companies have invested to expand more routes to serve guests. It is a chance for tourists to get experience and knowledge about the famous religious destinations in Vietnam, as well as find themselves in peace and silence. People can also travel to the same sacred sites each year. Although there are many similarities, many differences were investigated in this paper. Some factors have affected to the intent of religious tourism in Vietnam such as to visit age-old buildings, to worship national heroes, to show gratitude to their parents, to do spiritual activities, or to enjoy the spiritual elements and mysteries. Religious tourism in Vietnam has developed in the specific ways and brought the big profit for tourism economy. REFERENCES Bui, H.T., & Jolliffe, L. (2011), Vietnamese Domestic Tourism: An Investigation of Travel Motivations, ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies. Millán Vázquez de la Torre, M Genoveva (2012), Life-Cycle Stages In Religious Tourism Evelopment: A Comparison Of Case Studies, Spain: University of Murcia. Petroman I. et al. (2011), A Religious and Ethnic Tourism People of Europe Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies. Pope Benedict XVI (2011), Pope Benedict XVI in Holy land, US: Paulist Press. Richards, G. (Ed.), Cultural Tourism in Europe, 2005, pp. 21-38. Stoddard, Robert H. (1997), Defining and Classifying Pilgrimages, US: Geoscience Publications, Dept. Of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University. Chan, T. Hung et al. (2012), The theory of spiritual tourism development in Danang – Vietnam PhD. Do, Q. Hung (2005), Mấy suy nghĩ về “Vấn đề La Vang và lễ hội La Vang”, May 2005 SOURCE FOR DATA Vietbao.vn (2014). Sau Tết du lịch hành hương lên ngôi, URL: http://vietbao.vn/Du- lich/Sau-Tet-du-lich-hanh-huong-len-ngoi/2131773317/255/, (accessed February 2014) Thông tin tác giả: TS. Nguyễn Quang Minh Triết, Trường Đại học Sài Gòn 163