Dạy thực hành tiếng dựa vào chủ điểm theo đường hướng kết hợp bốn kỹ năng

DAY THirc HANH TIENG DLTA V A O C H U DIEM<br /> THEO DadNG HLTdNG KET HOP BON KY N A N G<br /> <br /> Nfidm tdc gid:<br /> Phgm Thi Tdi, Nguyen Thi Vugng<br /> Le Thuy Hod, Cao Tudng Minh<br /> Phan Hodng Yen, Nguyen Bach Thdo<br /> Trdn Bdo Yen<br /> Khoa Ngon ngiif va Van hoa Anh My<br /> Trudng DHNN - DHQG Ha Noi<br /> <br /> <br /> I. Phan gidi thieu<br /> Viec tim ra mdt phuong phip day - hgc tidng ed hieu qua giiip ngudi bgc nhanh chdng<br /> lim chu dugc ngoai ngii minh theo dudi vin ludn la ndi tran trd eiia bao thd he cic nhi giio hgc<br /> phip vi cic giio vien true tidp giang day. Viec xiy dtmg chuong trinh, bien soan tii hfu cung<br /> nhu ap dting nhihig thu thuit cu thd trong Idp hgc phu thude hoan loan vio phuong phip day<br /> hgc dugc lua chgn. Phuong phip day hgc ed hieu qua phai pbil hgp vdi ddi tugng ngudi hgc cu<br /> thd va didu kidn giing day cu thd.<br /> Nhin thiJc dugc tim quan trgng cua vin dd va cung dd dip ung ddi hoi gay git ciia thi<br /> trudng tidng Anh hien nay, nhdm giio vien td thye hanh tidng n ehiing tdi da manh dan dua ra<br /> mdt md hinh day thuc hanh tidng dya vao chii didm theo phuong phip tdng hgp cic ky nang -<br /> khic vdi phuong hudng day tich biet bdn ky nang ndi - nghe - dge - vidt vin dugc ip dung<br /> nhidu nim nay.<br /> Bii vidt nay ciia chiing tdi se gidi thieu vdi cic ban quan tim nhirng uu didm eiia viec day<br /> thyc harih tidng theo phuong phip phdi hgp cic ky nang tren eo sd phin tieh ddi ehidu vdi thuc<br /> td giing day tidng Anh d giai doan eo sd tai Khoa Ngdn ngu va Van hoi Anh - My, Trudng Dai<br /> hgc ngoai ngu', Dai hgc qude gia Ha Ndi. Ddng thdi ehiing tdi cung dua ra mdt sd cich thirc thu<br /> thuit cu thd ip dung dudng hudng nay ed kem thi du minh hoa dd tien eho viec tham khao vi<br /> dinh gia.<br /> II. Diem qua cac phuong phap day tieng Anh noi chung tren the gidi<br /> Nhu da neu trong phin md diu, quan didm day phdi hgp bdn ky nang thyc hinh tidng<br /> ngiy nay cd xu hudng thay thd quan didm day tieh rdi cic ky nang. Di hidu rd nguyen nhin vi<br /> sao c6 su thay ddi niy, chiing ta ein didm qua vai net vd lieh sir cic phuong phip day thyc hanh<br /> tidng tir trudc ddn nay. Trudc hdt chiing ta cd thd dd cip ddn phuong phip NgiJ phip - Phien<br /> dich, mdt phuong phip vin ngu tri trong giio hgc phip ngoai ngir nhidu thd ky qua. Phuong<br /> phip niy cung nhu phuong phip dge, phit tridn sau nay ddu chi nhin manh vao viec phit tridn<br /> kha nang but ngiJ ciia ngudi hgc va hoan toan bd qua vai trd phit tridn khiu ngu. Mac dii ngudi<br /> hgc cd thd phin tich ngiJ phip va djch trdi chay mdt bai ngoai ngir sang tidng me de nhung hg<br /> khdng thd thyc hien dugc mdt cudc hdi thoai don gian vdi ngudi ndi ngoai ngiJ dd. Sy thit bai<br /> niy din dd^n mdt thii eye nguge lai, dd la sira ddi ciia cic phuong phip trye tidp, nghe - ndi va<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 133<br />  tinh hudng vao nhOng nam 50 d mdt sd nude trong dd cd My. Cic phuong phip nay biu hdt deu<br /> dya tren quan didm Cau Iriic - Hiuib vi (Fries, Lado va Hoeket 1957 in Freeman 1991), coi ngdn<br /> ngir don thuin la Idi ndi va viec hgc tidng la qua trinh hinh thanh va cung ed cic thdi quen,<br /> hanh vi ngdn ngir ndi. Quan didm'nay coi ngdn ngu vidt chi la sy sao chep lai ngdn ngir ndi va<br /> vi qui nhin manh vao kbau hieu "Uu lien khiu ngir di tmde mdt budc" nen vai trd cua biit nga<br /> hoan toan bj bd qua trong giai doan diu. Ngudi hgc thudng chi dugc gidi thieu eac ciu true va<br /> miu Idi ndi trong eac bai hdi thoai va ghi nhd hgc thude long ehiing trong eac bai tip chuydn<br /> ddi, thay thd lip ghep... Co thd ndi ring lit ea eac phuong phip tren ben canh nhirng uu didm<br /> nhit djnb deu cd nhidu nhuge diem vi co sd ciia eac phuong phip dd khdng dya nen quan didm<br /> diing vd ban chit ciia ngdn ngir, ban chat cua qua trinh phit tridn ngdn ngir cung nhu ban chit<br /> ciia qua trinh hgc tidng. Xui't phit diem ciia cic phuong phip dd ddu nhin manh vao vai trd<br /> cung cip kidn thu'c tidng eho ngudi hgc va nhin nhan qua trinh hgc tidng nhu qui trinh tip hgp<br /> nhung cic thanh td tach rdi ciia ngdn ngir. Chfnh vi vay, eac phuong phip nay ddu thien vd phit<br /> tridn mdt cich phidn dien eac ky nang ngdn ngir va thyc chat da phu nhin tfnh thdng nhit trong<br /> mdt tdng the ciia ngdn ngu cung nhu ban chat xa hdi, ty nhien cua ngdn ngir, mdi quan he giua<br /> ngdn ngir va van boa, vii chire nang giao tidp vd'n cd eiia nd. Ndi cich khic, cic phuong phip<br /> nay thudng nhan manh nhidu viio hinh thai ngdn ngir hon la ndi dung dugc didn dat. Hon nua,<br /> sy i p dung cic phucmg phap nay ciing eho thiy nhuge didm khdng thd trinh khdi, dd la sy bd<br /> qua tam ly eiia ngiriti hoc trong qua trinh phal Irien ngdn ngir thu bai hoae ngoai ngir. Xet vd<br /> mgi phuong dien phit tridn lu nhien, hinh thudng ciia qua trinh hgc tidng, ta nhin thiy khdng<br /> thd tieh rdi ea ky nang ngdn ngfr giura khau ngir (nghe - ndi) va biit ngir (dge - vidt) hoae giira<br /> cic ky nang tidp nhan (nghe - dge) va ky nang san sinh (ndi - vidt). Sy phit tridn ciia mdt ky<br /> nang niy ddi hdi phai cd sy bd trg ciia cic ky nang khic. Do dd viec phdi hctp day cic ky nang<br /> la thit sy ein thidt va phai dugc chu trgng. Sy ra ddi va ung dung cua quan didm giao tidp d<br /> nhirng nam 80 (Halliday. Hymes, Widdowson in Richard 1991) tren co sd nhin nhan diing din<br /> ban chit xa hdi eiia ngdn ngir va ehuc nang giao tidp ciia ngdn ngir da dap img dugc nhu ciu cua<br /> ngudi hgc. Quan didm nay phu hgp vdi quan didm coi ngdn ngir la mdt tdng thd thdng nhit<br /> (Goodman, Burke, 1977-1989) va khang dinh ring mgi y dinh tich rdi nd bang viec day va hgc<br /> cic ky nang rieng biet deu pha buy Ifnh thdng nhit lu nhien vd'n cd ciia ngdn ngu. Quan didm<br /> nay cung ngu y eho thay ngudi day can phai chii y hon vao qua trinh phit tridn tidng ciia ngudi<br /> hgc va sy can thiep ciia ngudi day phai phu hgp vdi eac qui luat tidp nhan ngdn ngO mdt cich ty<br /> nhien cua ngudi hgc. Ndi mdt cich cu thd hon, eac boat ddng day va hgc phai thyc sy mang tfnh<br /> giao tidp cd y nghia va tao didu kien thiic day ddng co ben trong ciia ngudi hgc. Nhu vay, vdi<br /> cich nhin nhan diing ddn mdi nay, vd qui trinh hgc tidng, cic phuong phip vi giio trinh dugc<br /> thidt kd cung chii trgng nhidu hem vao ndi dung bieu dat eiia ngdn ngir chii' khdng phai vao v6<br /> vat chit hay hinh thai ngdn ngfr nhu trudc.<br /> <br /> Nhu tren da trinh bay, qui luat phit tridn eiia ngdn ngu ty nhien ddi hdi phai ed sy phdi<br /> hgp ty nhien diy du giira cac ky nilng licng nhu hai mat ciia mdt td giiy khdng thd tieh rdi.<br /> III. Ly do ciia vice ket hgp cac ky nang trong giang day thuc hanh tieng<br /> Ban chit ciia qua trinh giao tidp la truydn va nhin thdng tin. Do vay ky nang sin sinh va<br /> tidp nhan ngdn ngir la hai mat khdng thd tach rdi. Brown (1994) vf hai boat ddng nay "nhu hai<br /> mat cLia mdt ddng xu, ta khdng the tach ddng xu thanh hai phin rieng biet dugc".<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 134<br />  Can cur vao ly thuycl cung nhu lien Ihirc le Inmg vice liep Ihii lidng me de (tirsllimguage<br /> aequisiton), q u i trinh tidp thu ngdn ngfr lii lir nhien vii hi sy kei h(.rp hiii boa ciia ea bdn ky nang<br /> nghe, ndi, dge, vidt. Neu theo ddi qui trinh phit tridn ngdn ngfr eiia mdt dira Ire, ehiing ta ddu<br /> thiy rang (ir luc mdi sinh ra ddn ludi iririmg Ihanh hai boat ddng tidp nhan va san sinh ngdn ngfr<br /> ludn didn ra ddng thdi. Va trong sue'il qua trinh dd, hai mat tidp nhan va siin sinh ngdn ngfr cung<br /> khdng the tieh rdi. Binh thudng dira Ire ndi dugc la do dya tren nhiing md hinh ngdn ngir nghe<br /> dugc tir mdi trudng xung quanh va phin Idn cung la dd dap lai nhfmg kfeb thfch den nao qua<br /> thinh giic. Viec hgc dge va vidt khi ddn tririmg thye chit la dd liim giiui them vd'n ngdn ngfr -<br /> cdng cu dd tidp thu va lam giiiu kidn Ihire vd cu()c song, khoa hgc xa hdi va ty nhien. Nhu vjly<br /> trong sud't q u i trinh pbil tridn tidng me de, dira Ire khdng eton thuan chi hgc rieng nghe, rieng<br /> ndi, rieng hgc hoae rieng viel ma bdn ky nang nay ludn dan quyen vdi nhaii, bd trg vii bd sung<br /> eho nhau. Vi vay, vice hgc ngdn ngir ibir hai cung khdng Ihd di nguge lai vdi quy luat ty nhien<br /> nay.<br /> <br /> Ngdn ngfr neii va viel (spoken imd written language) va mdi quan he mat thidt veti nhau.<br /> Neu bd qua mdi quan he nay cd nghia la la da bd mil sy phong phii da dang eiia ngdn ngfr.<br /> Mdi quan he qua lai gifra ngdn ngfr ndi va vidt la sy phiin anh lac ddng gifra ngdn ngir,<br /> van hoi va xa hdi - ydu to tao nen ddng cet ben trong eho ngudi hgc.<br /> Bang viec uu tien quan tim tdi kha nang sir dung ngdn ngir eiia ngueti hgc hon la sy nim<br /> viing hinh thii ngdn ngfr, chiing ta van dung bit ky mot ky nang nao hoae ket hgp tit ea cic ky<br /> nang trong mdt gid hgc eho phii hgp luy theo miic dfch va tinh hudng cu Ihd.<br /> Thdng thuimg, mgt ky nang thuimg bd tig vii gdp phiin ciing ed cac ky nang khic. Vf du<br /> chiing ta hgc ndi tir eai ta nghe dugc va chiing ta hgc viel bing each kiem Ira nhfmg cai ma ta cd<br /> thd dge dugc va nguge.<br /> Viec ket hgp bdn ky nang giiip eho giao vien cd didu kien phal buy tfnh sang tao, lam<br /> eho gid hgc them sinh ddng va cd sire Idi cudn hgc sinh. Thay vi bd hep theo mot kieu the hien<br /> (one mode of performance), ngudi hgc cd co hdi dd Ihd hien sy ce") gang sang tao ciia minh mdt<br /> each phong phii hon d cac nhiem vii (task) cd y nghia hon.<br /> IV. Thirc tc giang day ket hgp bdn ky nang<br /> IV. 1. Dieu kien thi/c te<br /> rV.l.a. Nhiem vii vii miie lieu eliio lao<br /> Nhiem vii eiia trudng Dai hgc ngoai ngir, Dai hgc qudc gia Hii Ndi la diio tao va cung cip<br /> nhirng cti nhin, nhfmg thiiy cd giae), nhfmg can bd ngoai ngfr chei nganh giao due, eho mgi<br /> thanh phin kinb te eiia td qudc (Nguyen Van Lgi, 1997).<br /> IV. Lb. Ddi tinmg giiing day<br /> Mdi Idp bao gdm tir 20-30 sinh vien ea nam lin nfr vdi ludi deti eon rat Ire (19-20 tudi),<br /> ri't sang tao, giau nghj lye, ed demg cc^ hgc tiip ti>l. Sinh vien da cd tir 3 den 7 nam hge tidng<br /> Anh b trudng phd thdng nen cd vd'n tir vimg vii trinh dd ngfr phap tirong ddi telt: nim vfmg cac<br /> miu ciu CO ban, cac thiti Ihd eiia etdng lir vii each chuydn etdi eac miu cau. Cic ky nang nghe,<br /> ndi, dge, vid^t b mii'e pre - inlcmediale: cd the trinh biiy bang licng Anh dueli dang khiu ngfr va<br /> but ngir vd cic chii didm giin giii, qiicn linigc himg ngiiy. Tiiy nhien, kien thirc nen (backgrund<br /> knowledge) cua sinh vien ndi chung con nil nghco, nhiii hi nhfmg kien Ihirc ve van hoa eiia eac<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 135<br /> nude ndi tidng Anh eon ril ban che. Tir Ihyc td nay, viec ket hgp cac ky nang la rit hctp ly bdi vi<br /> eac ky nang ed thd bd trg, eiing ed phal tridn lin nhau. Vf dii khi yeu cau sinh vien vidt hoae ndi<br /> mdt vin dd vd mdi tmdng thi viec eho sinh vien nghe hoae dge mdt bai vd vin dd dd la ein thidt<br /> vi sinh vien se dugc trang bj khdng nhiing vd mat ngdn ngir (tir vung, miu cau, cich thd hien)<br /> ma con dugc cung cip cic kidn thirc vd ndi dung (y tit, quan didm v. v...).<br /> rV.l.e. Ddi ngu giang day<br /> Td thyc hanh tidng nam thi} bai gdm 20 ein bd giang day nbiet tinh say me nghd nghiep,<br /> cd tinh thin trich nliiem cao trong cdng viec. Hiu hdt cic can bd ddu da qua dao tao sau dai hgc<br /> 6 nude ngoai va trong nude nen cd trinh dd ehuyen mdn vung va ed y thire ddi mdi trong<br /> phucmg phip giing day.<br /> IV. 1 .d. Cie ydu to vd mdi tmdng giang day va hgc tap<br /> Nhd ed chinh sieb "Md eira" cua Dang va Chfnh phii, ea dat nude Viet Nam ndi chung va<br /> trudng Dai hge ngoai ngu, Dai hge qudc gia ndi rieng dang budc vao giai doan phit tridn mdi.<br /> Nhidu quan he vdi cac nude tren thd gidi da va dang dugc thidt lap, do vay cac tai lieu in in,<br /> nghe nhin bang tidng Anh khdng con khan hiem nhu tmde nira. Day la mdt thuan lgi rit Idn eho<br /> viec lya chgn ngir lieu dd giang day theo dudng hudng ket hctp cic ky nang. Them vao dd, eo sd<br /> phdng hge da khang trang hon: phong rdng rai, cd dii ban ghd chd ngdi eho sinh vien. He thdng<br /> dien, ddn tdt, dii inh sang, quat mat va cac 6 cam dien thuan tien eho viec sir dung miy<br /> cassette. Mdt vin dd Cudi cung nhung khdng kem phin quan trgng dd la sy quan tam chu dao,<br /> ung hg nbiet tinh ciia tmdng, eiia khoa ddi vdi vice cai tien phuong phip giang day va bien soan<br /> giio trinh eho phii hgp vdi nhu ciu cua ngudi hgc va ddi hdi thidt thyc eiia xa hdi.<br /> Vdi nhiing ly do va cac thyc te neu tren chung tdi thiy ed dii didu kien dd quydt djnb<br /> giang day mdn thye hanh tidng theo phuemg phap ket hgp bdn ky nang.<br /> rv.2. Viec thyc hien ket hgp bdn ky nang trong giang day<br /> Cd nhidu each giang day ket hgp bdn ky nang nhu: "Dua viio ndi dung" (Content - based<br /> teaching), "Dya vao kinb nghiem ciia ngueti hgc" (Experimental learning), nhimg chiing tdi da<br /> quydt djnb lya chgn each "Dya vao chii didm" (Theme - based teaching) va dya vao cie nhiem<br /> vu (Task - based teaching). Theo cich niiy, e i t ehircmg trinh va ngfr lieu dugc bien soan theo<br /> chu didm va cic nhiem vu cu the. Cac ky nang dugc ren luyen va phit tridn ddng thdi xoay<br /> quanh he thdng chii didm vii nhiem vu sao eho phii hgp,vdi sd thfch cua sinh vien.<br /> Viec ket hgp phit tridn cie ky nang xoay quanh chii didm se tap tmng dugc ea vao kidn<br /> thire ndn va kien thirc ngdn ngu. Vi du: khi hge nhung chii diem nhu "mdi tmemg", "hge tidng",<br /> "giio due", "du Ijch", "sii'c khoe"... sinh vien dugc dge cie bai bio, nghe cic bai giang, chuong<br /> trinh tren dii, truydn hinh va xem cac chuong trtnh video, sau dd thao luan cic vin dd dang didn<br /> ra, dd xuit cic giai phap va vidt vd cie chu dd da thao luan.<br /> Cd bdn nguyen tic chinh cua dudng hudng day theo chu didm: Nguyen tie dam bao tfnh<br /> ty nhien; Nguyen tac hge nhirng van dd ed ndi dung, y nghia; Nguyen tic tao ddng co thtie day<br /> ben trong va Nguyen tic cd kha nang giao tidp tdt. Cic chuong trinh giang day theo chii didm<br /> phai dam bao tdt cic ngu>Cn lac miy ddng thiti phiii giiy dugc hung thii eho hgc sinh vao cic<br /> chu didm va y nghia eiia cic van dd hon lii day eac quy tic ngdn ngir eirng nbac. Cic ngir heu<br /> giy dugc sy td md va hiing thii eho sinh vien vi cac chii didm nay khdng nhiing ehi hip din bdi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 136<br />  c i c van dd eiia cudc sdng hang ngiiy iir dim giiin den phire lap mil con lap Irung vao viec nang<br /> cao cac ky nang ngdn ngu.<br /> Cich 1:<br /> Giao vien dua ra mot sd can hdi ggi y lien quan den mdt chii diem nao dd dd sinh vien<br /> thao luin, sir dung kidn thire lien quan (ea kidn thirc ndn va kidn thire vd tidng). Vf du khi hge<br /> chu didm "Du lieh va cic phuemg lien giao thdng" giao vien cd thd dua ra nhung cau bdi nhu:<br /> "Ban thfch phuong tien giao thdng niio nhit eho cie chuydn di dudng dai/dudng ngin? Giai<br /> tbich ly do tai sao" hoae "Di mot ngay dang hgc mdt sang khdn". Ban ngbi the nao vd cau ndi<br /> nay?". Cin tang cirdng cac nhiem vu yeu ciu lam viec theo nhdm va cap vi nhfmg boat ddng<br /> nay khdng nhung chi tao ra eho ngudi hge co hdi hidu ngfr lieu ma eon tang eudng sd lugng va<br /> chit lugng thye hanh ciia mdi ea nhan, thiic day mdi quan he tinh cam gin bd gifra eac hge sinh<br /> do dd gdp phin diy mi.inb ddng co hgc tap eho ngiriti heic. Tnmg qua trinh thao luin, sinh vien<br /> ghi chep tdm tit eac y ehinh eiia ea nhdm (nhu vay ky nang vidt dugc thyc hiinb). Sau dd cic<br /> nhdm thdng b i o lai y kien ciia nhdm minh eho cac nhdm khic nghe. ViCe bio cao lai ed thd<br /> tidn hanh duci hai hinh thirc: ndi (oral) va vidt (written),<br /> - Dudi dang ndi:<br /> Timg nhdm cir dai dien bao cao lai y kidn ciia nhdm minh, cac nheim khic nghe vii bd<br /> sung, gdp y kidn. Trong khi cic nhdm thiio luan giao vien ed the thu bang mot nhdm (ed thd<br /> nhdm kha nhit hoae kem), phal lai eho cii letp nghe de nit kinb nghiCm vd ndi dung, ngdn ngfr<br /> v i cich thd hien.<br /> - Dudi dang vidt:<br /> -I- Cac nhdm cir dai dien vidt len biing y kien tdm tat ciia nhdm minh.<br /> + Trao ddi cac ghi chep eiia timg nhdm vdi nhau dd eac nhdm dge va ghi nhin xet va gdp<br /> y kidn vio ban dd.<br /> + Ndu didu kien eho phep thi giao vien yeu cau sinh vien viel lai cac y kien ciia nhdm<br /> minh vao giiy bdng trong dd chieu len miin hinh eho ea letp tham khao nhan xet.<br /> Cich 2:<br /> Khi hgc mot chii didm, giao vien eho sinh vien etgc mdt bai bao, mgt ban the'ing ke, mdt<br /> quang cio, mdt bieu bimg, thu tir, d(m xin vice hoae don xin gia nhiip mdt td chire niio dd v.v.,<br /> lam mdt sd bii tip vd phal Irien ky nang dge nhir dge lire'il lay thdng lin, lay y chinh, lim nghia<br /> cua tir mdi qua ngir canh. Vf du khi hgc ve chii diem "The thao va sire khoe", giio vien phit eho<br /> sinh vien mdt bii dge dudi dang mdt la detn xin gia nhap ciu lac bd the thao vii mgt the hdi vien<br /> chua didn dii cic thdng tin. Sau dd yeu cau sinh vien diing cac thdng lin trong la don dd didn<br /> vao the hdi vien. Nhu vay lir viec phal tridn ky nang dge, sinli vien eldng Ihiti dirge ren luyen ky<br /> ning vidt. Dya vao eton va the hdi vien tren, giao vien eho hgc sinh phal tridn ky nang ndi bilng<br /> viec eho sinh vien lam vice theo cap thye bien cudc hdi thoai gifra ngueti phu trach cau lac bd va<br /> ngudi xin gia nhip can lac bd. De pbat tridn ky ni'ing vidt eho sinh vien, giao vien yeu cau sinh<br /> vien phin tfch cich trinh bay, bd cue, ngdn ngfr va cau triie dugc sir dung trong dem dd vidt mdt<br /> la don tuong ty. Ngoai ra sinh vien cd the diing sd lieu, y, quim didm d bai hgc dd thao luan mot<br /> vin dd do hg hoae giao vien dua ra, Ngay vice quyci dinh mot vim de thiio liiiin nhu the niiy<br /> cung tao ra c i c cd hdi eho sinh dugc ihirc hiinh ndi, dien dat quan didm va y kidn ea nhin ciia<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 137<br /> minh. Tren eo sd thao luan ndi, sinh vien se dugc yeu ciu vidt lai vin dd dd dudi nhidu hinh<br /> thiie khic nhau: tdm tat, binh luan, mien la... Cudi cting viec kidm tra cac boat ddng ma sinh<br /> vien vira lam lai dugc thuc hien nhu da nCu d khau cudi ciing eiia each 1.<br /> Cich 3:<br /> Cho sinh vien nghe mgt van dd lien quan ddn chii diem dang hgc (bai nghe cd the liy tir<br /> cac budi phit thanh tren dai, tivi ciia nude ngoai hoae trong nude, giio trinh...). Trude khi nghe,<br /> giio vien hudng sy ehii y cua sinh vien vao chii didm bang nhidu cich. Vf du khi hgc chu didm<br /> vd "Cac vin dd xa hdi", giao vien yeu ciu sinh vien liet ke nhung tir va cum tir hen quan ddn<br /> chu didm dudi dang ndi hoae vidt, ddng thdi giao vien gidi thieu trude nhirng tir khd trong bai<br /> nghe. Giio vien cung cd thd dira ra lieu dd eiia bai nghe dd sinh vien thao luan, dy doin ndi<br /> dung cua bai sip nghe. Lam nhu vay khdng nhiing ky nang ndi dugc ren luyen ma con giiip eho<br /> sinh vien hung thu va tap trung him vao bai nghe. Sau dd, giio vien cho sinh vien lam mdt sd<br /> bai tap dd phit tridn ky nang nghe. Sinh vien trao ddi cau tra Idi theo nhdm dd di ddn mdt dip<br /> i n thdng nhit. Tren co sd bai nghe, sinh vien lai thuc hiinh theo cap va nhdm dd thao luan vd<br /> vin dd da neu trong bai. Vf du: "Nguyen nhim din ddn tinh trang ngay cang ed nhidu thanh nien<br /> nghien but trong xa bdi ngiiy nay vii bien phap khilc phiie". Cudi ciing sinh vien vidt lai van dd<br /> da thao lualn dudi nhidu dang khic nhau theo yeu cau ciia giio vien: tdm tit, binh luan, nhan<br /> xet, thidt kd mau can hdi phdng van didu tra. Sau dd giao vien lai sir dung cac ngCr lieu nay dd<br /> phit tridn ky nang dge va ndi.<br /> Cich 4:<br /> Giao vien td chire cho sinh vien nghien eini mgt van de vd chii didm nao dd. Vf du, giio<br /> vien yeu ciu sinh vien thuc hien dd tai "Vai trd cua ngudi phu nir trong gia dinh va xa hdi". Sinh<br /> vien lam vice theo nhdm, phan cdng phu trich lung mang khic nhau eiia dd tai, rdi thu thap tai<br /> lieu tir cie ngudn khic nhau: bao ehf, tranh linh, quiing cAo, du an, lin tuc tren dai va tivi...<br /> Ddng thdi, sinh vien thiio luan, lap ra cac cau hdi dieu tra, re'ii tien hanh pheing vin giio vien va<br /> sinh vien trong khoa, ghi lai y kien hoae dien vao phii didu tra. Sau dd cie nhdm tip hgp sd lieu,<br /> ban luan rdi thdng nhit cich trinh biiy dd tiii eiia nhdm minh dudi dang ndi hoae vidt eho ca Idp<br /> nghe hoae dge dd tham khiio, dinh gia va gdp y kidn. Hudng giang day nay ed nhidu uu didm:<br /> tfnh ty giic, nang de)ng sang tao cua ngiriri hgc duetc phal buy phii hgp vdi hudng dao tao mdi<br /> "liy ngudi hge lim tmng tam". Ddng thdi ngueti hgc da ty tao eho minh mdt ngudn tai lieu<br /> rieng vd eac chu didm khic nhau theo nhidu hinh thire phong phii vii giao vien cung tan dung<br /> dugc ngudn ngir lieu quy gia nay phiic vu cho viec giiing day sau nay.<br /> Cich 5:<br /> Khai thic kinb nghiem vd'n sdng eiia sinh vien dc phal tridn bdn ky nang va ning cao<br /> kidn thu'c ndn va tieng. Vf du, khi hge vd chii didm "Tudi ihet", giao vien yeu ciu sinh vien vidt<br /> vd mgt ky niem sau siic nhit trong Ihai nien thieu. Sau dd cac bai viei duite hgc sinh trao ddi<br /> cho nhau dge va vidt nhiln xet ea vd mat ndi dung vii ngdn ngir. Giao vien ehi djnb mdt sd sinh<br /> vien dge bai vidt va phi'in nhan xet nhimg khdng neu ten lac gia dd ea Idp nghe va gdp y kidn<br /> mot cich kbach quan, Tren co sd nhung biii vidt nay, ky nang ndi va nghe due;te phit tridn bing<br /> each giao vien eho sinh vien lam vice theo cap hoae nhdm, hdi nhau vd nhirng ky niem ma hg<br /> da dge va cam tudng cua hg. Vice liim miy tao eho gid hge sinh ddng, cic ky nang dugc phit<br /> tridn ly nhien. Ket quii thu dirge khii quan hem do sinh vien thay boat elgng giao tidp thye sir cd<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 138<br /> y nghia, gin gui va gin bd vdi cudc sdng eiia minh.<br /> Trong tit ea cic boat ddng day va hge tren, giio vien ddng vai trd la ngudi td chire, hudng<br /> din, quan sit, giiip dd va cung cip ngii lieu khi cin thidt.<br /> VII. Ket luan<br /> Tren diy chiing tdi vira trinh bay co sd cua quan didm giang day thye hanh tidng dya vao<br /> chu didm va nhiem vu eu thd theo dudng hudng phdi hctp eac ky nang ngdn ngir, nhiing uu didm<br /> ciia quan didm nay so vdi cic quan didm tmde day trong viec day va hgc tieng. Ddng thdi, cic<br /> bai tip hudng din va vf du minh boa - san pham diic kdt cdng sire, kinb nghiem hge hdi tim tdi<br /> ciia nhdm giio vien ehiing tdi trong qui trinh giang day, nghien eiiru cic phuong hudng giio hge<br /> phip mdi cung dugc dua ra dd ban dge tham khao. Vi thdi gian ed ban nen ban bio cio nay<br /> chic khdng thd trinh khdi nhung tbidu sot. Chiing tdi rit trin trgng nhiing y kidn ddng gdp cua<br /> cic ban ddng nghiep gin xa dd viec giang day cua chiing tdi ngay mdt tdt hon.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tdi lieu tham klido<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Nguyen Van Lgi. 1997. Ngoiii ngfr. Ndi san Dai hgc ngoai ngif 6-1997. Phit bidu eiia<br /> hieu trudng Nguydn Van Liii trong Id bd nhiem hieu tmdng nhiem ky 1997-2001.<br /> 2. Bowen, T & Marks, J. 1994. Inside teaching. Oxford: Heinmann Publishers.<br /> 3. Brown, H. D. 1994. Teaching by principles: An Interactive Approach to Language<br /> Pedagogy. Prentice Hall Regents.<br /> 4. Brown. H. D. 1994. Principles of Language Leaning and Teaching. Prentice Hall<br /> Regents. Engle wood Cliffs, NI 07632<br /> 5. Freeman, D. L. 1993. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford<br /> University Press.<br /> 6. Freeman, D. L and Long, M. H., 1991. An Introduction to Second Language<br /> Acquisition Research. Longman.<br /> 7. Gaims, R & Redman, S. 1996. Tme to life. Cambridge University Press.<br /> 8. Hamer, J. 1991. The Practice of EngUsh Language Teaching. London: Longman.<br /> 9. Nunan. D. 1988. The Learner- Centered Curriculum: A Study in second Language.<br /> Cambridge: CUP.<br /> 10. Richard, J. C. & Rogers, T. S. 1991. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.<br /> Cambridge University Press.<br /> 11. Rigg, P. 1991. Whole Language in TESOL. TESOL. Quarterly. Vol. 25. No. 3<br /> Autumn 91.<br /> 12. Robinet, B. W & Sebachter, J. 1983.Second Language IcamingUniversity of<br /> Michigan Press.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 139<br />