Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục ngôi trường kiểu mới đầu thế kỷ 20, điểm son của giáo dục Việt Nam

BONG KEVH ]\GHfA THUC<br /> NGOI TRirdNG KliUM6lDiiU THiH¥20,<br /> DI€M SON CUn GlliO DUC VliTNfiM<br /> <br /> DINH XUAN LAM*<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc (DKNT) xuit xuat hien DKNT cl nir6c ta trong nhiing<br /> hien tir t h i n g 3-1907 tai Ha Noi, thii phu nSm dau the ky XX da b i t nguon tvf nhiing<br /> cua Lien bang Dong DUdng thuoc Phap, dieu kien lich sii nhat dinh. Du6i tac dong<br /> dong thdi cung la thu phtl cua xii Bic Ky, ciia chUdng trinh khai thac boc lot thuoc<br /> va bi nha c i m quyen Phap b i t dong ciia dia l i n thii nha't (1897-1914) cua tU ban<br /> vao t h i n g 12 nam do, tnj(6c sau chi ton tai Phap dUdc day manh tren quy mo Idn, v6i<br /> CO 9 thing. NhUng v6i nhiJng hoat dong to'c do nhanh, mot each co he tho'ng sau khi<br /> chien tranh chinh phuc va binh dinh da<br /> phong phii va sang tao, dSc biet la v6i anh<br /> hoan t i t (1858-1896), Viet Nam ty diu the<br /> hUcIng lan toa nhanh chong va sau rong,<br /> ky XX da bien doi ngay cang ro ret ve ca<br /> DKNT trong thUc te hoan toan khong phai<br /> hai mat cau triic kinh te va phan hoa xa<br /> chi la mot triiOng hoc theo loi mdi, ma la<br /> hoi. Chinh sU bien doi trong cd ciu kinh te<br /> mot cuoc v i n dong vSn hoa - tU tUcing -<br /> va cd ciu xa hoi da tao cd scl vat chit cin<br /> chinh tri quan trong, la ca mot phong trao<br /> thiet de cac trao lUu tU tudng m6i ty ben<br /> rong 16n trong cong cuoc each mang giai ngoai doi vao Viet Nam ty nhiing nSm d i u<br /> phong dan toe Viet Nam hoi d i u the'ky XX. the ky trU6c. Trong hoan canh sU phan hoa<br /> c y theo dting cai ten goi hien lanh ding xa hoi chUa t h u i n thuc d i u the ky XX,<br /> ky v6i nha cim quyen Phap thi day chi la dUng ra tiep thu cac trao lUu tU tUcfng m6i -<br /> mot trUcJng hoc tU, co xin phep hoat dong day la tU tUdng tU san tii ngoai dUa vao<br /> mot each d i n g hoang, v6i miic tieu l i m theo hai con dUdng Nhat Ban va Trung<br /> "viec thien" (nghia thtac), hoc sinh khong Quo'c - lai chinh la bo phan si phu yeu nU6c<br /> phai tra hoc phi, sach giao khoa, tai lieu CO xu hu6ng tien bo da nhan thUc dUdc sU<br /> deu duoc phat khong, nha trtJcfng hoat pha san ciia vSn minh hoc thuat cii dat<br /> dong hoan toan do sU ung hg, tan trd cua tren nen tang Nho giao va hSm hcl tiep<br /> cac hoi vien, ngUdi gitip ciia, ke gitip cong, nhan van minh hoc thuSt m6i la vSn minh<br /> r5 rang la tuy khong cong khai noi ra hoc thuat tu san v6i t i t ca hao quang cua<br /> no v6i muc dich khai hoa dan tri, nang cao<br /> nhUng moi ngUdi deu hieu ngam do la vi<br /> dan khi, lam cho dan giiu nU6c manh de di<br /> mvic dich cyu nii6c. Ma cQng ro rang la viec<br /> <br /> * GS. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi<br /> 6 Rghien cijru Lich siir. sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> hung cong thUdng nghiep... noi torn lai la m i t ban dgc tren Bao Nam Phong tii 1930<br /> nhiing kie'n thyc mdi ma hoc vien dang doi den 1933, ban qud'c v^n do t i e gia ty dich<br /> hoi, CO t h i y nhU vay mdi giai thich diJdc tai in tren tuan bao Thanh Nghe Tinh nSm<br /> sao ma cd sU ho hdi ddn nhan cua ngUdi 1934 va nam 1936 dUdc xui't ban thanh<br /> nghe, tai sao ma cd dUdc canh tUdng: sach, cung cd the xep vao he thdng sach<br /> giao khoa ciia DKNT vi cimg chung mgt ngi<br /> "Buo'i diin thuyet ngUdi dong nhU hoi,<br /> dung va mgt muc tieu. Cd mgt dieu niia<br /> Ky binh vSn khach den nhU mUa" ciing can lUu y ban dgc ngay nay, dd la khi<br /> Tat nhien, d day ngoai noi dung tien bo dgc mgt so' sach giao khoa cua DKNT, khd<br /> cua sach giao khoa, cdn cd phUdng phap tranh khdi cam giac cam phuc, cac cu da de<br /> truyen dat niia, thiet tudng dd la nhQng bai cap tdi nhiing kie'n thyc hoan toan mdi mgt<br /> hoc Idn cd the nghien cUu van dung vao cong each ty tin, d&c biet la nhiing kien thyc ve<br /> cuoc nang cao chat lUdng giao due hien nay. Kinh te hgc, nhU ve ly do tU ban tSng hay .<br /> giam, ve mau dich, thdng thifdng, tien te,<br /> Trong khi thUc dan Phap cd' tam kim<br /> ngan hang, trai phieu, hdi phieu, chie't khiu<br /> ham dan toe trong vong lac hau ve moi mSt<br /> ngan hang, den ca "sdc (sao phieu), cdng<br /> kinh te, chinh tri, v&n hda thi DKNT diing<br /> ty..., nhiing kie'n thUc ma den tan bay gid<br /> cam tan cong kich liet vao thanh tri phong<br /> khdng phai mgi ngUdi deu n i m vCng. Tat<br /> kie'n tren linh vUc giao due v&n hda (nhU<br /> nhien day la cac cu dya vao cac tan thU<br /> chd'ng tir chUdng bac cd', chd'ng khoa cvt, bai<br /> Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban va chic r i n g cac cu<br /> try hu tuc, hUdng am, de cao tu tudng va<br /> ciing chUa that hieu het ndi dung cac van<br /> hoc thuat mdi) la mot cong tac cd tinh each<br /> de, va cung chUa cd cd hdi de ap dung cac<br /> mang. Day chinh la mot nhu yeu, mot tien<br /> cdng viec dd; nhUng dieu cin ghi nhan d day<br /> de cua phong trao dan toe trong liic dang<br /> la qua viec lam da the hien dUdc nhiet tam<br /> chuyen qua giai doan mdi, rat cd ldi va r i t<br /> cua cac cu, viia hgc vya lam la phUdng cham<br /> can thiet trong cuoc van dong each mang<br /> hanh dgng cua cac cu, dd cung la mgt bai<br /> ndi chung. Chinh ke thii da sdm nhan tha'y<br /> hgc Idn, thiet thyc cho chung ta ngay nay.<br /> ban chat each mang, sU nguy hiem cho che<br /> do thuoc dia ciia chiing ring: "Khong cdn la Cung chinh do nhiing ddng gdp cua<br /> mgt cau chuyen hoang dUdng khi khing DKNT trong hoat ddng giao due, tuyen<br /> dinh r i n g DKNT da la mgt cai Id phien<br /> truyen cd' ddng cho vSn hda - giao due mdi<br /> loan d Bic Ky" de sdm ra tay dan ap.<br /> qua cac sach giao khoa ma chinh quyen<br /> Ndi den sach giao khoa cua DKNT, cQng Phap tha'y rd sU nguy hai ddi vdi nen thong<br /> can nhan manh mgt dieu la khdng chi bao tri cua chung. De ddi phd lai, chung da<br /> gom cac trUdc tac dUdc bien soan trong giai phai lap ra Hgi dong tu thu tap hdp mgt so<br /> doan nha trUdng hoat ddng, tU t h i n g 3 den quan lai, trong so' dd cd mdt sd cd thyc hgc<br /> t h i n g 12 nSm 1907, ma cdn md rgng ra ca va uy tin nhu Dudng Lam, Doan Trien,<br /> trUdc va sau thdi ky dd. Cudn sach giao nhUng ciing cd mgt so' ngudi khdng xUng<br /> khoa quan trgng cua DKNT la Van minh dang vdi nhiem vu dUdc giao de bien soan<br /> tdn hoc sdch da dUdc bien soan ty nSm sach giao khoa cua Nha hgc chinh, cai Hgi<br /> 1904, ngay cudn sach Nhan dgo quyen<br /> ddng tu thu nay da bi vSn thd dUdng thdi<br /> hdnh (Myc can dao ngUdi) ciia Ho Phi<br /> eye lyc cdng kich, len an, dSc biet nha thd<br /> Huv&ar>iMlt(c hoan thanh nSm 1928 va ra<br /> Nguyin Thien Ke (Huyen Nl) da cd bai<br /> Bdng Kinh Rghia Thuc - ngoi hvdng.<br /> <br /> 'Vinh Ban Tu thu" vdi nhiJng cau phe phan titng mien- ngay ngUdi chu trUdng cM la mdt<br /> quyet liet: to' chyc nhat quan - nhU ldi trich din tren cho<br /> thay, ciing cdng nhan "mdi mien" van cd ndt<br /> "Kheo kheo tu thu mdt IQ mudng,<br /> dSc thii" - thi mdi cd the di tdi mgt ket luan<br /> Ciing thi chii nghia vdi van chUdng. dUt khoat va diing d i n dUdc.<br /> Bo gia gd nhip Tam (3) la sd, TrUdc het phai tha'y giiia mien Trung va<br /> Con tre ngoi trd, Dai (4) ciing lUdng. mien Bic, ndi cu the hdn la giiia Quang<br /> Nam va Ha Ndi la trung tam khdi phat ciia<br /> Nudc bac cha Thanh (5), men chu Tich (6), phong trao ddi ndi ciing cd khac nhau.<br /> Gidng phd cu Trien (7), khdc anh DUdng (8). Phong trao Duy Tan bung nd trUdc tien va<br /> manh n h i t d Quang Nam, dieu dd ciing de<br /> Them thing Ho (9) ddt, thing Ngd (10) dai,<br /> hieu. NhUng dd thi chinh cua mien Nam xU<br /> < Mat nUdc trdi di rSt mdt phUdng". Trung Ky nhU Da Ning, Hdi An dUdi thdi<br /> NhUng d day lai ciing can neu len mdt phong kien, nhat la thdi chua Nguyen, da<br /> each Ung xii linh hoat, khdn kheo cua cd liic trd t h i n h nhiing trung tam hoat<br /> DKNT la mdt so' tai lieu giao khoa do Hdi ddng kinh te kha phon thinh. Den liic Phap<br /> dong Tu thu ciia Nha Hgc chinh xuat ban, thudc, vdi chinh sach khai thac thugc dia<br /> cung vdi nhQng ban do, tranh ve each tri, cua be lii cUdp nUdc, Quang Nam ciing la<br /> dia ly treo tudng, mua d Nhat Ban hay mdt khu vUc quan trgng. Do dd cd sd kinh<br /> Trung Qudc ciing diidc bd' sung cho thU te mdi dgn dudng cho tU tudng tU san t r i n<br /> vien DKNT, phuc vu cho viec giang day ciia vao da cd tU sdm, ngay cang phat trien va<br /> nha trUdng. Day thiet tudng ciing la mgt cung cd'. Them vao dd, si phu Trung Ky tU<br /> kinh nghiem td't cho viec xay dUng thU vien cudi the ky XIX da lam quen ngay cang sau<br /> va cd sd hgc cu, thiet bi giang day cho cac sic vdi tu tudng tU san Au, Tay qua cac<br /> trUdng hien nay trong viec md rgng dien Tan thu. Tan bao tU Trung Qud'c sang, tir<br /> sach tham khao va tSng cUdng thiet bi Nhat Ban tdi vdi sU mdi gidi ciia cdng dong<br /> phuc vu ngi dung bai giang. ngUdi Hoa sinh cd lap nghiep d day tU lau<br /> ddi. Dfic biet hdn niia la sd'ng ben canh<br /> 4. Cudi Cling la van de xac dinh DKNT la chinh quyen phong kien nha Nguyen da trd<br /> mgt phong trao ddc lap cua mien Bic hay la thanh tay sai ngoan ngoan ciia Phap, cac si<br /> mdt bd phan cua phong trao Duy Tan chung phu yeu nUdc mien Trung cang cd dieu kien<br /> cho ca niidc. Ve van de nay, triidc day va de chUng kien sU sa dga ciing cUc cua trieu<br /> ngay tdi ngay nay v i n cd chu trUdng ring: dinh Hue, sU thdi nat cua bgn quan lai tay<br /> "Phong trao Duy Tan la mgt td chiic nhat sai. Tat ca nhiing dieu kien trong va ngoai<br /> quan (tuy Idng leo ty BSc chi Nam - mdi dd da giup cho cac si phu Trung Ky sdm<br /> mien v l n cd ndt dac thu - chii khdng phai cd giac ngd nhiem vu cua minh la nhiing tri<br /> Phong trao Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc, TrUdng thUc theo hudng dan chu tU san. Trong khi<br /> Due Thanh, cdng ty Lien Thanh, Trieu dd thi d ngoai mien Bic, gidi si phu tiep xiic<br /> DUdng thu diem, Trieu DUdng thUdng diem, vdi tu tudng mdi cd phan cham hdn. Da<br /> Hgi Minh Tan... rieng biet nao ca" (11). vay, mdt bd phan dan ap kim kep, khai<br /> De giai quyet dUdc vin de nay, thiet tUdng thac bdc lot khdng lo ty r i t sdm da bao<br /> cin di sau phan tich nghien cUu cac dSc thii trum va de nSng tren d i u nhan dan, lai<br />  Rghifin cuu Lich stir, sd 9.2007<br /> <br /> tdi ty cUdng, ty lap. Tam gUdng Nhat Ban mang tinh quy luat. Xuyen qua chieu dai<br /> cQng la nUdc dong vSn dong chung vdi lich svJ dan tdc, chung ta tha'y rd l i tren<br /> minh, mdi danh bai Nga mgt trong bd'n nen tang mdt tinh than yeu nUdc sau sic<br /> "than tUdng" cua the gidi cii (Anh, Nga, va manh liet, mdi khi dat nUdc, dan tdc bi<br /> Phap, Phd') la mdt tam gUdng choi Igi, rUc dat trUdc nhiing khd khSn, thach thUc to<br /> rd nhu mSt trdi chdi sang phUdng Ddng. Idn tUdng chUng khdng the vUdt qua ndi,<br /> Ddi vdi bg phan si phu yeu nUdc tien bd ciia bao gid ciing cd mdt so' ngUdi thyc thdi - hg<br /> Viet Nam hdi d i u the ky XX, rd rang viec la nhiing tri thUc ciia dan tdc trong thdi dai<br /> giio hda dan chung la dieu kien dau tien dd - dau tu suy nghi de tim ra bien phap<br /> de tien len giai phdng dan tgc. Viec thanh dUa dan tdc, dat nUdc ra khdi cdn nguy<br /> lap DKNT de truyen ba tU tudng mdi, boi khd'n. Hien tUdng dep de nay ty thdi ky<br /> dudng va de cao tinh than yeu nUdc, gay phong kie'n sang thdi ky can hien dai deu<br /> mdt phong trao sau rdng trong nhan dan<br /> cd, neu chi gidi ban trong thdi ky n h i<br /> chinh la n i m trong mach tU duy ddi mdi<br /> Nguyen - trieu dai phong kie'n cudi cung<br /> dd. Khdng phai la ai khac, chinh nha yeu<br /> ciia nUdc ta - thi ciing da sang chdi len<br /> nUdc Phan Bdi Chau - tuy la ngUdi dUng<br /> nhiing nhan vat tieu bieu nhU Nguyen<br /> dau phai bao dgng - trong thdi gian hoat<br /> TrUdng To, Nguyen Ld Trach, Biii Vien,<br /> ddng tren dat Nhat Ban nSm 1906 cung da<br /> Dang Huy Trd... Tat ca nhiing con ngUdi<br /> ndi len sU that lich sii dd:<br /> dd du cho cd khac nhau ve mSt nay, mSt<br /> "Neu dong bao ta bi bac dai, de nen nhU ng, nhUng deu thd'ng nhat nhan dinh la y<br /> hien nay, chinh bdi vi khdng hgc tap nen thiic he Nho giao da di vao con dUdng be<br /> khdng cd hgc thUc va thdng minh bing tic, khdng the dUdc sii dung nhU mgt vii<br /> nhan dan cac nUdc, vi viy ma chiing ta da khi cyu nUdc cua thdi chdng Minh, p h i<br /> mat nUdc... NgUdi Nhat da ty bd phong tuc Nguyen, binh Thanh niia, ma bing bat cU<br /> cu va di theo con dudng tien bd: hg se md gia nao phai tim ra con dUdng cyu nUdc<br /> trUdng day con em nhan dan hgc" (1). mdi. Vi vay mdi cd mdt sU hd hdi, hao hyng<br /> Chiing ta deu biet r i n g DKNT la md ddn chao tU tudng mdi ty ben ngoai vao de<br /> phdng "Khanh Lfng Nghia Thuc" (Keio- rdi tim each van dung vao cdng cuoc doi<br /> Gijuku) ciia Phiic Trach Du Cat mdi dat nUdc dang dUdc dat ra, n h i m muc<br /> (Fukugawa Yukuchi, 1835-1901) dUdc dich tdi thUdng la dUa dat nUdc, dan tgc<br /> thanh lap d Nhat Ban tU nSm 1858. tien len. Trong mgt chQug myc nao dd,<br /> 2. Diem thU hai dUdc dat ra khi nghien chung ta van cd the xem dd nhU la mdt cd<br /> cUu DKNT, dd la phai dat sU kien dd trong ging hgi nhap vao bdi canh mdi vi ldi ich<br /> bdi canh truyen thd'ng lich sii dan tdc, ndi tdi cao ciia dat nUdc, cua dan tgc. Tren cd scl<br /> mdt each khac la DKNT x u i t hien d Viet nhan thUc nhU vay, cd the ndi r i n g cdng<br /> Nam hdi dau the ky XX la mdt hien tUdng cudc ddi mdi ma Dang ta phat ddng, dang<br /> ddc dao, nhUng nd van khdng thoat Iy tien hanh va da mang lai nhiing ket qua ro<br /> truyen thd'ng ddi mdi cua dan tdc, van n i m ret dang mQng hien nay, dd l i sU tiep ndi<br /> trong truyen thd'ng ddi mdi cua dan tdc. va phat trien len mdt trinh do cao hdn,<br /> Nghien cUu lich sii dan tdc, cd the k h i n g trong nhiing dieu kien mdi, truyen thdng<br /> dinh ddi mdi la mdt yeu cau thUdng trUc Duy tan, Cai each, Ddi mdi cua dan tgc.<br /> B6ng Kinh Rghia Thiic - ngdi trudmg.<br /> <br /> 3. Van de thii ba la mdi quan he giUa tien dan tdi nhiing cudc bao ddng cd tinh<br /> DKNT ngoai Bic vdi phong trao Duy tan chat khdi nghia doat chinh quyen. Trong<br /> mien Trung. Chiing ta deu biet r i n g phong khi dd thi DKNT d ngoai Bic phai den<br /> trao Duy Tan mien Trung cd sdm hdn. t h i n g 3-1907 mdi ra ddi. NhU vay la xet<br /> Ngay tu thUdng tuan t h i n g 4 Am lich nSm theo mat thdi gian thi DKNT ra ddi mugn<br /> 1904 hdi Duy Tan da dUdc thanh lap tai hdn, nhUng trong thUc te' thi DKNT ciing<br /> Quang Nam, tai nha Tieu la Nguyen Ham, b i t ngudn tii tU tUdng duy tan ddi mdi luc<br /> vdi sU cd mat cua chu nha Nguyen Ham, dd dang Ian tran, phat trien tren toan qudc.<br /> Phan Bdi Chau va nhieu ddng chi ciing que Chinh vi vay ma mdi nhin qua cd the tudng<br /> Nghe Tinh ciia dng la Le Vd, Dang Tii day la nhiing phong trao tach rdi, nhUng sU<br /> Kinh, Dang Thai Than, cd ca Ky ngoai hau that thi Cling deu b i t ngudn tU tU tudng<br /> Cudng De da dUdc b i u lam hdi chu ngay duy tan ddi mdi, va giiia phong trao Duy<br /> trong cudc hgp lich sii nay. Chung ta ciing T i n mien Trung vdi DKNT ngoai Bic v i n<br /> deu biet la sau khi Hdi thanh lap, muc dich cd mdt mdi quan he hiiu cd. Chi rieng viec<br /> cua Hdi van khdng cd gi khac trUdc la: "Cd't Phan Chau Trinh - mgt trong sd' nhiing<br /> sao khdi phuc dUdc Viet Nam lap ra mdt ngUdi cim dau phong trao Duy Tan d<br /> chinh phii ddc lap, ngoai ra chUa cd chu Quang Nam - ciing ra Ha Ndi giang bai tai<br /> nghia khac ca" (2). Trong hdi nghi thanh DKNT cho tha'y giiia phong trao Duy tan<br /> lap hdi Duy Tan, da quyet dinh ba nhiem mien Trung vdi DKNT ngoai Bic la cung<br /> vu trUdc mat la phat trien the lUc Hdi ve chung mgt gd'c, dd la cai gd'c yeu nUdc chd'ng<br /> ngUdi ciing nhU ve tai chinh, xiic tien viec sU thd'ng tri ciia ngoai bang, hudng tdi giai<br /> chuan bi bao ddng va cac cdng viec sau khi phdng dan tdc. Chi cd dieu cin n h i n manh,<br /> phat ra viec bao ddng, chuan bi x u i t dUdng dd la mien Trung nang ve boat ddng thyc<br /> cau vien, xac dinh phUdng cham v i thu tien ma mien Bic nghieng ve ly luin. Chi<br /> can can cU vao con sd'va ngi dung cac sach<br /> doan xuat dUdng, va ngay sau dd Phan Bdi<br /> giao khoa cua DKNT thi thay rd dieu nay.<br /> Chau va TSng Bat Hd len dUdng sang Nhat<br /> ChUdng trinh cua nha trUdng dUa theo<br /> cau vien. Ciing tai Quang Nam vao thdi ky<br /> dudng ldi "tan hgc" cua Trung Qud'c va<br /> dd, ngoai xu hudng thU nha't la bao dgng<br /> Nhat Ban, day each tri, toan phap, dia ly,<br /> chd'ng Phap vdi td chiic Duy Tan hdi, do<br /> lich s^, van chUdng, cdng dan giao due, ke<br /> Tieu la Nguyin Thanh trUc tiep phu trach,<br /> ca the thao the due. Sach giao khoa ddi vdi<br /> cdn cd loai hinh thU hai la phong trao Duy<br /> cac Idp tren hgc sinh da nhieu tudi va da<br /> tan ty cUdng vdi khau hieu "Khai tri tU<br /> thdng chii Han - cd ngUdi da tyng leu chdng<br /> sinh, tinh xa, siing kiem..." vdi nhdm lanh<br /> di thi - thi diing ngay cic 'Tan thU" cua<br /> dao la Phan Chau Trinh, T r i n Quy Cap,<br /> Trung Qud'c lam tai lieu giang day. Cdn ddi<br /> Huynh Thuc Khang d mien Trung, Nguyin<br /> vdi Idp hgc sinh nhd tudi d cac Idp dUdi thi<br /> An KhUdng va Tran Chanh Chieu d Nam<br /> nha trUdng chil ddng soan ra mdt sd' sach<br /> Ky. Phong trao Duy Tan nay b i t ngudn ty<br /> chii Han va chii Qud'c ngQ lam tai lieu hgc<br /> r i t sdm ty nam 1903 da lan tran k h i p cac tap va tuyen truyen cd dgng ra ngoai. Ndi<br /> tinh mien Trung, cudi ciing d i n tdi sy bung dung chu yeu cac trUdc tic cua DKNT nhim<br /> nd cua phong trao chd'ng thue rung ddng ca da p h i nhQng tU tudng lac hau cua dim si<br /> mien Trung lam cho thyc dan Phap va phu thu cUu, keu ggi hgc qudc ngQ, khoa hgc<br /> phong kien tay sai vd cung khiep dam, huy ky thuat mdi, chu trgng thyc nghiep, chin<br /> ddng dUdc hang van ndng dan tham gia,<br />  Rghien cuu Lich sit, sd 9.2007<br /> <br /> hUng cdng thUdng nghiep... ndi tdm lai la m i t ban dgc tren Bao Nam Phong tii 1930<br /> nhQng kie'n thQc mdi ma hgc vien dang ddi den 1933, ban qudc vSn do t i c gia tU dich<br /> hdi, cd thay nhU vay mdi giai thich dUdc tai in tren tuan b i o Thanh Nghe Tinh nSm<br /> sao ma cd sU hd hdi ddn nhan cua ngUdi 1934 va nam 1936 dUdc xui't ban thanh<br /> nghe, tai sao ma cd dUdc canh tUdng: sach, cung cd the xep vao he thdng sach<br /> giao khoa ciia DKNT vi cung chung mdt ngi<br /> "Budi dien thuyet ngudi ddng nhU hgi,<br /> dung va mdt muc tieu. Cd mdt dieu nQa<br /> Ky binh van khach den nhU mUa" cung cin lUu y ban dgc ngay nay, dd la khi<br /> Tat nhien, d day ngoai ndi dung tien bd dgc mdt so' sach giao khoa ciia DKNT, khd<br /> cua sach giao khoa, cdn cd phUdng phap t r i n h khdi cam giac cam phuc, cac cu da de<br /> truyen dat nQa, thiet tudng dd la nhQng bai cap tdi nhQng kien thQc hoan toan mdi mgt<br /> hgc Idn cd the nghien cQu van dung vao cdng cich ty tin, dSc biet la nhQng kien thQc ve<br /> cudc nang cao chat lUdng giio due hien nay. Kinh te hgc, nhU ve ly do tU ban tSng hay<br /> giam, ve mau dich, thdng thUdng, tien te,<br /> Trong khi thUc dan Phap cd' tam kim<br /> ngan hang, trai phieu, hdi phieu, chie't khiu<br /> ham dan tdc trong vdng lac hau ve mgi mSt<br /> ngan hang, den ca "sdc (sao phieu), cdng<br /> kinh te, chinh tri, van hda thi DKNT dung<br /> ty..., nhQng kien thQc ma den tan bay gid<br /> cam tan cdng kich liet vao thanh tri phong<br /> khdng phai mgi ngUdi deu n i m vQng. Tat<br /> kie'n tren Hnh vUc giao due van hda (nhU<br /> nhien day la cic cu dUa vao cac tan thU<br /> chd'ng ty chUdng bac cd, chd'ng khoa cQ, bai<br /> Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban va chic r i n g cic cu<br /> trU hu tuc, hUdng am, de cao tU tudng va<br /> cung chUa that hieu het ndi dung cac vin<br /> hgc thuat mdi) la mdt cdng t i c cd tinh each<br /> de, va cung chUa cd cd hdi de ap dung cac<br /> mang. Day chinh l i mgt nhu yeu, mgt tien<br /> cdng viec dd; nhUng dieu can ghi nhan d day<br /> de cua phong trao d i n tgc trong luc dang<br /> la qua viec lam da the hien dUdc nhiet tam<br /> chuyen qua giai doan mdi, rat cd ldi va r i t<br /> cua cac cu, vQa hgc vQa lam la phUdng cham<br /> can thiet trong cudc van ddng each mang<br /> hanh ddng cua cac cu, dd cung la mdt bai<br /> ndi chung. Chinh ke thii da sdm nhan thay<br /> hgc Idn, thiet thUc cho chung ta ngay nay.<br /> ban chat each mang, sU nguy hiem cho che<br /> do thugc dia ciia chiing ring: "Khdng cdn la Cung chinh do nhQng ddng gdp ciia<br /> mdt cau chuyen hoang dudng khi k h i n g DKNT trong boat ddng giao due, tuyen<br /> dinh r i n g DKNT da la mdt cai Id phien truyen cd ddng cho vSn hda - giio due mdi<br /> loan d Bic Ky" de sdm ra tay dan ap.<br /> qua cic sich giio khoa ma chinh quyen<br /> Ndi den sach giao khoa cua DKNT, cung Phap thi'y rd sU nguy hai ddi vdi nen thdng<br /> can nhan manh mdt dieu la khdng chi bao tri cua chung. De ddi phd lai, chung da<br /> gdm cac trUdc t i c dUdc bien soan trong giai phai lap ra Hdi ddng tu thU tap hdp mgt sd<br /> doan nha trUdng hoat ddng, tU t h i n g 3 den quan lai, trong so' dd cd mgt sdcd thyc hgc<br /> t h i n g 12 nam 1907, ma cdn md rdng ra ca va uy tin nhU DUdng Lam, Doan Trien,<br /> trudc va sau thdi ky dd. Cud'n sach giao nhUng cung cd mdt sd ngUdi khdng xQng<br /> khoa quan trgng cua DKNT la Van minh dang vdi nhiem vu dUdc giao de bien soan<br /> tdn hgc sdch da dUdc bien soan ty nSm sach giao khoa cua Nha hgc chinh, cai Hgi<br /> 1904, ngay cud'n sach Nhdn dgo quyen ddng tu thu nay da bi vSn thd dUdng thdi<br /> hdnh (Myc can dao ngUdi) cua Hd Phi cUc lyc cdng kich, len an, dac biet nha thd<br /> Huyen dUdc hoan thanh nam 1928 va ra Nguyen Thien Ke (Huyen Ne) da cd bai<br /> B6ng Kinh Rghia Thuc - ngdi tniimg...<br /> <br /> "Vinh Ban Tu thu" vdi nhQng cau phe phan tQng mien- ngay ngUdi chu trUdng cM li mdt<br /> quyet liet: td chQc nhat quan - nhU ldi trich din tren cho<br /> thay, ciing cdng nhan "mdi mien" van cd ndt<br /> "Kh6o kheo tu thU mgt lu mUdng,<br /> dac thu" - thi mdi cd the di tdi mdt ket luan<br /> Mi Cung thi chQ nghia vdi van chUdng. dUt khoat va diing d i n dUdc.<br /> Bd gia gd nhip T i m (3) la sd, TrUdc het phai tha'y giQa mien Trung va<br /> , Con tre ngdi trd, Dai (4) cung lUdng. mien Bic, ndi cu the hdn la giQa Quang<br /> Nam va Ha Ngi la trung tam khdi phat cua<br /> Nudc bac cha Thanh (5), men chii Tich (6), phong trao ddi ndi cung cd khac nhau.<br /> Gidng phd cu Trien (7), khdc anh DUdng (8). Phong trao Duy Tan bung nd trUdc tien va<br /> manh nhat d Quang Nam, dieu dd cung de<br /> '. Them thing Hd (9) ddt, thing Ngd (10) dai,<br /> hieu. NhUng dd thi chinh cua mien Nam xii<br />