easier english basic dictionary second edition_part1

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This is trial version www.adultpdf.com EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION This is trial version www.adultpdf.com Dictionary Titles in the Series English Language: Easier English Basic Synonyms English Study Dictionary Easier English Student Dictionary English Thesaurus for Students Specialist Dictionaries: Dictionary of Accounting Dictionary of Banking and Finance Dictionary of Business Dictionary of Economics Dictionary of Environment and Ecology Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management Dictionary of ICT Dictionary of Marketing Dictionary of Medical Terms Dictionary of Military Terms Dictionary of Nursing Dictionary of Science and Technology Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks: Business Computing English for Academic Purposes...

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EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
Dictionary Titles in the Series English Language: Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 English Study Dictionary 1 9016 5963 1 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3 Specialist Dictionaries: Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7475 6685 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7475 9680 0 Dictionary of Economics 0 7475 6632 1 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management 1 9016 5999 2 Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2 Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7475 6987 8 Dictionary of Military Terms 1 9038 5620 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Check your English Vocabulary Workbooks: Business 0 7475 6626 7 Computing 1 9016 5928 3 English for Academic Purposes 0 7475 6691 7 PET 0 7475 6627 5 FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS 0 7475 6982 7 ® TOEFL 0 7475 6984 3 Visit our website for full details of all our books http://www.bloomsbury.com/reference This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
EASIER ENGLISH BASIC DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION General editor P.H. Collin This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK www.bloomsbury.com Second edition published 2004 First published in Great Britain 2001 © Copyright P.H. Collin, F. Collin, S.M.H. Collin 2001 This edition © Copyright Bloomsbury Publishing 2004 Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 38 Soho Square London W1D 3HB All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7475 6644 5 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0202-2 Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury Publishing Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable products made from wood grown in well-managed forests. The manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
GENERAL EDITOR P. H. Collin Editorial Contributors Penelope Hands, Howard Sargeant Text Production and Proofreading Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Daisy Jackson, Sarah Lusznat This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
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Preface This dictionary contains the most frequently used words in English and provides the basic vocabulary needed for everyday communication by anyone starting to learn the language. It is especially useful for elementary and pre-intermediate students of all ages and would be suitable for those working towards an elementary level English examination such as KET or PET. Each word is individually defined, and no words, not even adverbs, are given with- out a definition. Examples are included for many words to provide patterns for the user’s own production of English sentences. Each word, including compound words and phrasal verbs, has its own easy-to-find main entry in bold type. Each word has a pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Common phrases and idioms associated with the main term are shown in bold type and separately defined within the entry. The meanings of the main common senses of each word are given clearly and sim- ply, using a limited and easily understood vocabulary. Meanings are grouped together by their part of speech. Extra help is offered in Notes at the end of some entries. These include warnings about words which can confused with each other, unusual inflected forms and regularly collocating prepositions. The major differences in US and British spelling are noted. A useful companion to this dictionary is Easier English Basic Synonyms which compares and contrasts words with similar meanings, showing the similarities and differences in usage. This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
Symbols before a new part of speech í before examples before a phrase or collocation before an idiom a definition of the word will be found at the place indicated extra information will be found at the place indicated Pronunciation The following symbols have been used to show the pronunciation of the main words in the dictionary. Stress has been indicated by a main stress mark ( ) and a secondary stress mark ( ). Note that these are only guides, as the stress of the word changes according to its position in the sentence. Vowels Consonants b buck back ɑ harm d dead ɒ ð other stop a type d jump aυ how f fare aə hire gold aυə h hour head ɔ j course yellow ɔ annoy k cab e head l leave eə fair m mix e make n nil eυ ŋ go sing p word print i keep r rest s i happy save ə ʃ about shop  t fit take ə tʃ near change u θ theft annual u v pool value υ w book work υə tour x loch shut measure z zone This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 1 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM A a1 /e/, A noun the first letter of the alpha- very able manager. There are special a activities for able children. bet, followed by B Do you mean ‘de- about /ə baυt/ preposition 1. referring to pendant’ spelt with an ‘a’ or ‘depend- about ent’ with an ‘e’? from A to Z com- something He told me all about his pletely, all the way through operation. What do you want to speak a2 /ə, e/, an /ən, n/ article 1. one to the doctor about? 2. to be about to a an do something to be going to do some- enormous hole a useful guidebook thing very soon We were about to go She’s bought a new car. I want a cup home when you arrived. 3. not exactly of tea. We had to wait an hour for the I’ve been waiting for about four hours. bus. (NOTE: an is used before words She’s only about fifteen years old. beginning with a, e, i, o, u and with h if how about? 1. what do you think the h is not pronounced: an apple or about? We can’t find a new chairper- an hour. a is used before words begin- son for the club – What about Sarah? 2. ning with all other letters and also be- would you like a cup of tea? while fore u where u is pronounced /ju / : a you’re about it at the same time as the useful guidebook) 2. for each or to each thing you are doing While you’re Apples cost £1.50 a kilo. The car about it, can you post this letter? was travelling at 50 kilometres an hour. above /ə b v/ preposition 1. higher than above He earns £100 a day. The plane was flying above the abandon /ə b ndən/ verb 1. to leave abandon clouds. The temperature in the street someone or something in an unkind way was above 30 degrees. At prices The dog had been abandoned by its above £20, nobody will buy it. 2. older owner. 2. to give up or stop doing some- than If you are above 18, you have to thing The company has decided to pay the full fare. 3. louder than I abandon the project. We abandoned couldn’t hear the telephone above the the idea of setting up a London office. noise of the drills. abbreviation /ə bri vi eʃ(ə)n/ noun a abbreviation abroad /ə brɔ d/ adverb in or to another abroad short form of a word country They’ve gone abroad on holi- ability /ə blti/ noun 1. a natural tenden- ability day. I lived abroad for three years. cy to do something well I admire his absence / bsəns/ noun the fact of be- absence ability to stay calm in difficult situa- ing away from a place She did not ex- tions. We can develop their natural plain her absence from the meeting. abilities. (NOTE: The plural is abilities.) The former president was sentenced in I’ll do it to the best of my ability I’ll his absence. in the absence of be- do it as well as I can 2. the fact of being cause someone or something is not there clever suitable for different levels of In the absence of the chairman, his ability (NOTE: no plural) deputy took over. In the absence of able / eb(ə)l/ adjective 1. to be able to able any official support, we had to raise our do something to be capable of some- own funds. thing or have the chance to do some- absent / bsənt/ adjective not there absent thing They weren’t able to find the Ten of the staff are absent with flu. This is trial version house. Will you be able to come to the absolute / bsəlu t/ adjective com- absolute meeting? 2. good at doing something, or good at doing many things She’s a plete or total www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 2 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM absolutely 2 accompany absolutely adverb 1. / bsəlu tli/ com- little gift. 2. to say ‘yes’ or to agree to absolutely something She accepted the offer of a pletely I am absolutely sure I left the keys in my coat pocket. 2. / bsə lu tli/ job in Australia. I invited her to come with us and she accepted. (NOTE: Do not yes, of course Did you build it your- confuse with except.) self? – Absolutely! acceptable /ək septəb(ə)l/ adjective acceptable absorb /əb zɔ b/ verb 1. to take in absorb good enough to be accepted, although something such as a liquid The water not particularly good Fighting in the should be absorbed by the paper. Salt street is not acceptable behaviour. absorbs moisture from the air. 2. to re- Smoking is becoming less socially ac- duce a shock The car’s springs are ceptable. A small gift of flowers would supposed to absorb any shock from the be very acceptable. The offer is not road surface. acceptable to the vendor. absurd /əb s d/ adjective completely absurd access / kses/ noun a way of reaching access unreasonable or impossible to believe a place The concert hall has access It’s absurd to expect you will win the lot- for wheelchairs. At present there is no tery if you only buy one ticket. access to the site. to have access to abuse1 /ə bju s/ noun 1. rude words abuse something to be able to reach a place, The people being arrested shouted meet a person, or obtain something abuse at the police. 2. very bad treat- I’ll have access to the studio day and ment the sexual abuse of children night. The company has access to She suffered physical abuse in prison. substantial funds. í verb to get infor- (NOTE: [all senses] no plural) mation from a computer She tried to abuse2 /ə bju z/ verb 1. to treat some- abuse access the address list. one very badly, usually physically or accident / ksd(ə)nt/ noun 1. an un- accident sexually She had been abused as a pleasant thing which happens and caus- child. 2. to make the wrong use of some- es damage or injury He lost his leg in thing He abused his position as fi- an accident at work. She was involved nance director. 3. to say rude things in a car accident and had to go to hos- about someone The crowd noisily pital. 2. something that happens unex- abused the group of politicians as they pectedly Their third baby was an ac- entered the building. cident. by accident without being academic / kə demk/ adjective 1. re- academic planned or expected He found the lating to study at a university Mem- missing papers by accident. bers of the academic staff received a let- accidental / ks dent(ə)l/ adjective accidental ter from the principal. 2. only in theory, happening without being planned or ex- not in practice It is only of academic pected an accidental meeting acci- interest. í noun a university teacher dental damage His death was not ac- All her friends are academics. cidental. accelerate /ək seləret/ verb to go fast- accelerate accidentally / ks dent(ə)li/ adverb accidentally er Don’t accelerate when you get to without being planned or expected traffic lights. accommodation /ə kɒmə deʃ(ə)n/ accommodation accent / ksənt/ noun 1. a particular accent noun a place to live or somewhere to way of pronouncing something He stay for a short time Are you still look- speaks with an American accent. 2. the ing for accommodation? Visitors have stronger or louder part of a word or sen- difficulty in finding hotel accommoda- tence In the word ‘letter’ the accent is tion during the summer. (NOTE: In Brit- on the first syllable. 3. a mark over a let- ish English, accommodation has no ter showing a particular way of pro- plural.) nouncing it Café has an accent on the accompany /ə k mp(ə)ni/ verb 1. to accompany ‘e’. This is trial version go with someone or something She accept /ək sept/ verb 1. to take and keep accept accompanied me to the door. 2. to play a present We hope you will accept this a musical instrument while someone www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 3 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM accomplish 3 action acid / sd/ noun a chemical substance else plays another instrument or sings acid She sang and was accompanied on the that is able to dissolve metals piano by her father. (NOTE: accompa- acknowledge /ək nɒld / verb 1. to acknowledge nied by someone or something) say that something has been received accomplish /ə k mplʃ/ verb to do accomplish She didn’t acknowledge receiving my something successfully You won’t ac- letter. 2. to accept that something is true complish anything by arguing. She acknowledged that she had seen according to /ə kɔ dŋ tu / preposi- me there. according to acknowledgement /ək nɒld mənt/ tion 1. as someone says or writes The acknowledgement washing machine was installed accord- noun a letter or note sent to say that ing to the manufacturer’s instructions. something has been received According to the police, the car was acorn / ekɔ n/ noun the fruit of an oak acorn going too fast. 2. in agreement with tree rules or a system Everything went ac- acquaintance /ə kwentəns/ noun a acquaintance cording to plan or schedule. 3. in rela- person you know slightly She has tion to The teachers have separated many acquaintances in the travel indus- the children into classes according to try but no real friends. their ages. acquire /ə kwaə/ verb to become the acquire account /ə kaυnt/ noun 1. same as account owner of something She has acquired bank account 2. I was worried on a large collection of old books. her account I was afraid something across /ə krɒs/ preposition 1. from one across might happen to her on account of because of, due to The trains are late side to the other Don’t run across the on account of the fog. We don’t use the road without looking to see if there is car much on account of the price of pet- any traffic coming. 2. on the other side of He saw her across the street. í ad- rol. take something into account to consider something We have to take verb from one side to the other The the weather into account. on no ac- river is only twenty feet across. The count not at all stream is very narrow – you can easily jump across. accurate / kjυrət/ adjective correct in accurate act / kt/ noun 1. something which is act all details Are the figures accurate? We asked them to make an accurate done He thanked her for the many copy of the plan. acts of kindness she had shown him over the years. 2. a part of a play or show accurately / kjυrətli/ adverb correct- accurately Act 2 of the play takes place in the gar- ly The weather forecast accurately den. 3. a short performance The show predicted the storm. includes acts by several young singers. accuse /ə kju z/ verb to say that some- accuse 4. a law passed by Parliament an act one has done something wrong The to ban the sale of weapons í verb 1. to police accused her of stealing the mon- do something You will have to act ey. (NOTE: You accuse someone of a quickly if you want to stop the fire. She crime or of doing something.) acted in a very responsible way. to act achieve /ə tʃi v/ verb to succeed in do- achieve as someone or something to do the ing something after trying very hard work of someone or something The Have you achieved all your aims? The thick curtain acts as a screen to cut out company has achieved great success in noise from the street. 2. to behave in a the USA. particular way She’s been acting very strangely. to get your act together achievement /ə tʃi vmənt/ noun achievement to organise yourself properly If they something which has been done suc- don’t get their act together, they’ll miss cessfully She is very modest about her their train. This is trial version achievements. Coming sixth was a action / kʃən/ noun 1. the fact of doing action great achievement, since he had never entered the competition before. something We recommend swift ac- www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 4 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM active 4 address ad / d/ noun an advertisement (informal ) tion to prevent the problem spreading. ad What action are you going to take to If you want to sell your car quickly, prevent accidents? out of action not put an ad in the paper. working The car has been out of ac- adapt /ə d pt/ verb 1. to change some- adapt tion for a week. 2. something that is thing to be suitable for a new situation done They’ve shown their commit- She adapted the story for TV. The car ment by their actions. 3. a movement has been adapted for disabled drivers. Avoid sudden actions that could alarm 2. to change your behaviour to fit into a the animals. 4. the things that happen in new situation We’ll all have to learn a performance such as a play or film to adapt to the new system. The action of the play takes place in a adaptable /ə d ptəb(ə)l/ adjective adaptable flat in London. 5. a case in a law court able to change or be changed easily to where someone tries to get money from deal with new situations or uses someone else to bring an action for add / d/ verb 1. to make a total of num- add damages against someone bers If you add all these numbers to- active / ktv/ adjective 1. involved in active gether it should make fifty. (NOTE: Add- an activity or activities, especially in an ing is usually shown by the sign + : 10 energetic way He didn’t play an ac- + 4 = 14.) 2. to join one thing to another tive part in the attack on the police sta- Interest is added to the account monthly. Add two cupfuls of sugar. tion. My grandmother is still very ac- Put a teabag into the pot and add boil- tive at the age of 88. 2. (of a volcano) ing water. By building the annexe, exploding or likely to explode Scien- they have added thirty rooms to the ho- tists think the volcano is no longer ac- tel. 3. to say or to write something more tive. 3. the form of a verb which shows I have nothing to add to what I put in that the subject is doing something my letter. She added that we still owed (NOTE: If you say ‘the car hit him’ the her some money for work she did last verb is active, but in ‘he was hit by the month. car’ it is passive.) add up phrasal verb to make a total activity / k tvti/ noun 1. the act or activity the figures do not add up the total is fact of being active 2. something that not correct someone does to pass time pleasantly addition /ə dʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. someone or addition Children are offered various holiday ac- something added to something else tivities – sailing, windsurfing and wa- the latest addition to the family He ter-skiing. (NOTE: The plural in this showed us the additions to his collection sense is activities.) of paintings. 2. the act of adding figures actor / ktə/ noun a person who acts in actor to make a total You don’t need a cal- the theatre, in films or on TV culator to do a simple addition. in ad- dition to as well as There are twelve actress / ktrəs/ noun a woman who actress registered letters to be sent in addition acts in the theatre, in films or on TV to this parcel. in addition as well (NOTE: Many women prefer to call in addition to as well as There are themselves actors rather than actress- twelve registered letters to be sent in ad- es.) dition to this parcel. actual / ktʃuəl/ adjective real actual It additional /ə dʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective in- additional looks quite small but the actual height is cluded as well as what there is already 5 metres. Her actual words were much address /ə dres/ noun 1. a set of details address stronger. of the number of a house, the name of a actually / ktʃuəli/ adverb really actually It street and the town where someone lives looks quite small, but actually it is over or works What is the doctor’s ad- This is trial version 5 metres high. He said he was ill, but dress? Our address is: 1 Cambridge actually he wanted to go to the football Road, Teddington, Middlesex. 2. the set match. of letters, symbols and numbers that www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 5 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM address book 5 advantage identify someone’s email account í admission that she had taken the money verb 1. to write details such as some- led to her arrest. one’s name, street and town on a letter admission fee /əd mʃ(ə)n fi / noun admission fee or parcel That letter is addressed to an amount of money paid to go into a me – don’t open it! 2. to speak or write place such as a museum to someone Please address your ques- admit /əd mt/ verb to allow someone to admit tions to the information office. Teach- go in to a place Children are admitted ers are not normally addressed as ‘Sir’ free, but adults have to pay. This ticket here. 3. to make a formal speech to a admits three people. (NOTE: admits – group The chairman addressed the admitting – admitted) to admit (to) meeting. doing something to say that you have address book /ə dres bυk/ noun a address book done something wrong They admitted notebook or computer file in which you stealing the car. can record people’s names, home ad- adopt /ə dɒpt/ verb 1. to take someone adopt dresses, telephone numbers and email legally as a son or daughter They have addresses adopted a little boy. 2. to decide to start adequate / dkwət/ adjective 1. adequate using something The book has been enough for a purpose We don’t have adopted for use in all English classes. adequate supplies for the whole journey. We need to adopt a more flexible ap- His salary alone is barely adequate. proach. 2. only just satisfactory adore /ə dɔ / verb to like someone or adore adhesive /əd hi sv/ adjective able to adhesive something very much stick to things í noun a substance adult / d lt/ noun a fully-grown person adult which sticks things together í adjective 1. fully grown an adult ti- adjacent /ə d es(ə)nt/ adjective very adjacent ger 2. relating to a mature person or close to or almost touching something people adult fiction My office is in an adjacent building. advance /əd vɑ ns/ verb to move for- advance adjective / d ktv/ noun a word adjective ward The police slowly advanced across the square. í noun 1. a move- which describes a noun In the phrase ment forwards The police have made ‘a big black cloud’, ‘big’ and ‘black’ some advances in their fight against are both adjectives. crime. The team made an advance adjust /ə d st/ verb to make a slight adjust into their opponents’ half. 2. money change to something I need to adjust paid as a loan or as a part of a payment this belt a bit. to adjust to something to be made later í adjective done before to become used to something How are something happens She made an ad- you adjusting to being a parent? vance payment of £3000. in advance admiration / dmə reʃ(ə)n/ noun re- admiration earlier than the time something happens spect for someone or something You must phone in advance to make an appointment. They asked us to pay admire /əd maə/ verb to consider admire £200 in advance. someone or something with approval advanced /əd vɑ nst/ adjective which advanced He was admired for his skill as a violin- ist. We admired the view from the bal- is studied at a higher level He’s stud- cony. ying advanced mathematics. She’s studying for an advanced degree. admission /əd mʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the act admission advantage /əd vɑ ntd / noun some- advantage or fact of being allowed to go in to a place Admission to the exhibition is thing which will help you to be success- free on Sundays. My friend was re- ful Being able to drive a car is an ad- fused admission to the restaurant be- vantage. Knowledge of two foreign This is trial version cause he was not wearing a tie. no ad- languages is an advantage in this job. mission no one can enter 2. a statement She has several advantages over the saying that something bad is true Her other job candidates. to take advan- www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 6 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM adventure 6 afraid tage of something to profit from ral: use some advice or, for one item, a something They took advantage of the piece of advice) cheap fares on offer. to take advan- advise /əd vaz/ verb 1. to suggest to advise tage of someone to get something un- someone what they should do He ad- fairly from someone to (good or vised her to save some of the money. 2. best) advantage in a way that helps to tell someone officially that something someone or something appear especial- has happened (formal ) They advised ly good She used her knowledge of us that the sale of the house had been Italian to good advantage. completed. adventure /əd ventʃə/ noun a new, ex- adventure adviser /əd vazə/, advisor noun some- adviser citing and dangerous experience I one who helps people to make decisions must tell you about our adventures in about what to do the desert. aerial / eəriəl/ noun a piece of equipment aerial adverb / dv b/ noun a word which adverb for receiving radio or TV signals applies to a verb, an adjective, another aeroplane / eərəplen/ noun a vehicle aeroplane adverb or a whole sentence In the sen- which flies in the air, carrying passen- tence ‘He walked slowly, because the gers or goods snow was very thick.’ both ‘slowly’ and affair /ə feə/ noun 1. something which is affair ‘very’ are adverbs. relevant to one person or group of peo- adverse / dv s/ adjective (of condi- adverse ple only That’s his affair – it’s nothing tions) unpleasant and unwanted an to do with me. It’s an affair for the po- adverse reaction adverse effects lice. His business affairs were very advert / dv t/ noun same as adver- advert complicated. 2. a sexual relationship tisement with someone who is not your husband advertise / dvətaz/ verb to make or wife He’s having an affair with his advertise boss’s wife. 3. an event The party is sure that people know that something is just a family affair. 4. an event or situa- for sale, or that something is going to tion that shocks people The whole happen The company is advertising sorry affair was on the front page of the for secretaries. Did you see that the newspapers for days. í plural noun af- restaurant is advertising cheap meals fairs situations or activities relating to on Sundays? I saw this watch adver- public or private life tised in the paper. affect /ə fekt/ verb to have an influence affect advertisement /əd v tsmənt/ noun advertisement on someone or something The new an announcement which tries to make regulations have affected our business. sure that people know that something is Train services have been seriously af- for sale, or that something is going to fected by the strike. happen affection /ə fekʃən/ noun a feeling of affection advertising / dvətazŋ/ noun the act advertising liking someone, especially a friend of making sure that people know that She always spoke of him with great af- something is for sale, or that something fection. is going to happen The company has afford /ə fɔ d/ verb to have enough mon- afford increased the amount of money it spends on advertising. They spent millions on ey to pay for something How will you the advertising campaign. afford such an expensive holiday? be unable to afford, can’t afford to be un- advice /əd vas/ noun an opinion that advice able to accept something because it someone gives you about what you might cause you a problem I can’t af- should do He went to the bank manag- ford a delay of more than three weeks. er for advice on how to pay his debts. afraid /ə fred/ adjective 1. frightened of afraid They would not listen to the doctor’s ad- This is trial version vice. My grandfather gave me a very something or someone I am afraid of useful piece of advice. His mother’s snakes. He is too afraid to climb the advice was to stay in bed. (NOTE: no plu- ladder. 2. to be afraid (that) to be www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 7 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM after 7 agreement aged /ed d/ adjective with the age of 1 sorry to say I’m afraid that all the aged cakes have been sold. You can’t see a girl aged nine She died last year, the boss – I’m afraid he’s ill. Have aged 83. you got a pocket calculator? – No, I’m aged2 / ed d/ adjective very old an aged afraid not. aged man after / ɑ ftə/ preposition 1. following or after agency / ed ənsi/ noun an office which agency next in order to If today is Tuesday, represents another firm an advertising the day after tomorrow is Thursday. agency They spoke one after the other. What’s agenda /ə d endə/ noun a list of points agenda the letter after Q in the alphabet? af- for discussion what’s on the agenda? ter you you go first 2. later than We what are we going to discuss? í a set of arrived after six o’clock. We don’t let things that someone plans to do top of the children go out alone after dark. í your agenda what someone wants most conjunction later than a time After the A holiday is top of my agenda at snow fell, the motorways were blocked. present. Phone me after you get home. (NOTE: after is used with many phrasal verbs: agent / ed ənt/ noun a person who agent to look after, to take after, etc.) af- works for or represents someone else ter all 1. in spite of everything Every- Our head office is in London but we thing was all right after all. 2. the fact is have an agent in Paris. He should be OK; after all, he is aggression /ə reʃ(ə)n/ noun a feeling aggression eighteen now. of anger against someone that is ex- afternoon / ɑ ftə nu n/ noun the time afternoon pressed, especially in physical force between midday and the evening He an act of aggression an attack on some- always has a little sleep in the after- one noon. There is an afternoon flight to aggressive /ə resv/ adjective ready aggressive Paris. Can we meet tomorrow after- to attack someone noon? aggressively /ə resvli/ adverb as if aggressively afterwards / ɑ ftəwədz/ adverb later afterwards wanting to attack someone We’ll have lunch first and go shopping ago /ə əυ/ adverb in the past afterwards. ago He again /ə en/ adverb 1. another time phoned a few minutes ago. This all again happened a long time ago. (NOTE: ago He had to take his driving test again. always follows a word referring to again and again several times, usually time.) in a firm or determined way The po- agree /ə ri / verb 1. to say yes or give lice officer asked the same question agree again and again. 2. back as you were permission After some discussion he before Although I like going on holi- agreed to our plan. (NOTE: You agree to day, I’m always glad to be home again. or on a plan.) 2. to say or show that you against /ə enst/ preposition 1. so as to against have the same opinion as someone else Most of the group agreed with her touch He was leaning against the suggestion. wall. She hit her head against the low doorway. 2. in opposition to England agreement /ə ri mənt/ noun 1. the act agreement is playing against South Africa tomor- or fact of thinking the same to reach row. It’s hard cycling uphill against an agreement or to come to an agree- the wind. They went against his ad- ment on salaries Agreement between vice. the two sides is still a long way off. age /ed / noun the number of years age they are in agreement with our plan which you have lived She is thirty they agree with our plan We discussed years of age. He looks younger than the plan with them and they are in This is trial version his age. í plural noun ages a very long agreement. 2. a contract to draw up or time (informal ) I’ve been waiting here to draft an agreement We signed an for ages. It took us ages to get served. agreement with the Italian company. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 8 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM ahead 8 alive ahead /ə hed/ adverb 1. in front has a fleet of ten aircraft. (NOTE: The ahead Our plural is aircraft: one aircraft, six air- team was losing, but now we are ahead craft.) again. Run on ahead and find some airfare / eəfeə/ noun the amount of mon- seats for us. You need to go straight airfare ahead, and then turn left. 2. in future ey a passenger has to pay to travel on an My diary is filled with appointments for aircraft six weeks ahead. 3. before We try to air force / eə fɔ s/ noun a country’s mil- air force fill the vacancies at least three weeks itary air organisation ahead of /ə hed ɒv/ 1. in ahead. airline / eəlan/ noun a company which airline front of Ahead of us was a steep hill. takes people or goods to places in air- They ran on ahead of the others. 2. in craft The airline has been voted the a future time You have a mass of work most popular with business travellers. ahead of you. 3. before (informal ) He’s an airline pilot. They drafted in extra police ahead of the airplane / eəplen/ noun US an aircraft airplane international match. airport / eəpɔ t/ noun a place where air- aid /ed/ noun 1. help, especially money, airport aid craft land and take off You can take food or other gifts given to people living the underground to the airport. We in difficult conditions aid to the earth- are due to arrive at Heathrow Airport at quake zone an aid worker (NOTE: This midday. meaning of aid has no plural.) in aid alarm /ə lɑ m/ noun 1. a loud warning of in order to help We give money in alarm aid of the Red Cross. They are collect- sound An alarm will sound if someone ing money in aid of refugees. 2. some- touches the wire. to raise the alarm thing which helps you to do something to warn everyone of danger 2. same as kitchen aids í verb 1. to help some- alarm clock í verb to frighten some- thing to happen 2. to help someone one I don’t want to alarm you, but aim /em/ noun what you are trying to do there’s a police car parked outside your aim house. His aim is to do well at school and alarm clock /ə lɑ m klɒk/ noun a clock alarm clock then go to university. One of our aims is to increase the speed of service. í which rings a bell to wake you up verb 1. to plan to do something We album / lbəm/ noun 1. a large book 2. album aim to go on holiday in June. 2. to point a collection of songs on a CD, cassette a gun at someone or something He or record was aiming or aiming a gun at the po- alcohol / lkəhɒl/ noun a substance in alcohol liceman. drinks such as beer or wine that can air /eə/ noun 1. a mixture of gases which air make people drunk They will not cannot be seen, but which is all around serve alcohol to anyone under the age of us and which every animal breathes 18. His breath was like steam in the cold air. alcoholic / lkə hɒlk/ adjective relat- alcoholic 2. the air the space around things and ing to alcohol above the ground He threw the ball up alert /ə l t/ adjective watching or listen- alert into the air. (NOTE: These meanings of ing carefully, ready to notice something air have no plural.) í adjective refer- alike /ə lak/ adjective very similar í ad- alike ring to a method of travelling or sending goods using aircraft new air routes verb in a similar way My sister and I by air in an aircraft I don’t enjoy trav- just don’t think alike. The change will elling by air. It’s quicker to send the affect rich and poor alike. letter by air. í verb to make a room or alive /ə lav/ adjective 1. living He was alive clothes fresh by giving them more air still alive when he was rescued from the Let’s open the windows to air the room. burning building. When my grandfa- This is trial version aircraft / eəkrɑ ft/ noun a vehicle which aircraft ther was alive, there were no supermar- flies in the air The passengers got into kets. (NOTE: not used in front of a noun: or boarded the aircraft. The airline the fish is alive but a live fish.) 2. lively www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 9 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM all 9 alphabetical The holiday village really comes alive Jack has been my closest ally in the at night. to come alive to become campaign. ally2 /ə la/ verb to ally yourself with busy and active ally all /ɔ l/ adjective, pronoun everything or or to someone to join forces with some- all one The unions have allied them- everyone They all or All of them like selves with the opposition. (NOTE: allies coffee. All trains stop at Clapham – allying – allied) Junction. Did you pick all (of) the to- almost / ɔ lməυst/ adverb nearly almost matoes? Where are all the children? í adverb 1. completely The ground London is almost as far from here as was all white after the snow had fallen. Paris. She’s almost as tall as I am. I forgot all about her birthday. 2. all She’ll eat almost anything. Hurry up, by yourself all alone You can’t do it it’s almost time for the train to leave. all by yourself. I’m all by myself this alone /ə ləυn/ adjective 1. with no one alone evening – my girlfriend’s gone out. all else She lives alone with her cats. along right from the beginning all at He was all alone in the shop. 2. only once suddenly all in 1. tired out 2. She alone knew the importance of the including everything all of a sudden message. í adverb without other people suddenly all over 1. everywhere over We don’t let the children go out alone something 2. finished all right well after dark. I don’t like travelling She was ill yesterday but she’s all right alone. leave alone 1. not to disturb now. all the same in spite of this someone Leave your sister alone, I’m not really keen on horror films, but she’s trying to read. 2. to stop touching I’ll go with you all the same. or playing with something Leave the allergic /ə l d k/ adjective suffering cat alone, it doesn’t like being stroked. allergic Leave those keys alone, the noise is from or referring to an allergy to be annoying me. to go it alone to do allergic to to react badly to a substance something, especially a business activi- Many people are allergic to grass pol- ty, without help from anyone len. She is allergic to cats. along /ə lɒŋ/ preposition 1. by the side along allergy / ləd i/ noun a bad reaction to allergy of He has planted fruit trees along a substance which makes you sneeze, or both sides of the garden path. The riv- makes your skin itch, e.g. She has an er runs along one side of the castle. 2. in allergy to household dust. The baby a straight forward direction She ran has a wheat allergy. along the pavement. Walk along the allow /ə laυ/ verb to let someone do allow street until you come to the post office. something She allowed me to borrow I was just driving along when I caught her book. Smoking is not allowed in sight of my brother. 3. to a place John the restaurant. You are allowed to came along after about five minutes. take two pieces of hand luggage onto the Is it ok if I bring a friend along? plane. aloud /ə laυd/ adverb in a voice which aloud allowance /ə laυəns/ noun 1. an allowance can be easily heard alphabet / lfəbet/ noun a series of let- amount of money paid to someone reg- alphabet ularly a weekly allowance 2. an ters in a specific order, e.g. A, B, C, etc amount of money which you are al- G comes before H in the alphabet. lowed to earn without paying tax on it 3. If you’re going to Greece on holiday, to make allowances for to take some- you ought to learn the Greek alphabet. thing into account You must make al- alphabetical / lfə betk(ə)l/ adjec- alphabetical lowances for his age. tive relating to the alphabet in alpha- ally1 / la/ noun 1. a country which ally betical order in order of the first letter works together with another, especially of each word The words in the dic- This is trial version in a war (NOTE: The plural is allies.) 2. tionary are in alphabetical order. Sort someone who is willing to support you out the address cards into alphabetical in something you want to achieve order of the people’s names. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 10 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM already 10 amount already /ɔ l redi/ adverb before now or hot in tropical countries. 3. frequently, already especially when someone finds it an- before the time mentioned I’ve al- noying She’s always asking me to ready done my shopping. It was al- lend her money. ready past ten o’clock when he arrived. am /əm, m/ 1st person present singular am also / ɔ lsəυ/ adverb in addition to some- also of be thing or someone else that has been a.m. / e em/ adverb before midday I a.m. mentioned He’s a keen cyclist and his sister also likes to cycle when she can. have to catch the 7 a.m. train to work She sings well and can also play the vi- every day. Telephone calls made be- olin. (NOTE: also is usually placed be- fore 6 a.m. are charged at the cheap fore the main verb or after a modal or rate. (NOTE: a.m. is usually used to auxiliary verb.) show the exact hour and the word alter / ɔ ltə/ verb to become different, or o’clock is left out) alter amazement /ə mezmənt/ noun great amazement make something different, especially in small ways or in parts only They surprise To his amazement he won wanted to alter the terms of the contract first prize. after they had signed it. The shape of amazing /ə mezŋ/ adjective 1. very amazing his face had altered slightly. surprising It was amazing that she alteration / ɔ ltə reʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the alteration never suspected anything. 2. extremely interesting and unusual It was an act of becoming different or of making amazing experience, sailing so far from something different 2. something that land at night. has been, or needs, changing She ambition / m bʃ(ə)n/ noun a wish to made some alterations in the design. ambition alternate1 /ɔ l t nət/ adjective every alternate do something special His great ambi- tion is to ride on an elephant. other one We see each other on alter- ambulance / mbjυləns/ noun a van nate Sundays. ambulance alternate2 / ɔ ltənet/ verb to keep which carries sick or injured people to alternate hospital When she fell down the stairs, changing from one particular position or her husband called an ambulance. state to another American /ə merkən/ adjective relat- alternative /ɔ l t nətv/ adjective 1. in American alternative ing to America or to the United States place of something else If the plane is among /ə m ŋ/, amongst /ə m ŋst/ full, we will put you on an alternative among flight. Do you have an alternative so- preposition 1. surrounded by or in the lution? 2. following a different way middle of He was standing among a from usual í noun something which crowd of tourists. 2. between a number you do instead of something else Now of people in a group Let’s share the that she’s ill, do we have any alternative cake among us. 3. in addition to other to calling the holiday off? people or things Jack was there, although /ɔ l ðəυ/ conjunction in spite among others. although amount /ə maυnt/ noun a quantity of amount of the fact that Although it was freez- ing, she didn’t put a coat on. I’ve nev- something such as money The amount er been into that shop although I’ve of- in my bank account has reached £1000. ten walked past it. We spent a large amount of time just waiting. a certain amount some but altogether / ɔ ltə eðə/ adverb taking altogether not a lot Painting the house will take everything together The food was £10 a certain amount of time. and the drinks £5, so that makes £15 al- together. The staff of the three shops amount to phrasal verb 1. to make a come to 200 altogether. total of My year’s savings amount to always / ɔ lwez/ adverb 1. every time less than £1000. 2. to be similar or equal always This is trial version to something I think what he said She is always late for work. Why amounts to a refusal to take part. 3. to does it always rain when we want to go amount to the same thing to mean the for a walk? 2. all the time It’s always www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 11 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM amuse 11 annoying not straight The shop front is at an an- same, to be the same Whether he took gle to the road. cash or free holidays, it all amounts to angrily / ŋ rli/ adverb in an angry angrily the same thing. The remaining prob- way He shouted angrily when the lems don’t amount to much. amuse /ə mju z/ verb 1. to make some- children climbed over the fence. amuse angry / ŋ ri/ adjective upset and an- one laugh This story will amuse you. angry to amuse yourself to play or get noyed, and sometimes wanting to harm pleasure from what you are doing The someone The shopkeeper is angry children amused themselves quietly with the children because they broke his while their parents talked. 2. to make window. He gets angry if the post is the time pass pleasantly for someone late. I am angry that the government How can we amuse the children on the is doing nothing to prevent crime. journey? When the cashier still hadn’t arrived at amusement /ə mju zmənt/ noun 1. a midday the boss got even angrier. amusement (NOTE: angrier – angriest) feeling of pleasure caused by something animal / nm(ə)l/ noun a living thing animal that is funny 2. to someone’s amuse- ment making someone feel pleasure in that moves independently I love hav- a funny situation Much to her amuse- ing animals as pets. (NOTE: animal may ment, the band played ‘Happy Birthday include humans in scientific contexts.) to you!’. 3. a way of passing the time ankle / ŋkəl/ noun the part of the body ankle pleasantly They had planned several where your leg joins your foot visits for the guest’s amusement. anniversary / n v s(ə)ri/ noun the anniversary amusing /ə mju zŋ/ adjective funny amusing same date as an important event that an /ən, n/ a an happened in the past announce /ə naυns/ verb to say some- analysis /ə n ləss/ noun a close exam- announce analysis thing officially or in public He an- ination of the parts or elements of some- nounced his resignation. She an- thing job analysis to make an anal- nounced that she would be standing for ysis of the sales or a sales analysis to parliament. carry out an analysis of the market po- tential (NOTE: The plural is analyses /ə announcement /ə naυnsmənt/ noun a announcement n lsi z/.) statement made in public The manag- ancient / enʃənt/ adjective very old, or ing director made an announcement to ancient the staff. There were several an- belonging to a time long ago He was nouncements concerning flight chang- riding an ancient bicycle. es. and /ən, ənd, nd/ conjunction used to and annoy /ə nɔ/ verb to make someone feel annoy join two words or phrases All my un- slightly angry or impatient Their rude cles and aunts live in the country. The behaviour really annoyed us. children were running about and sing- annoyance /ə nɔəns/ noun a feeling of ing. Come and sit down next to me. annoyance (NOTE: and is used to say numbers af- being slightly annoyed There was a ter 100: ‘seven hundred and two tone of annoyance in her voice. (702)’) and so on, and so forth, annoyed /ə nɔd/ adjective slightly an- annoyed and so on and so forth with other gry or impatient He was annoyed with similar things He talked about plants, his neighbour who had cut down one of flowers, vegetables, and so on. his trees. I was annoyed to find some- anger / ŋ ə/ noun a feeling of being anger one had stolen my mobile phone. very annoyed He managed to control annoying /ə nɔŋ/ adjective making annoying his anger. She couldn’t hide the anger you angry or impatient I find it very she felt. annoying that the post doesn’t come be- This is trial version angle / ŋ əl/ noun a corner where two angle fore 10 o’clock. How annoying! I for- lines meet She planted the tree in the got to buy the milk. The baby has an angle of the two walls. at an angle annoying cough which won’t go away. www.adultpdf.com

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