easier english basic dictionary second edition_part3

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conflict into conflict with someone to start to disagree strongly with someone They soon came into conflict over who should be in charge. conflict2 /kən flkt/ verb to disagree with someone or something His version of events conflicts with that of his partner. confuse /kən fju z/ verb 1. to make someone feel that they cannot understand something She was confused by all the journalists’ questions. 2. to mix things or people up The twins are so alike I am always confusing them. I always confuse him with his brother – they are very alike. confused /kən fju zd/ adjective unable...

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Basic.fm Page 70 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM conflict 70 conscious into conflict with someone to start to brating a special occasion a congrat- disagree strongly with someone They ulations card Congratulations – soon came into conflict over who should you’re our millionth customer! Con- be in charge. gratulations on passing your exam! conflict2 /kən flkt/ verb to disagree The office sent him their congratula- conflict tions on his wedding. with someone or something His ver- conjunction /kən d ŋkʃən/ noun 1. a conjunction sion of events conflicts with that of his partner. word which connects different sections confuse /kən fju z/ verb 1. to make of a sentence. ‘and’ and ‘but’ are con- confuse junctions. 2. in conjunction with someone feel that they cannot under- someone or something together with stand something She was confused by someone or something The icy road in all the journalists’ questions. 2. to mix conjunction with fog made driving very things or people up The twins are so difficult. alike I am always confusing them. I connect /kə nekt/ verb 1. to join one connect always confuse him with his brother – they are very alike. thing to another The computer should confused /kən fju zd/ adjective unable have been connected to the printer. confused Connect the two red wires together. 2. to to understand or to think clearly I’m a make it possible for a telephone or a bit confused – did we say 8 p.m. or 8.30? computer to be used for communicating Grandmother used to get rather con- with others Has the telephone been fused in her old age. connected yet? confusing /kən fju zŋ/ adjective diffi- confusing connection /kə nekʃən/ noun 1. a rela- connection cult to understand They found the in- tionship between things There is a structions on the computer very confus- definite connection between smoking ing. and lung cancer. 2. a bus, train or plane confusion /kən fju (ə)n/ noun 1. a confusion which you catch after getting off anoth- state of not knowing what to do or how er means of transport My train was to decide something Her reply just late and I missed my connection to Bir- created more confusion over who was mingham. 3. a particular way of com- responsible. in confusion not able to municating remotely a low connec- decide what is happening or what to do tion charge Is there a reliable phone He was looking at the letter in great connection? 4. a point at which two dif- confusion. 2. a state in which things are ferent pieces of equipment join There not organised in the correct way or are is a loose connection somewhere. í plu- not clear There were scenes of confu- ral noun connections people you sion at the airport when the snow know He has business connections in stopped all flights. Argentina, in connection with relat- congratulate /kən r tʃυlet/ verb 1. congratulate ing to I’m writing in connection with to tell someone that you are very your visit. pleased that they have been successful conquer / kɒŋkə/ verb 1. to defeat peo- conquer I want to congratulate you on your pro- ple by force The Romans had con- motion. 2. to give someone your best quered most of Europe. 2. to change a wishes on a special occasion He con- negative emotion or type of behaviour gratulated them on their silver wedding successfully I eventually conquered anniversary. (NOTE: You congratulate my fear of flying. someone on something.) conscience / kɒnʃəns/ noun a feeling conscience congratulation /kən r tʃυ leʃ(ə)n/ congratulation that you have done right or wrong noun praise for someone who has done conscientious / kɒnʃi enʃəs/ adjec- conscientious well His grandparents sent him a let- tive working carefully and well She’s ter of congratulation on passing his de- This is trial version a very conscientious worker. gree. í plural noun congratulations conscious / kɒnʃəs/ adjective awake conscious an expression of good wishes to some- one who has done well or who is cele- and able to know what is happening www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 71 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM consciously 71 construction considerable /kən sd(ə)rəb(ə)l/ ad- around you She was conscious during considerable the minor operation on her toe. a con- jective fairly large He lost a consider- scious decision a decision which you able amount of money at the horse race. have thought carefully about Refusing considerably /kən sd(ə)rəbli/ adverb considerably the offer was a conscious decision on to a fairly large extent his part. He made a conscious deci- /kən sdə reʃ(ə)n/ consideration consideration sion to try to avoid her in future. noun 1. careful thought We are giving consciously / kɒnʃəsli/ adverb in a de- consciously serious consideration to the possibility of moving the head office to Scotland. liberate or active way I wasn’t con- to take something into consideration sciously ignoring her – I just didn’t no- to think about something when making tice her. He doesn’t consciously re- a decision The age of the children has member locking the door. to be taken into consideration. under consciousness / kɒnʃəsnəs/ noun consciousness consideration being thought about the fact of being conscious to lose The matter is under consideration. 2. consciousness to become unconscious something which has an effect on a de- consecutive /kən sekjυtv/ adjective consecutive cision The safety of the children is more important than all other consider- following one after the other ations. consequence / kɒnskwəns/ noun 1. consequence considering /kən sd(ə)rŋ/ conjunc- considering something which happens because of tion, preposition used to say that one something else If we lose this order, thing affects another He plays the vi- the consequences for the firm will be olin extremely well, considering he’s disastrous. Smoking has serious only five. He ought to be more grate- health consequences. 2. importance ful, considering the amount of help you (formal ) of no consequence not im- have given him. portant What he thinks about the situ- consonant / kɒnsənənt/ noun a letter consonant ation is of no consequence. as a con- representing a sound which is produced sequence as a result We queued for by partly stopping the air going out of two hours in the rain, and as a conse- the mouth quence all of us got colds. constable / k nstəb(ə)l/ noun a police constable conservation / kɒnsə veʃ(ə)n/ noun conservation officer of the lowest rank the careful use of things such as energy constant / kɒnstənt/ adjective not constant or natural resources The company is changing or stopping The constant spending more money on energy conser- noise of music from the bar next door vation. drives me mad. í noun a number or conservative /kən s vətv/ adjective conservative thing which does not change Death not wanting to change He has very and taxes are the only constants in life. conservative views. The speed of light is a scientific con- stant. consider /kən sdə/ verb 1. to think consider constantly / kɒnstəntli/ adverb all the constantly carefully about something Please time consider seriously the offer which we construct /kən str kt/ verb to build construct are making. We have to consider the position of the children. 2. to think Do something The wings are constructed of aluminium. The airport was con- you consider him the right man for the structed in 1995. job? She is considered (to be) one of construction /kən str kʃən/ noun 1. the best lawyers in town. 3. all things construction considered used for saying that you the act of building The construction of have thought about all aspects of a situ- the new stadium took three years. un- This is trial version ation, including the bad ones All der construction being built The new things considered, the party went off airport is still under construction. 2. quite well. something which has been built www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 72 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM consult 72 contestant container /kən tenə/ noun an object consult /kən s lt/ verb 1. to ask some- consult container such as a box or bottle which holds one for advice He consulted his bank something else We need a container about transferring his account. 2. to for all this rubbish. The gas is shipped look at something to get information in strong metal containers. After consulting the map they decided to contemporary /kən temp(ə)rəri/ ad- go north. contemporary consultant /kən s ltənt/ noun 1. an jective of the present time contempo- consultant rary art í noun a person who lives at expert who gives advice His tax con- the same time as someone Shake- sultant advised him to sell the shares. 2. speare and his contemporaries He is a senior hospital doctor who is an expert one of my contemporaries from school. in a particular medical condition or ill- contender /kən tendə/ noun a person contender ness We’ll make an appointment for you to see a consultant. who takes part in a competition, espe- cially someone who is likely to win consume /kən sju m/ verb 1. to eat or consume He’s a definite contender for the world drink something The guests consumed title. over a hundred hamburgers. 2. to use content1 / kɒntent/ noun the amount of content something up The world’s natural re- something which is contained in a sub- sources are being consumed at an stance Dried fruit has a higher sugar alarming rate. The new car consumes content than fresh fruit. í plural noun about half the amount of petrol of an or- contents 1. things which are inside dinary car. something The contents of the bottle consumer /kən sju mə/ noun a person consumer spilled onto the carpet. 2. the list of or company that buys goods or services chapters in a book, usually printed at the Consumers are buying more from su- beginning permarkets and less from small shops. content2 /kən tent/ adjective happy content Gas consumers are protesting at the in- with what is happening in your life crease in prices. content to happy to She was content contact / kɒnt kt/ noun 1. an act of contact to sit in the sun and wait. content touching Avoid any contact between with satisfied with If you are not con- the acid and the skin. Anyone who has tent with the way the car runs, bring it been in physical contact with the patient back and we will look at it again. í must consult their doctor immediately. noun a feeling of satisfaction to your 2. the act of communicating with some- heart’s content as much as you want one We don’t have much contact with You can play the piano to your heart’s our old friends in Australia. to get in content. Living by the sea, they can go contact with someone to write to some- sailing to their heart’s content. one or talk to them on the telephone í contented /kən tentd/ adjective satis- contented verb to write to someone or talk to them fied and happy on the telephone He tried to contact contest1 / kɒntest/ noun any event or contest his office by phone. Can you contact situation in which people compete with the ticket office immediately? each other an international sports contain /kən ten/ verb 1. to hold an contain contest Only two people entered the amount, or to have an amount inside leadership contest. The bottle contains acid. The enve- contest2 /kən test/ verb 1. to compete contest lope contained a cheque for £1,000. A with other people to achieve a position barrel contains 250 litres. I have lost There are four candidates contesting a briefcase containing important docu- the championship. 2. to say that you dis- ments. 2. to limit or prevent something agree with what is written in a legal doc- harmful or unpleasant The army tried ument This is trial version to contain the advance of the enemy contestant /kən testənt/ noun a per- contestant forces. The party is attempting to con- tain the revolt among its members. son who takes part in a competition www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 73 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM context 73 contribution / kɒntr kt/ noun a legal The two contestants shook hands before 1 contract contract the match. agreement I don’t agree with some of context / kɒntekst/ noun the other the conditions of the contract. under context contract bound by the conditions of a words which surround a particular word contract The company is under con- in a piece of writing and which help to tract to a French supermarket. show its meaning Even if you don’t contract2 /kən tr kt/ verb 1. to be- know what a word means, you can contract sometimes guess its meaning from the come smaller Metal contracts when it context. taken out of context show- gets cold, and expands when it is hot. 2. ing only part of what someone said or to make an official agreement to do wrote, so that the meaning is changed some work to contract to supply spare My words have been taken out of context parts or to contract for the supply of – I said the book was ‘one of the best’ spare parts not ‘the best’ I’d read. contradict / kɒntrə dkt/ verb 1. to say contradict continent / kɒntnənt/ noun one of the continent that what someone else says is not true seven large land areas in the world, e.g. They didn’t dare contradict their Africa or Europe mother. 2. to be different from what has been said before What you have just Continent / kɒntnənt/ noun the main Continent said contradicts what you said yester- land area of Europe, as compared with day. the islands of the United Kingdom contrast1 / kɒntrɑ st/ noun a differ- contrast They go to the Continent on holiday each year, sometimes to France, some- ence between two things the contrast times to Switzerland. on the Conti- in weather between the north and the nent in the main part of Europe south of the country The two cities are in sharp contrast. in contrast to as continental / kɒnt nent(ə)l/ adjective continental opposed to He is quite short, in con- 1. referring to a continent 2. referring to trast to his sister who is very tall. The or typical of Europe excluding the Unit- north of the country is green and wood- ed Kingdom ed in contrast to the south which is dry continual /kən tnjuəl/ adjective 1. continual and sandy. happening many times in a period of contrast2 /kən trɑ st/ verb to be obvi- contrast time We have experienced a period of ously different from His formal letter continual change. 2. happening fre- contrasted with his friendly conversa- quently in a way that is annoying The tion on the telephone. computer has given us continual prob- contribute /kən trbju t/ verb 1. to contribute lems ever since we bought it. help something to happen The gov- continue /kən tnju / verb to go on do- continue ernment’s policies have contributed to a ing something or happening He con- feeling of anxiety among teachers. 2. to tinued working, even though everyone give money to help to pay for some- else had gone home. The engine con- thing, especially when other people are tinued to send out clouds of black also giving We were asked to contrib- smoke. The meeting started at 10 a.m. ute to a charity. Everyone was asked and continued until 6 p.m. The show to contribute to the receptionist’s leav- continued with some children’s dances. ing present. continuous /kən tnjυəs/ adjective continuous contribution / kɒntr bju ʃ(ə)n/ some- contribution without stopping or without a break thing that someone does to help some- She has been in continuous pain for thing to happen I want to thank you three days. A continuous white line on for your enormous contribution to the the road means that you are not allowed success of the project. í noun some- to overtake. This is trial version thing, usually money, given to help to continuously /kən tnjυəsli/ adverb continuously pay for something She makes monthly without a break contributions to the Red Cross. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 74 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM contributor 74 copper contributor /kən trbjυtə/ noun a per- cook /kυk/ noun a person who gets food contributor cook son or organisation that contributes to ready He worked as a cook in a pub something during the summer. í verb to get food control /kən trəυl/ noun 1. the fact of ready for eating, especially by heating it control It’s my turn to cook the dinner tonight. keeping someone or something in order How do you cook cabbage? or being able to direct them He lost control of his business and resigned. cooker / kυkə/ noun a large piece of cooker The club is under the control of three kitchen equipment, used for cooking people. 2. the ability to get people to do food what you want The teacher has no cookie / kυki/ noun 1. usually US a cookie control over the class. í verb 1. to keep small, flat hard sweet cake She bought something in order, to direct or limit a packet of cookies. (NOTE: The British something The police couldn’t control English term is biscuit.) 2. a computer the crowds. There was nobody there file sent to your computer by a website to control the traffic. We must try to when you visit it. It stores information control the sales of foreign cars. The about you which can be used when you government controls the price of meat. next visit the website. 2. to control a business to have the power to direct the way a business is run cool /ku l/ adjective 1. cold in a pleasant cool The business is controlled by a com- way, or colder than you would like or pany based in Luxembourg. (NOTE: than you expect It was hot on deck but controls – controlling – controlled) cool down below. Wines should be controlled /kən trəυld/ adjective kept controlled stored in a cool cellar. It gets cool in under control the evenings in September. 2. not friend- convenient /kən vi niənt/ adjective ly or not enthusiastic I got a cool re- convenient ception when I arrived half an hour late. not causing any practical problems Their proposal got a cool response. Six o’clock in the morning is not a very to be cool towards someone to be un- convenient time for a meeting. A bank friendly to someone or unenthusiastic draft is a convenient way of sending about something She was rather cool money abroad. towards me last time we met. My col- conveniently /kən vi niəntli/ adverb conveniently leagues were cool towards the plan un- in a convenient way fortunately. 3. calm The nurses re- conventional /kən venʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ ad- conventional mained cool and professional. 4. fash- jective ordinary or usual For your in- ionable (informal ) They thought it was terview it’s best to wear a conventional cool to wear white trainers. 5. good suit. (informal ) a cool party a really cool conversation / kɒnvə seʃ(ə)n/ noun conversation idea (NOTE: cooler – coolest) í verb an occasion on which two or more peo- to make something cool; to become cool ple talk to each other about something She boiled the jam for several hours We had a long conversation with the and then put it aside to cool. í noun 1. bank manager. Why did he suddenly a colder area which is pleasant After change the subject of the conversation? the heat of the town centre, it is nice to convict1 / kɒnvkt/ noun a criminal convict sit in the cool of the garden. 2. the state who has been sent to prison The po- of being calm As soon as the reporters lice are searching for two escaped con- started to ask her questions she lost her victs. cool. to be cool with something to convict2 /kən vkt/ verb to prove in be satisfied with something (informal ) convict We can go tomorrow – I’m cool with court that someone is guilty She was that. convicted of theft. This is trial version copper / kɒpə/ noun a reddish metal convinced /kən vnst/ adjective very copper convinced which turns green when exposed to air certain She’s convinced that she’s right. Copper is a good conductor of elec- www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 75 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM copy 75 costume tricity. The end of the copper wire the corner 1. to go from one street into should be attached to the terminal. another by turning left or right She turned the corner into the main street. 2. copy / kɒp/ noun 1. something made to copy to get better after being ill or in a diffi- look the same as something else This cult situation Our business affairs is an exact copy of the painting by Pi- seem to have turned the corner. casso. 2. a particular book or newspaper corporate / kɔ p(ə)rət/ adjective relat- Where’s my copy of today’s ‘Times’? corporate I lent my old copy of the play to my ing to a company Corporate responsi- brother and he never gave it back. bility rests with the whole management. (NOTE: [all noun senses] The plural is Corporate profits are down this year. copies.) í verb 1. to make something corporation / kɔ pə reʃ(ə)n/ noun a corporation which looks like something else He large company Working for a big cor- stole a credit card and copied the signa- poration can be rather impersonal. ture 2. to do what someone else does correct /kə rekt/ adjective 1. without correct (NOTE: copies – copying – copied) cord /kɔ d/ noun a strong thin rope any mistakes You have to give correct cord answers to all the questions if you want Pull the cord to open the parachute. to win first prize. If the information In an emergency, pull the cord to stop you gave us is correct, we can finish the the train. work by Thursday. 2. right according to core /kɔ / noun the central part of an ob- core rules or standards í verb to take away ject the core of an apple, an apple mistakes in something You must try to core the hard part in the middle of an correct your driving mistakes, or you apple, containing the seeds í the most will never pass the test. The computer basic or essential part of something keeps switching itself off – can you cor- Lack of resources is the core of the prob- rect this fault? lem. í adjective most important correction /kə rekʃən/ noun 1. an ac- correction These are the core points of the report. core values the things that a group of tion that makes something correct He people think are most important Hon- made a few small corrections to the let- esty and reliability are among our core ter. 2. the process of correcting some- values. thing We drew up a timetable for the correction of minor faults. cork /kɔ k/ noun 1. a small solid tube, cork correctly /kə rektli/ adverb without used for closing wine bottles 2. the very correctly light bark of a type of tree, used for making any mistakes making corks and other things She corridor / kɒrdɔ / noun a long narrow corridor placed little cork mats on the table to passage The ladies’ toilet is straight stop the wine glasses marking it. í verb ahead at the end of the corridor. to put a cork into a bottle cost /kɒst/ noun a price which you have cost corn /kɔ n/ noun 1. cereal plants such as corn to pay for something What is the cost wheat or barley a field of corn 2. of a return ticket to London? Compu- maize, a cereal crop which is grown in ter costs are falling each year. í verb to many parts of the world corn on the have as a price Potatoes cost 20p a ki- cob the part of maize that has the seeds, lo. Petrol seems to cost more all the boiled and served hot, with butter and time. (NOTE: costs – costing – cost – salt at all costs no matter has cost) corner / kɔ nə/ noun a place where two corner what happens At all costs, we have to walls, streets or sides meet The bank be in Trafalgar Square by 12 o’clock. is on the corner of London Road and to cost an arm and a leg to be very New Street. Put the plant in the corner expensive The repairs to his car cost of the room nearest the window. The him an arm and a leg. This is trial version number is in the top right-hand corner costume / kɒstju m/ noun a set of costume of the page. The motorbike went round the corner at top speed. to turn clothes worn by an actor or actress www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 76 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM cosy 76 country count /kaυnt/ verb 1. to say numbers in The costumes for the film are magnifi- count cent. order, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 She’s only two and she can count up to ten. Count to five cosy / kəυzi/ adjective comfortable and cosy and then start running. 2. to find out a warm An open log fire always makes total Did you count how many books a room feel cosy. She wrapped herself there are in the library? 3. to include up in a blanket and made herself cosy on when finding out a total There were the sofa. (NOTE: cosier – cosiest) sixty people on the boat if you count the cottage / kɒtd / noun a little house in cottage children. Did you count my trip to the country We have a weekend cot- New York as part of my expenses? not tage in the mountains. My mother counting not including There are lives in the little cottage next to the post three of us, not counting the baby. We office. have three computers, not counting the cotton / kɒtən/ noun 1. fibres made into old ones that don’t work any more. 4. to cotton be important Your appearance counts thread from the soft seed heads of a for a lot in an interview. í noun 1. the tropical plant 2. cloth made of cotton action of counting or of adding 2. a large I bought some blue cotton to make a amount of something, calculated scien- skirt. He was wearing a pair of cotton tifically Today there is a high pollen trousers. count. to lose count to no longer cough /kɒf/ noun the act of making a cough have any idea of a particular number I noise by sending the air out of your tried to add up all the sales figures but lungs suddenly, e.g. when you are ill lost count and had to start again. I’ve Take some medicine if your cough is lost count of the number of times he’s bad. He gave a little cough to attract left his umbrella on the train. the waitress’s attention. í verb to make count on phrasal verb to be sure that a noise by sending air out of your lungs someone will do something suddenly, e.g. because you are ill The counter / kaυntə/ noun 1. a long flat counter smoke from the fire made everyone surface in a shop for showing goods for cough. People with colds usually sale, or in a bank for passing over mon- cough and sneeze. ey She put her bag down on the coun- could /kəd, kυd/ modal verb 1. was or could ter and took out her cheque book. The would be able to The old lady fell cheese counter is over there. 2. a small down and couldn’t get up. You could round disc used in games You’ve still catch the train if you ran. 2. was al- thrown a six – you can move your coun- lowed to The policeman said he could ter six places. She placed a pile of go into the house. 3. used in asking counters on the board. í verb to act or someone to do something Could you reply in an opposing way The adverts pass me the salt, please? Could you are designed to counter familiar opin- shut the window? 4. might The new ions about of home and family. í to re- shopping centre could be finished by ply in a way that opposes what has been Christmas. 5. used in making a sugges- said He accused her of laziness and tion You could always try borrowing she countered with a list of complaints money from the bank. (NOTE: The nega- about his own behaviour. tive is could not, or in speaking, usu- country / k ntri/ noun 1. an area of land country ally couldn’t. Note also that could is which is has borders and governs itself the past of can; could is only used in the countries of the EU Some Afri- front of other verbs and is not followed can countries voted against the plan. by the word to.) (NOTE: The plural in this sense is council / kaυnsəl/ noun 1. an elected council countries.) 2. land which is not in a committee 2. an official group chosen to town He lives in the country. We This is trial version work on or advise about a specific sub- went walking in the country. Road ject a council set up to promote the travel is difficult in country areas. arts in the eastern region (NOTE: no plural in this sense) www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 77 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM countryside 77 crack countryside / k ntrisad/ noun land tell the court what you saw when you countryside opened the door. to take someone to which is not in a town the beautiful court to arrange for someone to come to English countryside in spring The a court to end an argument 2. an area countryside is in danger of being cov- where sports such as tennis or basket- ered in new houses. (NOTE: no plural) ball are played The tennis courts are county / kaυnti/ noun a district that has county behind the hotel. to be on court to be some powers of government over local playing tennis 3. a group of people liv- matters (NOTE: The plural is counties.) ing round a king or queen couple / k p(ə)l/ noun 1. two things to- couple court case / kɔ t kes/ noun a legal ac- court case gether 2. two people together They tion or trial are a charming couple. Several cou- courtyard / kɔ tjɑ d/ noun a small courtyard ples strolled past hand in hand. í verb square area surrounded by buildings 1. to connect two different things cousin / k z(ə)n/ noun the son or High tides coupled with strong winds cousin caused flooding along the coast. 2. to daughter of your uncle or aunt join two machines together Couple cover / k və/ noun 1. something that cover the trailer to the back of the truck. a you put over something else to protect it couple of 1. two They’ve got a cou- or keep it clean Keep a cover over ple of children. 2. a few The film last- your computer when you are not using ed a couple of hours. it. Put a cover over the meat to keep coupon / ku pɒn/ noun a piece of paper coupon the flies off. 2. the front and back of a which is used in place of money or in book or magazine She read the book place of a ticket from cover to cover. 3. a place where courage / k rd / noun the ability to you can hide or shelter They ran for courage cover when it started to rain. under deal with a dangerous or unpleasant sit- cover under a roof, not in the open air uation She showed great courage in If it rains the meal will be served under attacking the burglar. I didn’t have the cover. to take cover to find a place to courage to disagree with him. (NOTE: no shelter from something such as rain It plural) started to rain and they took cover un- course /kɔ s/ noun 1. a series of lessons course der a tree. When the robbers started I’m taking a maths course. She’s shooting, the policeman took cover be- going on a painting course. The hotel hind a wall. í verb 1. to put something offers weekend courses in a variety of over something else to keep it clean subjects. 2. a series of medical treat- You should cover the furniture with ments He’s taking a course of antibi- sheets before you start painting the ceil- otics. 3. a separate part of a meal a ing. 2. to hide something He covered five-course meal The first course is the hole in the ground with branches. soup, and then you can have either fish She covered her face with her hands. 3. or roast lamb. 4. the direction in which to travel a certain distance They made someone or something, especially a ve- good progress, covering twenty miles a hicle, is moving in, or will move in in day. due course after a certain amount of cow /kaυ/ noun a large female farm ani- cow time If you study for several years at mal, kept to give milk a field of cows college, in due course you will get a de- The farmer was milking a cow. gree. Put a coin in the slot and in due coward / kaυəd/ noun a person who is coward course the machine will produce a tick- et. in the course of during a period not brave of time He’s got much richer in the crack /kr k/ noun 1. a sharp sound the crack course of the last few years. crack of a whip The crack of a twig court /kɔ t/ noun 1. a room with a judge court behind her made her turn round. 2. a This is trial version who tries criminals, sometimes with a long thin break in a surface A crack jury The court was packed for the appeared in the ceiling. Her ring fell opening of the murder trial. Please down a crack in the floorboards. The www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 78 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM crafty 78 credit creak /kri k/ verb to make a squeaky field is so dry it is full of cracks. í verb creak 1. to make a sharp sound A twig noise í noun a noise like that of wood cracked as he stepped on it. 2. to make moving She heard a creak on the a long thin break in something The stairs and sat up in bed. (NOTE: Do not stone cracked the glass. confuse with creek.) crafty / krɑ fti/ adjective good at getting cream /kri m/ noun 1. the thick yellow crafty cream the things you want, often in a way that part of milk, full of fat I like strawber- is not completely honest (NOTE: craftier ries and cream. 2. any soft smooth sub- – craftiest) stance used, e.g. for cleaning or for pro- tecting the skin face cream shaving cramped /kr mpt/ adjective too small cramped cream shoe cream í adjective of a or too close together On some planes, yellow-white colour He was wearing the seats are very cramped. a cream shirt. Do you like our new crane /kren/ noun a tall metal piece of crane cream carpet? equipment for lifting heavy things crease /kri s/ noun 1. a mark made in crease The container slipped as the crane was cloth by ironing Trousers should have lifting it onto the ship. a crease in front. 2. a mark made by crash /kr ʃ/ noun 1. an accident where crash folding accidentally She ironed his vehicles are damaged He was killed in shirts to remove the creases. í verb to a train crash. None of the passengers make folds accidentally in something was hurt in the coach crash. His car After two hours in the car, my skirt was was badly damaged in the crash. 2. a badly creased and had to be pressed. loud noise when something falls over create /kri et/ verb to make or invent create The ladder fell down with a crash. something a government scheme There was a loud crash in the kitchen. í which aims at creating new jobs for verb 1. (of vehicles) to hit something young people and be damaged The bus crashed into creation /kri eʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the act of creation a wall. The plane crashed six kilome- making or inventing something Our tres from the airport. 2. to fall, making a aim is the creation of new jobs for young loud noise The wall came crashing unemployed people. 2. something down. The ladder crashed onto the which has been made, especially some- floor. thing artistic or unusual crate /kret/ noun 1. a large wooden box crate creature / kri tʃə/ noun 1. an animal, creature The dinner set arrived safely, careful- especially one that you don’t know a ly packed in a wooden crate. 2. a con- name for Lift any stone and you’ll find tainer for bottles a beer crate The all sorts of little creatures underneath. office orders a crate of milk every day. We try not to harm any living crea- crawl /krɔ l/ verb 1. to move around on crawl ture. Some sea creatures live in holes your hands and knees The baby has in the sand. 2. an imaginary animal or just started to crawl. 2. to travel along living being slowly The traffic was crawling credit / kredt/ noun 1. praise for some- credit along. í noun 1. a very slow speed thing which is well deserved The pro- The traffic on the motorway was re- fessor took all the credit for the inven- duced to a crawl. 2. a swimming style tion. To his credit, he owned up imme- where each arm goes over your head in diately. 2. the length of time given to turn He won the 100m crawl. (NOTE: pay for something We give purchasers no plural) six months’ credit. 3. the side of an ac- crayon / kreɒn/ noun a coloured wax crayon count showing money that you have got stick, used especially by children for or which is owed to you We paid in drawing £100 to the credit of Mr Smith. í plural This is trial version crazy / krezi/ adjective not sensible It crazy noun credits the list of people who was a crazy idea to go mountain-climb- helped to make a film or TV programme Her name appears in the credits. í ing in sandals. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 79 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM credit card 79 crop verb to pay money into an account to sunny It was a beautiful crisp morn- credit an account with £100 or to credit ing, with frost glinting on the grass. £100 to an account She could see her breath in the crisp mountain air. credit card / kredt kɑ d/ noun a plas- credit card criterion /kra təriən/ noun the stand- criterion tic card which allows you to borrow money and to buy goods without paying ard by which things are judged Does for them immediately the candidate satisfy all our criteria? creep /kri p/ verb 1. to move around qui- critic / krtk/ noun 1. a person who ex- creep critic etly They crept softly down the stairs. amines something and comments on it, 2. to move slowly The traffic was especially a person who writes com- creeping along the motorway because ments on new plays and films for a of the fog. (NOTE: creeps – creeping – newspaper She’s the TV critic of The crept) Times. The film was praised by all the crew /kru / noun the people who work on critics. 2. a person who says that some- crew thing is bad or wrong The chairman a vehicle such as boat or aircraft The tried to answer his critics at the meet- lifeboat rescued the crew of the sinking ing. ship. The plane was carrying 125 pas- critical / krtk(ə)l/ adjective 1. danger- critical sengers and a crew of six. cricket / krkt/ noun 1. a game played ous and difficult With the enemy at- cricket tacking on all sides, our position was between two teams of eleven players us- becoming critical. 2. extremely impor- ing bats and a hard ball We haven’t tant He made a critical decision to played much cricket this year – the break off the negotiations. 3. very seri- weather has been too bad. We are go- ous The pilot of the plane was in a ing to a cricket match this afternoon. 2. critical condition last night. The hos- awake and able to know what is happen- pital said that her condition was criti- ing around you cal. 4. criticising someone or something cried /krad/ past tense and past partici- cried The report was highly critical of the ple of cry minister. cries /kraz/ 3rd person singular present cries criticise / krtsaz/, criticize verb to criticise of cry say that something or someone is bad or crime /kram/ noun 1. illegal behaviour crime wrong She criticised their lack of in- We must try to reduce the levels of terest and enthusiasm. The design of crime in the inner cities. The govern- the new car has been criticised. ment is trying to deal with the problem criticism / krtsz(ə)m/ noun an unfa- criticism of crime on the streets or with the street vourable comment or comments crime problem. 2. a specific illegal act There was a lot of criticism of the gov- More crimes are committed at night ernment’s plan. than during the daytime. crocodile / krɒkədal/ noun a large rep- crocodile criminal / krmn(ə)l/ adjective refer- criminal tile which lives in or near rivers and ring to illegal acts the criminal justice lakes and eats other animals Croco- system Stealing is a criminal offence. diles lay on the banks of the river wait- í noun a person who commits a crime ing for the animals to come to drink. crisis / krass/ noun a serious situation crisis crooked / krυkd/ adjective bent, not crooked where decisions have to be taken very straight That picture is crooked. quickly an international crisis a crop /krɒp/ noun plants such as vegeta- crop banking crisis bles or cereals grown for food The crisp /krsp/ adjective 1. (of food ) hard, crisp bad weather has set the crops back by able to be broken into pieces and mak- three weeks. We had a wonderful crop ing a noise when you bite it These bis- of potatoes or a wonderful potato crop This is trial version cuits are not crisp any more, they have this year. gone soft. Pick an apple off the tree, crop up phrasal verb to happen sud- they’re really very crisp. 2. cold and www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 80 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM cross 80 crunch or her head í verb 1. to make someone denly (informal ) king or queen by placing a crown on his cross /krɒs/ verb 1. to go across some- cross or her head The Queen was crowned thing to the other side She just crossed in Westminster Abbey. 2. to be a very the road without looking to see if there good end to a set of things that happen was any traffic coming. 2. to put one He crowned his career by winning a thing across another He crossed his gold medal. to crown it all used to re- arms and looked annoyed. She sat fer to the last of several bad things to down and crossed her legs. The road happen To crown it all, he lost his car crosses the railway line about 10 km keys. from here. í noun a shape made where crucial / kru ʃ(ə)l/ adjective extremely crucial one line has another going across it, es- pecially one which forms the symbol of important It is crucial that the story the Christian Church Write your name be kept out of the papers. where I have put a cross. There is a cruel / kru əl/ adjective making a person cruel cross on the top of the church tower. í or animal suffer Don’t be so cruel! adjective angry The teacher will be You must not be cruel to your new pup- cross with you for missing school. py. It was cruel of him to mention her Don’t be cross – the children were only weight problem. (NOTE: crueller – cru- trying to help. ellest) cross off, cross out phrasal verb to cruelty / kru əlti/ noun the act of being cruelty draw a line through something which cruel has been written to show that it should cruise /kru z/ noun a holiday consisting cruise not be there of a long journey in a ship, stopping at crossing / krɒsŋ/ noun 1. an occasion crossing different places When he retired they of going across to the other side of an went on a cruise round the Mediterrane- area of water How long is the crossing an. í verb to go in a boat from place to from England to Germany? 2. a place place They spent May cruising in the where you go across safely Cars have Aegean Sea. The ship cruised from is- to take care at the railway crossing. land to island. crossword / krɒsw d/ noun a puzzle crossword crumb /kr m/ noun a small piece that crumb where small squares have to be filled has broken off some dry food such as with letters to spell words bread, cake or biscuits crouch /kraυtʃ/ verb to bend down low crouch crumble / kr mbəl/ verb to break up crumble He crouched in the bottom of the boat. into small pieces, or to break something She crouched down to talk to the up into small pieces If you make it too child. dry it will just crumble when you eat it. crowd /kraυd/ noun a very large number crowd He picked up a lump of dry earth and of people together A crowd of school- crumbled it between his fingers. children went past. Someone in the crunch /kr ntʃ/ verb 1. to bite some- crunch crowd outside the cinema shouted a thing hard, making a loud noise She warning. Let’s get an early train home was crunching an apple when the phone to avoid the crowds after work. í verb rang. 2. to crush something dry The to group together All the rugby fans snow crunched under his boots. í noun crowded into the pub. The children 1. the sound of something dry being were crowding round their teacher. crushed 2. a situation when something crowded / kraυdd/ adjective full of a crowded must happen or be decided (informal ) large number of people The town gets The crunch will come when the firm has very crowded during the holiday sea- no cash to pay the wages. if or when son. The stands were crowded before it comes to the crunch if or when a the game started. This is trial version point of decision is reached When it crown /kraυn/ noun a round metal deco- crown came to the crunch, the other side ration that a king or queen wears on his backed down. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 81 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM crust 81 curl crust /kr st/ noun 1. a hard outer layer culture / k ltʃə/ noun 1. activities in- crust culture that covers something softer 2. the hard volving things such as music, art and lit- outside layer of bread You can cut the erature He is taking a course in Rus- crusts off the sandwiches. 3. the layer of sian culture. 2. a country’s way of think- pastry on top of a pie 4. the outer layer ing or behaving Is a TV in every home of the Earth really what we want from Western cul- ture? cry /kra/ verb 1. to have tears coming out cry cunning / k nŋ/ adjective clever at of your eyes The baby cried when her cunning mother took away her toys. Cutting up achieving something, especially by onions makes me cry. Many people tricking people a cunning plan It were crying when they left the cinema. was cunning of her to ask him to help, as 2. to call out ‘Hello there,’ she cried. it flattered him. í noun cleverness in (NOTE: cries – crying – cried) í noun acting to achieve something He 1. a loud shout a cry of pain No one showed cunning in his attempts to hide heard her cries for help. 2. a sound his mistake. made by a bird or other animal (NOTE: cup /k p/ noun 1. a small bowl with a cup The plural is cries.) handle, used for drinking from She crystal / krstəl/ noun a solid chemical crystal put out a cup and saucer for everyone. substance with a regular shape The 2. the liquid in a cup He drank two salt formed crystals at the bottom of the cups of coffee. Can I have a cup of jar. tea? 3. a large silver or gold container cube /kju b/ noun 1. (in geometry) a cube given as a prize for winning a competi- tion He has won three cups for golf. shape like a box, where all six sides are squares of the same size The design cupboard / k bəd/ noun a piece of fur- cupboard for the library consists of a series of niture with shelves and doors Put the cubes. 2. something shaped like a cube jam in the kitchen cupboard. She He put two cubes of sugar in his tea. painted the cupboard doors white. The ice cubes chinked in the glasses. cure /kjυə/ noun something which cure 3. (in mathematics) the result when a makes a disease better Doctors are number is multiplied by itself twice still trying to find a cure for colds. í 27 is the cube of 3. verb to make a patient or a disease better cucumber / kju k mbə/ noun a long cucumber I don’t know what’s in the medicine, dark green vegetable used mainly in sal- but it cured my cough very fast. ads curious / kjυəriəs/ adjective 1. wanting curious cuddle / k d(ə)l/ verb to put your arms cuddle to know things I’m curious to know round someone and hold them close to what happened at the meeting. 2. unusu- you The little girl was cuddling her al or strange We found a curious ob- teddy bear. There was a last chance to ject that turned out to be an old kitchen cuddle in the taxi that took them to the tool. It’s curious that no one knew airport. í noun an act of putting your where he lived. arms round someone and holding them curl /k l/ verb to twist, or make some- curl close to you She picked up her daugh- ter and gave her a cuddle. thing twist My hair curls naturally. Some plants have stems that curl round culprit / k lprt/ noun a person or thing culprit other plants. í noun 1. a piece of hair that is responsible for a crime, or for which grows in a twist The little girl something which has gone wrong looked lovely with her golden curls. 2. a cultural / k ltʃ(ə)rəl/ adjective relating cultural curved shape of a particular substance to culture His cultural interests are a curl of smoke very wide-ranging – from Mexican art This is trial version curl up phrasal verb to bend your body to 12th-century Greek paintings. into a round shape She curled up in There will be cultural activities availa- the chair and went to sleep. ble such as a visit to the museum. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 82 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM curly 82 cut curly / k li/ adjective with natural The road curves round the side of the curly mountain. curves or twists curly hair curved /k vd/ adjective with a rounded currency / k rəns/ noun the money curved currency shape used in a specific country I want to cushion / kυʃ(ə)n/ noun a bag filled change my pounds into French curren- cushion cy. with something soft, e.g. feathers, for current / k rənt/ adjective 1. relating to sitting or leaning on Put a cushion be- current hind your back if you find your chair is the present time What is the current too hard. í verb to make soft something state of the report – will it be finished on which could be hard or painful The time? Who is the current prime minis- bushes cushioned his fall. to cushion ter of Japan? Do you have a current somebody or something from some- timetable? – mine is out of date. 2. thing to protect someone or something widely accepted at the present time or at from the bad effects of something to a particular time current ideas about cushion the blow or the shock to re- how to treat children The idea that the duce the bad effect of something that world was flat was current in the Middle happens She made no attempt to cush- Ages. í noun 1. a flow of water or air ion the blow, but just told them straight Don’t go swimming in the river – the out that they had all lost their jobs. current is very strong. A warm wester- custom / k stəm/ noun 1. something ly current of air is flowing across the custom country. Vultures circle in rising cur- that people usually do, or have done for rents of warm air. 2. a flow of electricity a long time the local custom of deco- Switch the current off at the mains. rating the wells in spring It’s their currently / k rəntli/ adverb at the custom to invite all their neighbours to a currently party at New Year. 2. the use of a shop present time He is currently the man- or restaurant If the assistants are rude ager of our Paris office. We are cur- to me again I will take my custom else- rently in the process of buying a house. where. to lose someone’s custom to curriculum /kə rkjυləm/ noun 1. the curriculum experience a situation in which a regular set of subjects studied in school I am customer goes to another place of busi- very glad that music and drama have ness, e.g. a restaurant or shop The lit- been added to the curriculum. 2. the tle shops will lose a lot of custom when parts of a particular subject that are the new supermarket opens. studied (NOTE: [all senses] The plural is customary / k stəməri/ adjective usu- customary curriculums or curricula.) al (formal ) He handled the situation curriculum vitae /kə rkjυləm vi ta/ curriculum vitae with his customary efficiency. It’s cus- noun full form of CV tomary to give taxi drivers a tip. curry / k ri/ noun an Indian food pre- curry customer / k stəmə/ noun 1. a person customer pared with spices I would like a mild who buys something in a shop or restau- curry, please. We ordered chicken rant, or from another business The curry and rice. (NOTE: The plural is cur- shops are lowering their prices to at- ries.) tract more customers. Customers can cursor / k sə/ noun a small flashing cursor order by post on or the Internet. His line on a computer screen which shows bar is always full of customers. 2. a per- where the next character will appear son who uses a service such as a train curtain / k t(ə)n/ noun 1. a long piece curtain We apologise to customers waiting on of cloth hanging in front of a window Platform 5 for the late arrival of their Can you close the curtains, please? 2. a train. long piece of cloth hanging in front of cut /k t/ verb 1. to divide, reduce or re- cut the stage at a theatre move something using a sharp tool, e.g. This is trial version curve /k v/ noun a line that is bent like curve a knife or scissors The meat is very part of a circle the curve of the coast tough – I can’t cut it with my knife. He line í verb to be in the shape of a curve needs to get his hair cut. There were www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 83 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM cutlery 83 cylinder six children, so she cut the cake into six something from something larger She pieces. 2. to damage the skin with some- cut an advertisement out of the newspa- thing sharp She cut her finger on the per. 2. to remove a part of something broken glass. He cut himself while larger We had to cut out all the extras shaving. 3. to reduce the size of some- from our order because they cost too thing We are trying to cut the number much. 3. to stop doing or eating some- of staff. Accidents have been cut by thing She’s decided to cut out sweet 10%. The article is too long, so I things so as to lose weight. cut it out! asked the author to cut 500 words. stop doing that! (informal ) to be cut (NOTE: cuts – cutting – cut – has cut) out for something to be ideally suited í noun 1. a place which bleeds when for something I don’t think he’s cut your skin has been broken 2. a mark out for an office job. made in a surface by something sharp 3. cut up phrasal verb to make something the sudden lowering of the amount of into small pieces by cutting it She cut something price cuts large cuts in the old towel up into little pieces. Can spending a cut in working hours 4. a you cut up the meat for the children? share of something such as profits cutlery / k tləri/ noun knives, forks and cutlery Each salesperson gets a cut of what is spoons (NOTE: no plural) sold for cash. CV / si vi / noun a summary of some- CV cut back phrasal verb to reduce spend- one’s qualifications and experience. Ab- ing We are having to cut back on staff breviation curriculum vitae costs. cycle / sak(ə)l/ noun 1. a period during cycle cut down phrasal verb to make a tree which something develops and then re- fall down with a tool such as a saw He turns to its starting point Global cut the tree down or cut down the tree. warming is starting to affect the natural cut off phrasal verb 1. to take away a cycle of the seasons. The washing ma- small part of something using a sharp chine broke down in the middle of its cy- tool such as a knife She cut off a little cle. 2. a bicycle í verb to travel on a bi- piece of string. He cut off two slices of cycle It’s hard to cycle into the wind. ham. 2. to stop someone from being (NOTE: cycles – cycling – cycled) with someone else, or from or reaching cyclist / saklst/ noun a person who cyclist a place She was cut off from her rides a bicycle friends by a crowd of policemen. The cylinder / slndə/ noun an object village was cut off by the snow. cylinder cut out phrasal verb 1. to remove shaped like a tube closed at both ends This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 84 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM D damp walls. í verb to wet something d /di /, D noun the fourth letter of the al- d slightly phabet, between C and E dance /dɑ ns/ noun 1. a way of moving dance dad /d d/ noun a father dad in time to music She teaches dance or daily / deli/ adjective happening every daily is a dance teacher. We learnt a new day daily newspapers such as the dance today. Scottish dances are very Times and the Daily Mail The cooker lively. 2. an entertainment where people has been in daily use for ten years. can dance The club is holding a New There’s a daily flight to Washington. í Year’s dance. They met at a youth club adverb every day We can deliver milk dance. í verb 1. to move in time to mu- daily. twice daily on two occasions sic There he is – he’s dancing with every day í noun a newspaper pub- that tall girl. She often goes to discos lished every weekday (NOTE: The plural but never dances. 2. to move or jump is dailies.) around happily She danced into the dairy / deəri/ adjective referring to or in- dairy room and announced she’d got the job. volved in producing milk and things The football fans were dancing in the made from it such as cream or butter streets. dairy products dairy cattle dancer / dɑ nsə/ noun a person who dancer dam /d m/ noun a wall which blocks a dam dances river to make a lake After the heavy danger / dend ə/ noun the possibility danger rain people were afraid the dam would of something bad happening, e.g. dam- burst. í verb to block a river with a wall age, failure or getting hurt When it When they built the power station, the rains, there’s a danger of flooding. river had to be dammed. (NOTE: dams – The terrorist was described as a danger damming – dammed) to national security. There’s no dan- damage / d md / noun 1. the break- damage ger he’ll find out. We were warned of ing or physical spoiling of something the dangers of travelling alone in the The storm did a lot of damage. It will desert. in danger / n dend ə/ like- take us months to repair the damage to ly to be harmed or damaged Get an the restaurant. The fire caused dam- ambulance – her life is in danger. I age estimated at £100,000. 2. emotional don’t think the children are in any dan- harm done to a person I hope the ex- ger. The whole building was in danger perience of the crash won’t cause the of catching fire. out of danger not children lasting damage. í verb 1. to likely to die She was very ill, but she’s break or partially destroy something off the danger list now. A large number of shops were damaged / dend ərəs/ adjective in the fire. These glasses are easily dangerous dangerous damaged. 2. to affect someone or some- likely to cause injury or damage Be thing in a negative way careful – that old staircase is danger- damaged / d md d/ adjective broken damaged ous! Police warned the public not to approach the man as he was dangerous. or spoiled in some way a damaged Children are warned that it is danger- book ous to go out alone at night. This is trial version damp /d mp/ adjective slightly wet damp dangerously / dend ərəsli/ adverb in dangerously She’d just had a shower and her hair was still damp. The cellar has cold a dangerous way www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 85 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM dare 85 day dare /deə/ verb 1. to be brave enough to home to watch the football on television. dare She dashed into a shop so that he do something I wouldn’t dare say no wouldn’t see her. – I might lose my job. I dare say very data / detə/ noun information involving probably I dare say you’re right. to data dare not do something to not be brave figures or results of studies The data enough to do something I daren’t go is stored in our main computer. We any faster. 2. to try to make someone do spent months gathering data on hospital something dangerous or unusual in or- waiting times. The data shows that, on der to see how brave they are I dared average, flowering takes place after two him to go the meeting in his pink track- weeks. (NOTE: Data is often used with a suit. I dare you to jump across that singular verb, except in scientific con- stream. 3. used for telling someone how texts: The data is easily available.) angry you are Don’t you dare do that database / detəbes/ noun a large database again! How dare you look in my desk amount of information stored in a com- drawers! puter in a way that allows particular dark /dɑ k/ adjective 1. with little or no dark pieces of information to be found easily light The sky turned dark and it start- date /det/ noun 1. the number of a day date ed to rain. Can you switch the light in a month or year, or a day when some- on? It’s getting too dark to see. In thing will happen or has happened Put Scotland in the summer it gets dark very today’s date on the document. What’s late. 2. not a light colour Her eyes are the date next Wednesday? The dates dark. She was wearing a dark blue of the exhibition have been changed. coat. (NOTE: darker – darkest) The date of the next meeting has been darkness / dɑ knəs/ noun the fact of darkness fixed for Wednesday, June 10th. Do not having any light the building was you remember the date of your girl- in complete or total darkness there friend’s birthday? 2. a small sweet were no electric lights on in the building brown fruit í verb 1. to write the date darling / dɑ lŋ/ noun 1. a name used to on something The letter was dated 15 darling June. You forgot to date the cheque. 2. talk to someone you love Darling! to date from or back to to exist since I’m back from the shops. 2. a lovable This house dates from or dates back to person Be a darling and fetch me the the 17th century. newspaper. daughter / dɔ tə/ noun a female child of daughter dart /dɑ t/ noun 1. a small heavy arrow dart a parent They have two sons and one with plastic feathers, used for playing daughter. My daughter Mary goes to the game of darts Each player takes a the local school. turn to throw his or her three darts. 2. dawn /dɔ n/ noun the beginning of a day, dawn darts a game in which players throw small arrows at a round board on a wall, when the sun rises We must set off for each trying to make their arrow stick the Pyramids at dawn, so you’ll have to closest to the middle í verb to move get up very early. í verb (of day) to be- quickly The little boy darted across gin The day of the cricket match the street. dawned wet and windy. dash /d ʃ/ noun 1. a small line in writ- day /de/ noun 1. a period of time lasting dash day ing or printing, showing a space or sep- 24 hours There are 365 days in a year arating items The reference number is and 366 in a leap year. New Year’s one four six dash seven (146–7). 2. a Day is on January 1st. They went on a sudden movement towards a place ten-day tour of southern Spain. I There was a mad dash to buy tickets. spoke to him on the phone the day be- While the policeman wasn’t looking she fore yesterday. We are planning to made a dash for the door. (NOTE: The meet the day after tomorrow. 2. the peri- This is trial version plural is dashes.) í verb to hurry od from morning until night, when it is somewhere I can’t stop now – I must light She works all day in the office, dash to catch the last post. I dashed and then looks after the children in the www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 86 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM daylight 86 debt í verb 1. evening. It took the workmen four to deal in something to buy days to build the wall. and sell something She deals in car- pets and rugs imported from India. 2. to daylight / delat/ noun light that you daylight give out playing cards to players It’s see during the daytime in broad day- my turn to deal. He dealt me two aces. light openly, in the middle of the day (NOTE: deals – dealing – dealt /delt/) Three men robbed the bank in broad daylight. deal with phrasal verb to do what is daytime / detam/ noun the period of necessary to complete a job or solve a daytime problem The job involves dealing light between morning and night I with the public. Leave it to the filing watched a lot of daytime television when clerk – he’ll deal with it. We will deal I lost my job. with your order as soon as we can. dazzle / d z(ə)l/ verb to shine a strong dazzle The government has to deal with the light in someone’s eyes so that they can- problem of teenage crime. not see for a moment She was dazzled dealer / di lə/ noun a person who buys dealer by the lights of the cars coming towards and sells things her. dealt /delt/ past tense and past participle dead /ded/ adjective 1. not alive any dealt dead of deal more His parents are both dead. Dead fish were floating in the water. 2. dear /də/ adjective 1. well liked or loved dear complete There was dead silence in She’s a very dear friend of mine. the exam room. The train came to a Dear (NOTE: dearer – dearest) 2. dead stop. 3. not working We tried to James or Dear Julia used at the begin- start the car but the battery was dead. 4. ning of a letter to a friend or someone not lively, not exciting Seaside towns you know quite well Dear Sir or can be quite dead in winter. í adverb 1. Madam used at the beginning of a letter completely He was dead tired after to a man or woman whom you do not his long walk. 2. exactly You’re dead know 3. costing a lot of money Fresh right. The train arrived dead on time. fruit is always dearer in the winter. deadly / dedli/ adjective likely to kill deadly That restaurant is too dear for me. (NOTE: dearer – dearest) í interjec- living things The terrorists turned the car into a deadly weapon. tion used when something has gone slightly wrong Oh dear! It’s started to deaf /def/ adjective not able to hear, or deaf rain. Dear me! Is that how late it is! í having difficulty in hearing My noun a way of referring to someone you grandma is going deaf. He’s deafer like Did you have a good day, dear? than he used to be. (NOTE: Some people death /deθ/ noun to death completely death avoid this term as it can cause offence and prefer hearing-impaired.) (informal ) He was bored to death sit- deafening / def(ə)nŋ/ adjective so ting watching football on television. I deafening am sick to death of always having to do loud as to make you unable to hear the housework. deafness / defnəs/ noun the state of be- deafness debate /d bet/ noun 1. a discussion debate ing deaf (NOTE: no plural) After his talk the professor had a lively deal /di l/ noun 1. a good or great deal deal debate with the students. 2. a formal dis- much He’s feeling a good deal better cussion ending with a vote a debate after two days off work. She didn’t say on increasing student fees í verb 1. to a great deal. a good or great deal of consider or discuss a subject We sat in a lot of He made a good deal of money the rain and debated what to do next. 2. from his business. There’s a great deal to discuss something formally before of work still to be done. 2. a business coming to a decision agreement or contract We’ve signed a This is trial version debt /det/ noun money owed to someone debt deal with a German firm. They did a deal to supply envelopes. The sales di- After her great success, she was able rector set up a deal with a Russian bank. to repay all her debts. to be in debt to www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 87 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM decade 87 deep declare /d kleə/ verb to state something owe money He is in debt to the tune of declare £2,500. officially The Senator declared his in- tention to run for President. She was decade / deked/ noun a period of ten decade declared dead on arrival at hospital. years during the last decade of the decline /d klan/ noun the fact of going decline 20th century downwards Sales figures have gone decay /d ke/ noun the natural process decay into a sharp decline. í verb 1. to refuse of going bad or of becoming damaged, or to turn down an invitation or offer e.g. when things are not looked after She declined their request. He de- properly The government has plans to clined to come to lunch. 2. to become deal with inner city decay. Tooth de- weaker He declined rapidly after he cay is especially bad in children who eat went into hospital. 3. to become less in sweets. You must treat the wood to numbers or amount Our sales de- prevent decay. (NOTE: no plural) í verb clined over the last year. The fish pop- to go bad or to become damaged in this ulation has declined sharply. way Sugar makes your teeth decay. decorate / dekəret/ verb 1. to put paint decorate The jungle path was blocked by decay- ing branches. or new paper on the walls in a room She can’t come to the phone – she’s dec- deceive /d si v/ verb to make someone deceive orating the kitchen. 2. to cover some- believe something which is not true thing with pretty or colourful things to They had tried to deceive me, but I real- make it look attractive or to celebrate an ised just in time. occasion The streets were decorated December /d sembə/ noun the twelfth December with flags. and last month of the year, after Novem- decoration / dekə reʃ(ə)n/ noun the decoration ber and before January She was born act of decorating a place She is in last December. His birthday is on De- charge of the decoration of the church cember 25 – Christmas Day! They al- for the wedding. ways go on a skiing holiday in Decem- decrease1 / di kri s/ noun the fact of decrease ber. Today is December 6th. The becoming less a decrease in traffic cheque was dated December 6. (NOTE: Sales show a 10% decrease on last year. December 6th or December 6: say There has been a decrease of 20% in ‘the sixth of December’ or ‘December applications to join the club. to be on the sixth’ or in US English ‘December the decrease to be becoming less sixth’.) Road accidents are on the decrease. decide /d sad/ verb to make up your decide decrease2 /d kri s/ verb to become less decrease mind to do something Have you de- The number of road accidents is de- cided which restaurant to go to? They creasing. Applications to join have decided to stay at home and watch TV. decreased by 20%. decide against phrasal verb to make deed /di d/ noun an act, especially a deed up your mind not to do something She brave one stories of great deeds per- decided against spending her money on formed during the war a new car. deep /di p/ adjective 1. going a long way deep decimal / desm(ə)l/ noun a number in a decimal down The water is very deep in the system based on ten Three-quarters middle of the river. This is the deepest expressed as a decimal is 0.75. lake in North America. In the shallow decision /d s (ə)n/ noun an occasion decision end of the pool, the water is deep of making up your mind to do some- enough to cover your feet. depth 2. thing going a long way under the ground a deck /dek/ noun a floor of a ship or bus deck deep mine 3. (of a voice) low, not high This is trial version I’ll stay on deck because I’m feeling Who’s been sitting on my chair? said seasick. Let’s go up to the top deck – Father Bear in his deep voice. (NOTE: deeper – deepest) í adverb a long you can see the sights better from there. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 88 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM deeply 88 deliberate define /d fan/ verb to explain some- way down The mine goes deep under define the sea. thing clearly or to give the meaning of something How would you define the deeply / di pli/ adverb very much deeply We word ‘environmental’? The memo deeply regret having to make so many tried to define the way in which the two people redundant. departments should work together. deer /də/ noun a wild animal, the male deer definite / def(ə)nət/ adjective very sure definite of which has long horns called antlers I need a definite answer. He was (NOTE: Do not confuse with dear. The quite definite that he had seen the girl at plural is deer ; the female is a doe, the the bus stop. male is a stag, the young are fawns. definitely / def(ə)nətli/ adverb certain- definitely Note also that the meat from a deer is ly I’ll definitely be there by 7 o’clock. called venison.) Are you coming? – Definitely not! defeat /d fi t/ noun the loss of a fight, defeat definition / def nʃ(ə)n/ noun an ex- definition game or vote The Government suf- planation of the meaning of a word fered a defeat in Parliament last night. Look up the definition of ‘democracy’ in It was the team’s first defeat for two the dictionary. years. í verb to succeed against some- degree /d ri / noun 1. a unit for meas- one in a fight, game or vote The ruling degree party was heavily defeated in the presi- uring temperature or angles, shown by dential election. Our team has not the symbol (°) an angle of eighty de- been defeated so far this season. The grees The temperature of the water is proposal was defeated by 10 votes to 3. above 20°. (NOTE: With figures, degree defence /d fens/ noun 1. protection is usually written as the symbol °: 25° defence Celsius.) 2. a qualification from a uni- against something such as attack or in- versity She has a degree in mathemat- fection Several people ran to her de- ics from Oxford. 3. a small amount of fence when she was attacked. These something such as an emotion I ap- tablets offer some defence against the proached the animal with some degree disease. 2. protection provided by the of fear. armed forces Some countries spend delay /d le/ noun the length of time by delay more on defence than on education. 3. (in games) a part of a team whose job is which something is late There will be to protect the goal The England de- a delay of ten minutes before the meet- fence came under attack from the other ing starts. We are sorry for the delay team’s forwards. 4. (in a law court) the in replying to your letter. í verb 1. to lawyers acting on behalf of the accused make someone or something late The person train has been delayed by fog. He was delayed because his taxi had an acci- defend /d fend/ verb to protect a person defend dent. 2. to put something off until later or place that is being attacked They We will delay making a decision until brought in extra troops to defend the city we see the result of the election. The against attack. company has delayed payment of all in- defense /d fens/ noun US spelling of defense voices. defence deliberate1 /d lb(ə)rət/ adjective 1. deliberate deficiency /d fʃ(ə)nsi/ noun not deficiency done on purpose It was a deliberate enough of something needed to make attempt to spoil her birthday party. 2. someone or something healthy or com- slow and thoughtful in speaking or do- plete Their diet has a deficiency of ing something She has a very deliber- iron or has an iron deficiency. ate way of signing her name. deficit / defst/ noun an amount by deliberate2 /d lbəret/ verb to discuss deficit deliberate This is trial version which something is less than it should or think carefully about something be The company announced a two- The council were deliberating all morn- million-pound deficit in its accounts. ing. I’ll need some time to deliberate www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 89 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM deliberately 89 department on the possible ways of solving the prob- The plural is democracies.) 2. a sys- lem. tem of government in which politicians are elected by the people The people deliberately /d lb(ə)rətli/ adverb on deliberately want democracy, not a dictatorship. purpose It was an accident – I didn’t democratic / demə kr tk/ adjective democratic hit her deliberately. He deliberately left the cage door open. relating to democracy They promised to restore democratic government. delicate / delkət/ adjective 1. made delicate demonstrate / demənstret/ verb to demonstrate from materials that are thin and light and easily damaged a delicate china show something This incident demon- vase 2. likely to get ill Little babies strates how little he has changed. He are very delicate. She was a delicate demonstrated how the machine worked. child. demonstration / demən streʃ(ə)n/ demonstration delicious /d lʃəs/ adjective tasting delicious noun 1. the act of showing how some- very good Can I have another piece of thing works Can you give me a dem- that delicious cake? onstration the new machine? 2. a crowd of people who are protesting against delight /d lat/ noun pleasure Their delight something We went to a demonstra- singing was a pure delight. The news tion in Trafalgar Square. They staged was greeted with delight by the waiting demonstrations against the government crowd. to take (great) delight in in several towns. something to enjoy something í verb den /den/ noun 1. a place where an ani- den to give great pleasure to someone His speech delighted the audience. to de- mal hides away a lion’s den 2. a small light in something to enjoy something room where you can hide away to work She delights in teasing her little broth- Dad’s in his den, so don’t disturb him. er. dense /dens/ adjective 1. very thick dense delighted /d latd/ adjective very delighted Dense fog closed the airport. 2. with a pleased lot of trees or plants They tried to find their way through dense forest. 3. con- delightful /d latf(ə)l/ adjective very delightful taining a lot of information I find it pleasant What a delightful show of difficult to read through 100 pages of flowers! dense text. (NOTE: denser – densest) deliver /d lvə/ verb to bring something deliver dent /dent/ noun a mark that curves in- dent to someone Has today’s newspaper wards, especially in metal, made by hit- been delivered? He delivered the let- ting something Someone has made a ter himself so as to save buying a stamp. dent in my car door. í verb to make a delivery /d lv(ə)ri/ noun the act of delivery mark like this in something He backed bringing something to someone There into a tree and dented the car. is no charge for delivery within the Lon- dentist / dentst/ noun a person whose dentist don area. Use the back entrance for job is to look after and provide treat- deliveries. The next delivery will be ment for your teeth on Thursday. deny /d na/ verb to state that something deny demand /d mɑ nd/ noun 1. the act of demand is not true You were there, weren’t asking for something a demand for you? – Don’t deny it! She denied that payment Her latest demands are quite she had ever seen him. He flatly de- unreasonable. 2. the need for particular nied stealing the car. (NOTE: denies – goods or services We can’t sell the denying – denied) book, because there is no demand for it. depart /d pɑ t/ verb to go away from a depart We cannot keep up with the demand for our services. í verb to ask firmly for place The coach departs from Victoria something I demand an explanation. Coach Station at 09.00. This is trial version democracy /d mɒkrəsi/ noun 1. a department /d pɑ tmənt/ noun 1. a democracy department country governed by politicians who section of a large company He is in have been elected by the people (NOTE: charge of the marketing department. www.adultpdf.com

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