easier english basic dictionary second edition_part9

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stable stable 304 stammer stable / steb(ə)l/ adjective which does not change The hospital said his condition was stable. í noun a building for keeping a horse My horse is not in his stable, who’s riding him? stack /st k/ noun a pile or heap of things one on top of the other a stack of books and papers í verb to pile things on top of each other The skis are stacked outside the chalet. She stacked up the dirty plates. The warehouse is stacked with boxes. stadium / stediəm/ noun a large building where crowds of people watch sport, with seats arranged around...

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Basic.fm Page 304 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM stable 304 stammer stable / steb(ə)l/ adjective which does one on the switchboard. í noun the stable movement of someone who is stagger- not change The hospital said his con- ing He walked with a noticeable stag- dition was stable. í noun a building for ger. keeping a horse My horse is not in his stain /sten/ noun a mark which is diffi- stable, who’s riding him? stain stack /st k/ noun a pile or heap of cult to remove, e.g. ink or blood It is stack difficult to remove coffee stains from the things one on top of the other a stack tablecloth. There was a round stain on of books and papers í verb to pile the table where he had put his wine things on top of each other The skis glass. í verb to make a mark of a differ- are stacked outside the chalet. She ent colour on something If you eat stacked up the dirty plates. The ware- those berries they will stain your teeth. house is stacked with boxes. His shirt was stained with blood. stadium / stediəm/ noun a large build- stadium stair /steə/ noun one step in a series of stair ing where crowds of people watch sport, steps, going up or down inside a build- with seats arranged around a sports field ing He was sitting on the bottom stair. (NOTE: The plural is stadiums or sta- staircase / steəkes/ noun a set of stairs dia.) staircase staff /stɑ f/ noun all the people who staff which go from one floor in a building to another work in a company, school, college, or other organisation She’s on the school stake /stek/ noun a strong pointed piece stake staff. Only staff can use this lift. A of wood or metal, pushed into the quarter of our staff are ill. That firm ground to mark something, or to hold pays its staff very badly. He joined the something up They hammered stakes staff last Monday. Three members of into the ground to put up a wire fence. staff are away sick. (NOTE: staff refers The apple trees are attached to stakes. to a group of people and so is often fol- stale /stel/ adjective food which is stale stale lowed by a verb in the plural.) is old and no longer fresh stage /sted / noun 1. a raised floor, es- stage stalk /stɔ k/ noun the stem of a plant stalk pecially where the actors perform in a which holds a leaf, a flower or a fruit theatre The pop group came onto the Roses with very long stalks are more ex- stage and started to sing. 2. one of sev- pensive. í verb to stay near someone eral points of development the differ- and watch him or her all the time, espe- ent stages of a production process The cially in a way that is frightening or up- first stage in the process is to grind the setting She told the police that a man rock to powder. 3. a section of a long was stalking her. The hunters stalked journey Stage one of the tour takes us the deer for several miles. from Paris to Bordeaux. í verb to put on stall /stɔ l/ noun a place in a market stall or arrange a play, a show, a musical or where one person sells his or her goods other performance or event The exhi- He has a flower stall at Waterloo Sta- bition is being staged in the college li- tion. We wandered round the market brary. looking at the stalls. í verb (of a car en- stagger / st ə/ verb 1. to walk in way stagger gine) to stop unintentionally, often that is not steady or controlled, almost when trying to drive off without acceler- falling down She managed to stagger ating If he takes his foot off the accel- across the road and into the police sta- erator, the engine stalls. The car tion. Three men staggered out of the stalled at the traffic lights and he pub. 2. to surprise someone very much couldn’t restart it. I was staggered at the amount they stammer / st mə/ verb to repeat stammer charge for service. 3. to arrange some- thing such as holidays or working hours, sounds when speaking, e.g. because of This is trial version so that they do not all begin and end at feeling nervous He stammers badly the same time We have to stagger the when making speeches. She rushed lunch hour so that there is always some- into the police station and stammered www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 305 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM stamp 305 star out ‘he’s – he’s – he’s after me, he’s got the room all the children should stand – got – a knife’. í noun a speech prob- up. He stood up to offer his seat to the lem that involves hesitating and repeat- old lady. ing sounds when speaking Because of stand up for phrasal verb to try to de- his stammer he was shy and reserved at fend someone or something in a diffi- school. cult situation He stood up for the stamp /st mp/ noun 1. a little piece of stamp rights of children. paper with a price printed on it which stand up to phrasal verb 1. to oppose you stick on a letter to show that you someone bravely No one was pre- have paid for it to be sent by post a pared to stand up to the head of depart- first-class stamp She forgot to put a ment. 2. to be able to resist difficult stamp on the letter before she posted it. conditions A carpet in a shop has to He wants to show me his stamp col- stand up to a lot of wear. lection. 2. a mark made on something standard / st ndəd/ noun 1. the level standard The invoice has the stamp ‘received with of quality something has The stand- thanks’ on it. The customs officer ard of service in this restaurant is very looked at the stamps in his passport. í high. This piece of work is not up to verb 1. to mark something with a stamp your usual standard. 2. an excellent They stamped my passport when I en- quality which something or someone is tered the country. 2. to walk, or to put expected to achieve This product does your feet down, with loud or forceful not meet our standards. She has set a steps They stamped on the ants to kill standard which it will be difficult to them. He was so angry that he match. 3. a large official flag The roy- stamped out of the room. al standard flies over Buckingham Pal- stand /st nd/ verb 1. to be upright on stand ace. í adjective 1. usual, not special She joined on a standard contract. your feet and not sitting or lying down You will need to follow the standard pro- She stood on a chair to reach the top cedure to join the association. 2. on a shelf. They were so tired they could tall pole hardly keep standing. If there are no seats left, we’ll have to stand. Don’t stank /st ŋk/ past tense of stink stank just stand there doing nothing – come staple / step(ə)l/ noun a piece of wire staple and help us. 2. to be upright Only a which is pushed through papers and few houses were still standing after the bent over to hold them together He earthquake. The jar was standing in used some scissors to take the staples the middle of the table. 3. to accept out of the papers. í verb to fasten pa- something bad that continues The of- pers together with a staple or with sta- fice is filthy – I don’t know how you can ples Don’t staple the cheque to the or- stand working here. She can’t stand der form. all this noise. He stopped going to star /stɑ / noun 1. a bright object which star French lessons because he couldn’t can be seen in the sky at night like a very stand the teacher. (NOTE: stands – standing – stood /stυd/) í noun distant bright light On a clear night you can see thousands of stars. The something which holds something up pole star shows the direction of the The pot of flowers fell off its stand. North Pole. 2. a shape that has several stand for phrasal verb to have a mean- points like a star Draw a big star and ing What do the letters BBC stand colour it red. 3. a famous person who is for? very well known to the public football stand out phrasal verb to be easily stars Who is your favourite film star? seen Their house stands out because it í verb to appear as a main character in is painted pink. Her red hair makes a film or play She starred in ‘Gone This is trial version her stand out in a crowd. with the Wind’. He has a starring role stand up phrasal verb to get up from in the new play. (NOTE: stars – starring sitting When the teacher comes into – starred) www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 306 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM stare 306 stay stare /steə/ verb to look at someone or tax office. in a state 1. in a very un- stare happy, worried or upset condition something for a long time She stared She’s in such a state that I don’t want to sadly out of the window at the rain. í leave her alone. He was in a terrible noun a long fixed look He gave her a state after the phone call. 2. in a dirty or stare and walked on. bad condition Look at the state of start /stɑ t/ noun the beginning of some- start your trousers. They left our flat in a thing Building the house took only six terrible state. months from start to finish. Things statement / stetmənt/ noun 1. some- statement went wrong from the start. Let’s forget thing that is spoken or written publicly all you’ve done up to now, and make a a statement about or on the new pro- fresh start. í verb 1. to begin to do cedures She refused to issue a state- something The babies all started to ment to the press. 2. a written document cry or all started crying at the same from a bank showing how much money time. He started to eat or he started is in an account eating his dinner before the rest of the station / steʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a place station family. Take an umbrella – it’s start- where trains stop and passengers get on ing to rain. When you learn Russian, or off The train leaves the Central you have to start by learning the alpha- Station at 14.15. This is a fast train – bet. 2. (of a machine) to begin to work it doesn’t stop at every station. We’ll The car won’t start – the battery must try to get a sandwich at the station buf- be flat. The engine started beautifully. fet. 2. a large main building for a service to start with first of all We have The fire station is just down the road lots to do but to start with we’ll do the from us. He was arrested and taken to washing up. the local police station. start off phrasal verb 1. to begin stationary / steʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/ adjective stationary We’ll start off with soup and then have not moving (NOTE: Do not confuse with a meat dish. 2. to leave on a journey stationery.) You can start off now, and I’ll follow stationery / steʃ(ə)n(ə)ri/ noun things stationery when I’m ready. startle / stɑ t(ə)l/ verb to make someone startle such as paper, envelopes, pens and ink which you use for writing (NOTE: no suddenly surprised plural. Do not confuse with station- starve /stɑ v/ verb not to have enough starve ary.) food Many people starved to death in statue / st tʃu / noun a solid image of a statue the desert. person or animal made from a substance state /stet/ noun 1. the way something state such as stone or metal or someone is at a specific time The status / stetəs/ noun 1. social impor- status children are in a state of excitement. tance when compared to other people They left the flat in a terrible state. He has a low-status job on the Under- She’s not in a fit state to receive visitors. ground. His status in the company has 2. the government of a country We all been rising steadily. 2. a general posi- pay taxes to the state. The state should tion pay for the upkeep of museums. 3. an in- stay /ste/ verb 1. not to change The stay dependent country The member states of the European Union. 4. one of the temperature stayed below zero all day. parts into which some countries are di- In spite of the fire, he stayed calm. I vided the State of Arizona New won’t be able to stay awake until mid- South Wales has the largest population night. 2. to stop in a place They came of all the Australian states. í verb to for lunch and stayed until after mid- give information clearly Please state night. I’m rather tired so I’ll stay at your name and address. It states in the home tomorrow. He’s ill and has to This is trial version instructions that you must not open the stay in bed. 3. to stop in a place as a vis- can near a flame. The document states itor They stayed two nights in Edin- that all revenue has to be declared to the burgh on their tour of Scotland. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 307 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM steadily 307 stew steer /stə/ verb to make a vehicle go in Where will you be staying when you’re steer in New York? My parents are staying a particular direction She steered the at the Hotel London. car into the garage. stem /stem/ noun the tall thin part of a stem stay up phrasal verb not to go to bed steadily / stedli/ adverb regularly or plant which holds a leaf, a flower or a steadily fruit Trim the stems before you put the continuously flowers in the vase. steady / stedi/ adjective 1. firm and not steady step /step/ noun 1. a movement of your step moving or shaking You need a steady foot when walking I wonder when the hand to draw a straight line without a baby will take his first steps. Take a ruler. He put a piece of paper under step sideways and you will be able to see the table leg to keep it steady. 2. contin- the castle. 2. a regular movement of feet uing in a regular way There is a steady at the same time as other people 3. one demand for computers. The car was stair in a set of stairs There are two doing a steady seventy miles an hour. steps down into the kitchen. I counted She hasn’t got a steady boyfriend. 75 steps to the top of the tower. Be (NOTE: steadier – steadiest) í verb to careful, there’s a step up into the bath- keep something firm He put out his room. 4. an action which is done or has hand to steady the ladder. (NOTE: to be done out of several The first and steadies – steadying – steadied) most important step is to find out how much money we can spend. í verb to steak /stek/ noun 1. a thick piece of steak move forwards, backwards or sideways meat, usually beef He ordered steak on foot He stepped out in front of a bi- and chips. I’m going to grill these cycle and was knocked down. She steaks. 2. a thick piece of a big fish A stepped off the bus into a puddle. grilled salmon steak for me, please! Don’t step back, there’s a child behind (NOTE: Do not confuse with stake.) you. (NOTE: steps – stepping – steal /sti l/ verb 1. to take and keep steal stepped) in step moving your feet at something that belongs to another per- the same rate as everybody else I tried son without permission Someone to keep in step with him as we walked tried to steal my handbag. He was ar- along. The recruits can’t even march rested for stealing cars. 2. to move qui- in step. out of step moving your feet at a different rate from everyone else etly He stole into the cellar and tried One of the squad always gets out of step. to find the safe. (NOTE: Do not confuse to take steps to to act to encourage with steel. Note also: steals – steal- ing – stole /stəυl/ – stolen / stəυlən/) or prevent something We should take steps to encourage female applicants. steam /sti m/ noun the substance like steam The museum must take steps to make clouds which comes off hot or boiling sure that nothing else is stolen. water Clouds of steam were coming stereo / steriəυ/ noun a machine which stereo out of the kitchen. plays music or other sound through two steel /sti l/ noun a strong metal made steel different loudspeakers I bought a new from iron and carbon Steel knives are pair of speakers for my stereo. in ster- best for the kitchen. The door is made eo using two speakers to produce sound of solid steel. stern /st n/ adjective serious and strict stern steep /sti p/ adjective 1. which rises or steep The judge addressed some stern words to the boys. falls quickly The car climbed the stew /stju / noun a dish of meat and veg- steep hill with some difficulty. The stew steps up the church tower are steeper etables cooked together for a long time than our stairs at home. 2. very sharply This lamb stew is a French recipe. í This is trial version increasing or falling a steep increase verb to cook food for a long time in liq- in interest charges a steep fall in share uid Stew the apples until they are prices completely soft. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 308 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM stick 308 stitch stick /stk/ noun 1. a thin piece of wood unable to move easily because of dam- stick aged joints Arthritis accompanied by He jabbed a pointed stick into the a certain amount of stiffness in the hole. I need a strong stick to tie this joints. 2. the quality of being stiff The plant to. 2. a thin branch of a tree 3. an- stiffness of the material makes it unsuit- ything long and thin carrots cut into able for a dress. sticks í verb 1. to attach something still /stl/ adjective not moving Stand with glue Can you stick the pieces of still the cup together again? She stuck the still while I take the photo. There was stamp on the letter. They stuck a post- no wind, and the surface of the lake was er on the door. 2. to be fixed or not to be completely still. í adverb 1. continuing able to move The car was stuck in the until now or until then I thought he mud. The door sticks – you need to had left, but I see he’s still there. They push it hard to open it. The cake will came for lunch and were still sitting at stick if you don’t grease the tin. He the table at eight o’clock in the evening. was stuck in Italy without any money. 3. Weeks afterwards, they’re still talking to push something into something He about the accident. 2. in spite of every- stuck his hand into the hole. She stuck thing It wasn’t sunny for the picnic – her finger in the jam to taste it. She still, it didn’t rain. He still insisted on stuck the ticket into her bag. She stuck going on holiday even though he had a needle into her finger. 4. to stay in a broken his leg. place Stick close to your mother and stimulus / stmjυləs/ noun an encour- stimulus you won’t get lost. 5. to accept some- agement or incentive that leads to great- thing bad that continues I don’t know er activity how she can stick working in that office. sting /stŋ/ noun a wound made by an in- sting I’m going, I can’t stick it here any sect or plant Bee stings can be very longer. (NOTE: sticks – sticking – painful. Have you anything for wasp stuck /st k/) to stick together to stings? í verb 1. to wound someone stay together If we stick together they with an insect’s or plant’s sting I’ve should let us into the club. been stung by a wasp. The plants stick out phrasal verb 1. to push some- stung her bare legs. 2. to give a burning thing out 2. to be further forward or fur- feeling The antiseptic may sting a lit- ther away from something Your tle at first. (NOTE: stings – stinging – stung /st ŋ/) wallet is sticking out of your pocket. The balcony sticks out over the road. stink /stŋk/ (informal ) noun a very un- stink sticker / stkə/ noun a small piece of pa- sticker pleasant smell the stink of cigarette per or plastic which you can stick on smoke í verb to make an unpleasant something to show a price, as a decora- smell The office stinks of gas. (NOTE: tion or to advertise something stinks – stinking – stank /st ŋk/ – stunk /st ŋk/) sticky / stki/ adjective 1. covered with sticky stir /st / verb to move a liquid or powder something which sticks like glue My stir fingers are all sticky. This stuff is ter- or something which is cooking, to mix it ribly sticky – I can’t get it off my fingers. up He was stirring the sugar into his 2. with glue on one side so that it sticks coffee. Keep stirring the porridge, or easily (NOTE: stickier – stickiest) it will stick to the bottom of the pan. stiff /stf/ adjective 1. which does not (NOTE: stirs – stirring – stirred) stiff stirring / st rŋ/ adjective making you move easily The lock is very stiff – I stirring can’t turn the key. I’ve got a stiff neck. feel strong emotions, especially pride or She was feeling stiff all over after run- enthusiasm ning in the race. 2. with hard bristles stitch /sttʃ/ noun 1. a little loop of stitch You need a stiff brush to get the mud off thread made with a needle in sewing or your shoes. This is trial version with knitting needles when knitting stiffness / stfnəs/ noun 1. having mus- stiffness She used very small stitches in her em- cle pains after doing exercise, or being broidery. Very fine wool will give you www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 309 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM stock 309 stop more stitches than in the pattern. 2. a (i.e. 12 stone 10 pounds). (NOTE: no plu- small loop of thread used by a surgeon ral in this sense: He weighs ten stone. to attach the sides of a wound together In the USA, human body weight is al- to help it to heal She had three stitches ways given only in pounds.) in her arm. Come back in ten days’ stony / stəυni/ adjective made of lots of stony time to have the stitches removed. í stones They walked carefully across verb to attach something with a needle the stony beach. and thread She stitched the badge to stood /stυd/ past tense and past partici- stood his jacket. ple of stand stock /stɒk/ noun 1. a supply of some- stock stool /stu l/ noun a small seat with no stool thing kept to use when needed I keep back When the little girl sat on the pi- a good stock of printing paper at home. ano stool her feet didn’t touch the floor. Our stocks of food are running low. The factory has large stocks of coal. 2. a stoop /stu p/ verb to bend forward stoop She liquid made from boiling bones in wa- stooped and picked something up off the ter, used as a base for soups and sauces carpet. I found him standing at the ta- Fry the onions and pour in some ble, stooped over a spreadsheet. chicken stock. í verb to keep goods for stop /stɒp/ verb 1. not to move any more stop sale in a shop or warehouse They The motorcycle didn’t stop at the red don’t stock this book. We try to stock lights. This train stops at all stations the most popular colours. to London Waterloo. 2. to make some- stocking / stɒkŋ/ noun a long light stocking thing not move any more The police- piece of women’s clothing which covers man stopped the traffic to let the lorry all of a leg and foot back out of the garage. Stop that boy! stole /stəυl/ past tense of steal stole – he’s stolen my purse. 3. not to do something any more The office clock stolen / stəυlən/ past participle of steal stolen has stopped at 4.15. At last it stopped stomach / st mək/ noun 1. a part of the stomach raining and we could go out. She body shaped like a bag, into which food spoke for two hours without stopping. passes after being swallowed and where We all stopped work and went home. it continues to be digested I don’t The restaurant stops serving meals at want anything to eat – my stomach’s up- midnight. 4. to stop someone or set or I have a stomach upset. He has something (from) doing something to had stomach trouble for some time. 2. make someone or something not do the front of your body between your something any more The rain stopped chest and your waist He had been us from having a picnic. How can the kicked in the stomach. police stop people stealing cars? stone /stəυn/ noun 1. a very hard mate- stone Can’t you stop the children from making such a noise? The plumber couldn’t rial, found in the earth, used for building stop the tap dripping. 5. to stay as a vis- All the houses in the town are built in itor in a place They stopped for a few the local grey stone. The stone carv- days in Paris. I expect to stop in Rome ings in the old church date from the 15th for the weekend. (NOTE: stops – stop- century. Stone floors can be very cold. ping – stopped) í noun 1. the end of (NOTE: no plural: some stone, a piece something, especially of movement of stone, a block of stone) 2. a small The police want to put a stop to car piece of stone The children were play- crimes. 2. a place where you break a ing at throwing stones into the pond. journey We’ll make a stop at the next The beach isn’t good for bathing as it’s service station. 3. a place where a bus or covered with very sharp stones. 3. a train lets passengers get on or off We British measure of weight equal to 14 This is trial version have been waiting at the bus stop for pounds or 6.35 kilograms She’s trying twenty minutes. There are six stops to lose weight and so far has lost a stone and a half. He weighs twelve stone ten between here and Marble Arch. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 310 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM stopper 310 strap stopper / stɒpə/ noun an object that you changing She drank the milk straight stopper out of the bottle. The cat ran straight put into the mouth of a bottle or jar to across the road in front of the car. He close it looked me straight in the face. The store /stɔ / noun a shop, usually a big store plane flies straight to Washington. shop You can buy shoes in any of the straighten / stret(ə)n/ verb to make straighten big stores in town. Does the store something straight have a food department? í verb 1. to straightforward /stret fɔ wəd/ ad- straightforward keep food etc. to use later We store (away) all our vegetables in the garden jective easy to understand or carry out shed. 2. to keep something in a compu- The instructions are quite straightfor- ter file We store all our personnel ward. records on computer. strain /stren/ noun 1. nervous feelings strain storey / stɔ ri/ noun a whole floor in a storey caused by a busy or difficult situation building Can she stand the strain of working in that office? 2. a variety of a living thing storm /stɔ m/ noun a high wind and very storm They are trying to find a cure for a bad weather Several ships got into dif- new strain of the flu virus. He crossed ficulties in the storm. How many trees two strains of rice to produce a variety were blown down in last night’s storm? which is resistant to disease. í verb 1. stormy / stɔ mi/ adjective when there stormy to injure part of your body by pulling are storms They are forecasting too hard He strained a muscle in his stormy weather for the weekend. (NOTE: back or he strained his back. The ef- stormier – stormiest) fort strained his heart. 2. to make great story / stɔ ri/ noun 1. a description that story efforts to do something They strained tells things that did not really happen to lift the piano into the van. 3. to pour but are invented by someone The book liquid through a sieve to separate solid is the story of two children during the parts in it Boil the peas for ten minutes war. She writes children’s stories and then strain. about animals. 2. a description that tells strange /strend / adjective 1. not usual strange what really happened She told her sto- Something is the matter with the en- ry to the journalist. (NOTE: The plural is gine – it’s making a strange noise. She stories.) told some very strange stories about the stout /staυt/ adjective 1. (of a person) stout firm she used to work for. It felt quite fat He has become much stouter strange to be sitting in the office on a and has difficulty going up stairs. 2. (of Saturday afternoon. It’s strange that material ) strong or thick Take a few no one spotted the mistake. 2. which sheets of stout paper. Find a stout you have never seen before or where branch to stand on. you have never been before I find it stove /stəυv/ noun a piece of equipment difficult getting to sleep in a strange stove room. We went to Korea and had lots for heating or cooking of strange food to eat. straight /stret/ adjective 1. not curved straight stranger / strend ə/ noun 1. a person stranger a long straight street The line isn’t whom you have never met He’s a straight. She has straight black hair. complete stranger to me. Children are Stand up straight! 2. not sloping Is the told not to accept lifts from strangers. 2. picture straight? Your tie isn’t a person in a place where he or she has straight. í adverb 1. in a straight line, never been before I can’t tell you how not curving The road goes straight to get to the post office – I’m a stranger across the plain for two hundred kilome- here myself. tres. She was sitting straight in front strap /str p/ noun a long flat piece of strap of you. 2. immediately Wait for me This is trial version here – I’ll come straight back. If there material used to attach something is a problem, you should go straight to Can you do up the strap of my bag for the manager. 3. without stopping or me? I put a strap round my suitcase to www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 311 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM strategy 311 stretch make it more secure. í verb to fasten 2. used with names What’s your office something with a strap He strapped address? – 16 Cambridge Street. Ox- on his rucksack. The patient was ford Street, Bond Street and Regent strapped to a stretcher. Make sure the Street are the main shopping areas in baby is strapped into her seat. (NOTE: London. (NOTE: When used in names, straps – strapping – strapped) street is usually written St: Oxford St.) strategy / str təd i/ noun the deci- strategy strength /streŋθ/ noun the fact that strength sions you make about how you are go- something or someone is physically ing to do something Their strategy is strong She hasn’t got the strength to to note which of their rival’s models lift it. You should test the strength of sells best and then copy it. The gov- the rope before you start climbing. ernment has no long-term strategy for strenuous / strenjuəs/ adjective re- strenuous dealing with crime. (NOTE: The plural is quiring a lot of physical effort or energy strategies.) The doctor has told him to avoid straw /strɔ / noun 1. dry stems and straw strenuous exercise. It’s a very strenu- leaves of crops, used for animals to ous job. sleep on You’ve been lying on the stress /stres/ noun 1. nervous strain stress ground – you’ve got bits of straw in your hair. The tractor picked up bundles of caused by an outside influence the straw and loaded them onto a truck. 2. a stresses of working in a busy office thin plastic tube for sucking up liquids She’s suffering from stress. 2. the force She was drinking orange juice through or pressure on something Stresses in- a straw. side the earth create earthquakes. í strawberry / strɔ b(ə)ri/ noun a com- verb to put emphasis on something I strawberry must stress the importance of keeping mon soft red summer fruit which grows the plan secret. on low plants (NOTE: The plural is strawberries.) stretch /stretʃ/ verb 1. to spread out for stretch stray /stre/ verb to move away from the stray a great distance The line of cars usual or expected place The sheep stretched for three miles from the acci- strayed onto the golf course. The chil- dent. The queue stretched from the dren had strayed too far and couldn’t door of the cinema right round the cor- get back. í noun a pet animal which is ner. White sandy beaches stretch as lost or without a home We have two far as the eye can see. 2. to push out female cats at home and they attract all your arms or legs as far as they can go the strays in the district. í adjective 1. The cat woke up and stretched. The not where it should be He was killed monkey stretched out through the bars by a stray bullet from a sniper. 2. ((of a and grabbed the little boy’s cap. 3. to pet animal)) lost or without a home pull something out so that it becomes We found a stray cat and brought it loose, or to become loose by pulling home. Don’t hang your jumper up like that – stream /stri m/ noun 1. a small river stream you will just stretch it. These trousers Can you jump across that stream? 2. a are not supposed to stretch. í noun 1. a number of things which pass in a contin- long piece of land, water or road uous flow Crossing the road is diffi- Stretches of the river have been so pol- cult because of the stream of traffic. luted that bathing is dangerous. 2. a We had a stream of customers on the long period of time For long stretches first day of the sale. Streams of refu- we had nothing to do. at a stretch gees tried to cross the border. without a break He played the piano street /stri t/ noun 1. a road in a town, street for two hours at a stretch. to stretch your legs to go for a short walk after usually with houses on each side It is This is trial version sitting for a long time In the coffee difficult to park in our street on Satur- break I went out into the garden to day mornings. Her flat is on a noisy street. The school is in the next street. stretch my legs. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 312 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM strict 312 structure strip /strp/ noun a long narrow piece of strict /strkt/ adjective 1. which must be strict strip something He tore the paper into obeyed I gave strict instructions that strips. Houses are to be built along no one was to be allowed in. The rules the strip of land near the church. í verb are very strict and any bad behaviour to take off your clothes Strip to the will be severely punished. 2. expecting waist for your chest X-ray. He people to obey rules Our parents are stripped down to his underpants. (NOTE: very strict with us about staying up late. strips – stripping – stripped) strictly / strktli/ adverb in a strict way strictly stripe /strap/ noun a long line of colour stripe All staff must follow strictly the proce- He has an umbrella with red, white dures in the training manual. and blue stripes. stride /strad/ noun a long step stride In strive /strav/ verb to try very hard to do strive three strides he was across the room and something, especially over a long period out of the door. í verb to walk with long of time He always strove to do as well steps He strode into the room. We as his brother. Everyone is striving for could see him striding across the field to a solution to the dispute. (NOTE: striv- take shelter from the rain. (NOTE: ing – strove /strəυv/ – has striven strides – striding – strode /strəυd/) / strv(ə)n/) strike /strak/ noun the stopping of work strike strode /strəυd/ past tense of stride strode by workers because of lack of agree- stroke /strəυk/ noun 1. a serious medi- stroke ment with management or because of cal condition in which someone sudden- orders from a trade union They all vot- ly becomes unconscious because blood ed in favour of a strike. A strike was has stopped flowing normally to the avoided at the last minute. í verb 1. to brain He was paralysed after his stop working because of disagreement stroke. She had a stroke and died. 2. with management The workers are the act of hitting something such as a striking in protest against bad working ball It took him three strokes to get the conditions. 2. to hit something hard ball onto the green. 3. a style of swim- He struck her with a bottle. She struck ming She won the 200m breast stroke. her head on the low door. He struck a í verb to run your hands gently over match and lit the fire. 3. (of a clock) to something or someone She was strok- ring to mark an hour The clock had ing the cat as it sat in her lap. just struck one when she heard a noise strong /strɒŋ/ adjective 1. who has a lot in the corridor. 4. to come to someone’s strong mind A thought just struck me. It of strength I’m not strong enough to suddenly struck me that I had seen him carry that box. 2. which has a lot of somewhere before. (NOTE: strikes – force or strength The string broke – striking – struck /str k/) we need something stronger. The wind was so strong that it blew some tiles off string /strŋ/ noun 1. a strong thin fibre string the roof. 3. having a powerful smell, used for tying up things such as parcels taste or effect I don’t like strong This string isn’t strong enough to tie cheese. You need a cup of strong black up that big parcel. She bought a ball coffee to wake you up. There was a of string. We’ve run out of string. strong smell of gas in the kitchen. (NOTE: no plural in this sense: some strength string; a piece of string) 2. one of the strongly / strɒŋli/ adverb in a strong strongly long pieces of fibre or wire on a musical way instrument which makes a note when you hit it a guitar has six strings He strove /strəυv/ past tense of strive strove was playing the violin when one of the struck /str k/ past tense and past partici- struck strings broke. 3. one of the strong pieces ple of strike This is trial version of fibre which form the flat part of a ten- structure / str ktʃə/ noun a building or structure nis racket One of the strings has snapped. something else that is built www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 313 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM struggle 313 stutter struggle / str (ə)l/ noun a fight Af- your photographic stuff is still in the struggle back of my car. í verb 1. to push some- ter a short struggle the burglar was ar- thing into something to fill it He rested. í verb to try hard to do some- stuffed his pockets full of peppermints. thing difficult She’s struggling with The £20 notes were stuffed into a small her maths homework. She struggled plastic wallet. 2. to put small pieces of to carry all the shopping to the car. food such as bread, meat or herbs inside stubborn / st bən/ adjective deter- stubborn meat or vegetables before cooking them mined not to change your mind He’s We had roast veal stuffed with mush- so stubborn – he only does what he rooms. wants to do. stuffy / st fi/ adjective without any stuffy stuck /st k/ past tense and past participle stuck fresh air Can’t you open a window, it’s of stick so stuffy in here? (NOTE: stuffier – student / stju d(ə)nt/ noun a person student stuffiest) who is studying at a college, university stumble / st mbəl/ verb 1. to almost stumble or school All the science students fall by hitting your foot against some- came to my lecture. She’s a brilliant thing He stumbled as he tried to get student. Two students had to sit the down the stairs in the dark. 2. to make exam again. mistakes when reading aloud or speak- studio / stju diəυ/ noun 1. a room studio ing She stumbled a little when had to where an artist paints She uses this read the foreign words. room as a studio because of the good stump /st mp/ noun 1. a short piece of stump light. 2. a place where things such as films or broadcasts are made And something left sticking up, such as the now, back to the studio for the latest main stem of a tree that has been cut news and weather report. They spent down After cutting down the trees, we the whole day recording the piece in the need to get rid of the stumps. 2. one of studio. 3. a very small flat for one per- the three sticks placed in the ground in cricket The ball hit the stumps and the son, usually one room with a small kitchen and bathroom You can rent a last man was out. studio overlooking the sea for £300 a stun /st n/ verb 1. to make someone be- stun week in high season. (NOTE: The plural come unconscious with a blow to the is studios.) head The blow on the head stunned study / st di/ noun the work of examin- study him. 2. to shock someone completely ing something carefully to learn more She was stunned when he told her that about it The company asked the con- he was already married. (NOTE: stuns – sultant to prepare a study into new pro- stunning – stunned) duction techniques. The review has stupid / stju pd/ adjective 1. not very stupid published studies on the new drug. intelligent What a stupid man! 2. be- (NOTE: The plural is studies.) í verb 1. having in a way that is not sensible It to learn about a subject at college or uni- was stupid of her not to wear a helmet versity He is studying medicine be- when riding on her scooter. He made cause he wants to be a doctor. She’s several stupid mistakes. studying French and Spanish in the sturdy / st di/ adjective well made and sturdy modern languages department. 2. to not easily damaged (NOTE: sturdier – look at something carefully She was sturdiest) studying the guidebook. (NOTE: studies – studying – studied) stutter / st tə/ noun a speech problem stutter stuff /st f/ noun 1. a substance, especial- stuff where you repeat the sound at the begin- ly something unpleasant You’ve got ning of a word several times He is tak- ing therapy to try to cure his stutter. í some black stuff stuck to your shoe. 2. This is trial version equipment or possessions Dump all verb to repeat the same sounds when your stuff in the living room. Take all speaking He stuttered badly when that stuff and put it in the dustbin. All making his speech. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 314 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM style 314 success style /stal/ noun 1. a way of doing must be sent to me immediately they ar- style rive. something, especially a way of design- subsequently / s bskwəntli/ adverb ing, drawing or writing The room is subsequently decorated in Chinese style. The paint- happening later or following something ing is in his usual style. That style was which has already happened I subse- fashionable in the 1940s. 2. a fashiona- quently discovered that there had been a ble way of doing things She always mistake. dresses with style. They live in grand substance / s bstəns/ noun a solid or substance style. hairstyle liquid material, especially one used in subject / s bd kt/ noun 1. the thing subject chemistry A secret substance is added which you are talking about or writing to the product to give it its yellow colour. about He suddenly changed the sub- Toxic substances got into the drinking ject of the conversation. The newspa- water. per has devoted a special issue to the substantial /səb st nʃəl/ adjective 1. substantial subject of pollution. 2. an area of knowl- large or important She was awarded edge which you are studying Maths is substantial damages. He received a his weakest subject. You can take up substantial sum when he left the compa- to five subjects at ‘A’ Level. 3. to be ny. A substantial amount of work re- the subject of to be the person or thing mains to be done. 2. large enough to sat- talked about or studied The painter isfy someone We had a substantial Chagall will be the subject of our lec- meal at the local pub. 3. solid or strong ture today. Advertising costs are the This wall is too flimsy, we need some- subject of close examination by the au- thing much more substantial. ditors. 4. (in grammar ) a noun or pro- subtract /səb tr kt/ verb to take one subtract noun which comes before a verb and number away from another (NOTE: Sub- shows the person or thing that does the tracting is usually shown by the minus action expressed by the verb In the sign – : 10 – 4 = 6: say ‘ten subtract sentence ‘the cat sat on the mat’ the four equals six’.) word ‘cat’ is the subject of the verb subtraction /səb tr kʃən/ noun the subtraction ‘sat’. act of subtracting one number from an- subject matter / s bd kt m tə/ subject matter other noun the subject dealt with in some- suburb / s b b/ noun an area on the suburb thing such as a book or TV programme edge of a town where there are houses submarine / s bməri n/ noun a special submarine and shops but not usually factories or type of ship which can travel under wa- other large industries ter The submarine dived before she subway / s bwe/ noun 1. an under- subway was spotted by enemy aircraft. í adjec- tive under the water a submarine ground passage along which people can pipeline walk, e.g. so that they do not have to cross a busy road There’s a subway submit /səb mt/ verb to give something submit from the bus station to the shopping cen- for someone to examine You are re- tre. 2. US an underground railway sys- quested to submit your proposal to the tem the New York subway It will be planning committee. He submitted a quicker to take the subway to Grand claim to the insurers. Reps are asked Central Station. (NOTE: The London to submit their expenses claims once a equivalent is the tube or Under- month. (NOTE: submits – submitting – ground.) submitted) í to accept that someone succeed /sək si d/ verb to do well or to succeed has the power to make you do some- thing you don’t want to do make a lot of profit His business has succeeded more than he had expected. subsequent / s bskwənt/ adjective subsequent This is trial version success /sək ses/ noun 1. the fact of success which comes later (formal ) The rain and the subsequent flooding disrupted achieving what you have been trying to the match. All subsequent reports do She’s been looking for a job in a li- www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 315 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM successful 315 suitable brary, but without any success so far. 2. thing to have an illness or a fault She the fact that someone does something suffers from arthritis. The company’s well Her photo was in the newspapers products suffer from bad design. Our after her Olympic success. The new car suffers from a tendency to overheat. car has not had much success in the sufficient /sə fʃ(ə)nt/ adjective as sufficient Japanese market. (NOTE: The plural is much as is needed Does she have suf- successes.) ficient funds to pay for her trip? There /sək sesf(ə)l/ adjective successful successful isn’t sufficient room to put the big sofa who or which does well He’s a suc- in here. Allow yourself sufficient time cessful business man. She’s very suc- to get to the airport. cessful at hiding her real age. Their suffix / s fks/ noun letters added to the suffix trip to German proved successful. end of a word to make another word. successfully /sək sesf(ə)li/ adverb successfully Compare prefix (NOTE: The plural is achieving what was intended suffixes.) such /s tʃ/ adjective 1. of this type such sugar / ʃυ ə/ noun a substance that you sugar The police are looking for such things as use to make food sweet How much drugs or stolen goods. no such (per- sugar do you take in your tea? Can son or thing) a person or thing like that you pass me the sugar, please? is not in existence There is no such suggest /sə d est/ verb to mention an suggest day as April 31st. Someone was ask- idea to see what other people think of it ing for a Mr Simpson but there is no The chairman suggested that the next such person working here. 2. very; so meeting should be held in October. much There was such a crowd at the What does he suggest we do in this party that there weren’t enough chairs case? to go round. It’s such a shame that suggestion /sə d estʃən/ noun an idea she’s ill and has to miss her sister’s suggestion wedding. such as used for giving an that you mention for people to think example Some shops such as food about We have asked for suggestions stores are open on Sundays. from passengers. The company acted suck /s k/ verb 1. to hold something suck upon your suggestion. Whose sugges- tion was it that we should go out in a with your mouth and pull at it with your boat? I bought those shares at the tongue The baby didn’t stop sucking stockbroker’s suggestion. his thumb until he was six. 2. to have something in your mouth which makes suit /su t/ noun 1. a set of pieces of cloth- suit your mouth produce water He bought ing made of the same cloth and worn to- a bag of sweets to suck in the car. gether, e.g. a jacket and trousers or skirt sudden / s d(ə)n/ adjective which hap- sudden A dark grey suit will be just right for pens very quickly or unexpectedly the interview. The pale blue suit she The sudden change in the weather was wearing was very chic. 2. one of the caught us unprepared. The bus came four sets of cards with the same symbol to a sudden stop. His decision to go to in a pack of cards Clubs and spades Canada was very sudden. all of a are the two black suits and hearts and sudden suddenly All of a sudden the diamonds are the two red suits. í verb room went dark. 1. to look good when worn by someone suddenly / s d(ə)nli/ adverb quickly Green usually suits people with red suddenly hair. That hat doesn’t suit her. 2. to be and giving you a shock The car in convenient for someone He’ll only do front stopped suddenly and I ran into the it when it suits him to do it. Thursday back of it. Suddenly the room went at 11 o’clock will suit me fine. dark. She suddenly realised it was al- ready five o’clock. suitable / su təb(ə)l/ adjective which suitable This is trial version suffer / s fə/ verb 1. to receive an injury suffer fits or which is convenient I’m look- He suffered multiple injuries in the ing for a suitable present We adver- accident. 2. to suffer from some- tised the job again because there were www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 316 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM suitcase 316 support no suitable candidates. A blue dress the 16th must be a Sunday. Today is would be more suitable for an interview. Sunday, November 19th. sunk /s ŋk/ past participle of sink suitcase / su tkes/ noun a box with a sunk suitcase sunlight / s nlat/ noun the light which handle which you carry your clothes in sunlight when you are travelling comes from the sun (NOTE: no plural) sulk /s lk/ verb to show you are annoyed sunny / s ni/ adjective 1. with the sun sulk sunny by not saying anything They’re sulk- shining Another sunny day! They ing because we didn’t invite them. forecast that it will be sunny this after- noon. 2. where the sun often shines sum /s m/ noun 1. a quantity of money sum We live on the sunny side of the street. He only paid a small sum for the car. Their sitting room is bright and sunny, A large sum of money was stolen from but the dining room is dark. (NOTE: sun- his safe. We are owed the sum of £500. nier – sunniest) 2. a simple problem in mathematics sunrise / s nraz/ noun the time when sunrise She tried to do the sum in her head. 3. the sun comes up in the morning the total of two or more numbers added sunset / s nset/ noun the time when the together The sum of all four sides will sunset give you the perimeter of the field. sun goes down in the evening summary / s məri/ noun a short de- sunshine / s nʃan/ noun a pleasant summary sunshine scription of what has been said or writ- light from the sun (NOTE: no plural) ten, or of what happened, without giving super / su pə/ adjective very good super all the details She gave a summary of (dated ) what happened at the meeting. Here’s superlative /sυ p lətv/ adjective ex- superlative a summary of the book in case you don’t tremely good He’s a superlative goal- have time to read it. (NOTE: The plural is keeper. í noun the form of an adjective summaries.) or adverb showing the highest level summer / s mə/ noun the hottest season summer when compared with another ‘Big- of the year, between spring and autumn gest’ is the superlative of ‘big.’ Next summer we are going to Greece. supermarket / su pəmɑ kt/ noun a supermarket The summer in Australia coincides large store selling mainly food and with our winter here in England. I ha- goods for the house, where customers ven’t any summer clothes – it’s never serve themselves and pay at a checkout hot enough here. supervisor / su pəvazə/ noun a per- supervisor summit / s mt/ noun the top of a summit son whose job is making sure that other mountain It took us three hour’s hard people are working well climbing to reach the summit. supper / s pə/ noun the meal which you supper sun /s n/ noun 1. a very bright star round sun eat in the evening which the earth travels and which gives supply /sə pla/ noun a store of some- supply light and heat The sun was just rising thing which is needed We have two when I got up. I’ll try taking a photo- weeks’ supply of coal. (NOTE: The plural graph now that the sun’s come out. 2. is supplies.) í verb to provide some- the light from the sun I’d prefer a ta- thing which is needed Details of ad- ble out of the sun. She spent her whole dresses and phone numbers can be sup- holiday just sitting in the sun. plied by the store staff. He was asked sunburnt / s nb nt/ adjective (of the sunburnt to supply a blood sample. (NOTE: sup- skin) damaged or made red by the sun plies – supplying – supplied) in short supply not available in large Sunday / s nde/ noun the seventh day Sunday enough quantities to meet people’s of the week, the day between Saturday needs Fresh vegetables are in short and Monday Last Sunday we went on This is trial version supply during the winter. a picnic. Most shops are now open on support /sə pɔ t/ noun 1. an object or support Sundays. Can we fix a lunch for next Sunday? The 15th is a Saturday, so structure which stops something from www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 317 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM supporter 317 surprise falling They had to build wooden sup- don, not Oxford? They’ll surely com- ports to hold up the wall. 2. help or en- plain about the amount of work they couragement We have had no finan- have to do. cial support from the bank. 3. an act of surf /s f/ noun 1. a mass of white foam surf encouraging and helping someone, or of coming onto a beach on large waves agreeing with their plans The chair- The surf is too rough for children to man has the support of the committee. bathe. 2. waves breaking along a shore She spoke in support of our plan. í verb í verb to ride on large waves coming 1. to hold something up to stop it falling onto a beach on a surf board I’d like to down The roof is supported on ten be able to surf. It’s too dangerous to huge pillars. 2. to provide money to go surfing today. help someone or something We hope surface / s fs/ noun the top part of surface the banks will support us during the de- something When it rains, water col- velopment period. 3. to encourage lects on the surface of the road. The someone or something Which football surface of the water was completely team do you support? She hopes the still. He stayed a long time under wa- other members of the committee will ter before coming back to the surface. support her. Dinosaurs disappeared from the surface supporter /sə pɔ tə/ noun a person supporter of the earth millions of years ago. í who encourages someone or something verb to come up to the surface The It sounds a good idea to me – I’m sur- captain gave orders for the submarine prised it hasn’t attracted more support- to surface. His fear of failure has sur- ers. faced again. suppose /sə pəυz/ verb 1. to think suppose surgeon / s d ən/ noun a doctor who surgeon something is likely to be true or to hap- performs medical operations pen Where is the secretary? – I sup- surgery / s d əri/ noun 1. treatment of surgery pose she’s going to be late as usual. I disease in which doctors cut into or re- suppose you’ve heard the news? What move part of the body She had sur- do you suppose they’re talking about? gery to straighten her nose. The pa- Will you be coming to the meeting this tient will need surgery to remove the evening? – I suppose I’ll have to. I scars left by the accident. (NOTE: no plu- don’t suppose many people will come. ral in this sense) 2. a room where a doc- 2. (showing doubt) what happens if? tor or dentist sees and examines patients Suppose it rains tomorrow, do you still I phoned the doctor’s surgery to make want to go for a walk? He’s very late an appointment. (NOTE: The plural is – suppose he’s had an accident? Sup- surgeries.) pose I win the lottery! surname / s nem/ noun the name of sure /ʃυə/ adjective without any doubt surname sure someone’s family, shared by all people Is he sure he can borrow his mother’s in the family car? I’m sure I left my wallet in my coat pocket. It’s sure to be cold in surprise /sə praz/ noun 1. the feeling surprise Russia in December. Make sure or be you get when something happens which sure that your computer is switched off you did not expect to happen He ex- before you leave. í adverb mainly US pressed surprise when I told him I’d lost meaning yes Can I borrow your car? my job. To his great surprise, a lot of – sure, go ahead! I need someone to people bought his book. What a sur- help with this computer program – sure, prise to find that we were at school to- I can do it. gether! 2. an unexpected event They surely / ʃυəli/ adverb of course, certain- surely baked a cake for her birthday as a sur- ly (used mostly in questions where a prise. What a surprise to see you This is trial version again after so long! í verb to make Surely certain answer is expected ) they can’t expect us to work on Sun- someone surprised It wouldn’t sur- days? But surely their office is in Lon- prise me if it rained. What surprises www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 318 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM surprised 318 swarm survivor /sə vavə/ noun a person who me is that she left without saying good- survivor bye. is still alive after an experience such as an accident, attack or serious illness surprised /sə prazd/ adjective feeling surprised suspect1 /sə spekt/ verb 1. to sus- suspect or showing surprise She was sur- pect someone of doing something to prised to see her former boyfriend at the think that someone may have done party. We were surprised to hear that something wrong I suspect him of be- he’s got a good job. ing involved in the robbery. They were surprising /sə prazŋ/ adjective which surprising wrongly suspected of taking bribes. 2. to you do not expect There was a sur- think that something is likely I sus- prising end to the story. Wasn’t it sur- pect it’s going to be more difficult than prising to see the two sisters together we thought at first. We suspected all again? It’s hardly surprising she along that something was wrong. doesn’t want to meet you again after suspect2 / s spekt/ noun a person who suspect what you said. is thought to have committed a crime surrender /sə rendə/ noun giving in to surrender The police arrested several suspects for questioning. í adjective 1. which is not an enemy because you have lost the surrender of the enemy generals í verb reliable Such high figures for exports look a bit suspect to me. 2. which might to accept that you have been defeated by be dangerous or illegal a suspect someone else Our troops were sur- package rounded by the enemy and were forced suspense /sə spens/ noun nervous ex- to surrender. suspense citement experienced while waiting for surround /sə raυnd/ verb to be all surround something to happen or for someone to round something or someone The do something house is surrounded by beautiful coun- suspicious /sə spʃəs/ adjective which suspicious tryside. The President has surrounded seems to be wrong, dangerous or con- himself with experts. nected with a crime The police found survey1 / s ve/ noun 1. a way of find- survey a suspicious package on the station ing out about something by asking peo- platform. We became suspicious when ple questions 2. the careful examination we realised we hadn’t seen him for three of a building to see if it is in good days. enough condition swallow / swɒləυ/ verb to make food or swallow survey2 /sə ve/ verb 1. to ask people survey liquid pass down your throat from your questions to get information about mouth to the stomach He swallowed something Roughly half the people we his beer and ran back to the office. surveyed were in favour of the scheme. She swallowed hard and knocked on the They’re surveying the site. 2. to meas- door to the interview room. ure land in order to produce a plan or swam /sw m/ past tense of swim swam map They’re surveying the area where swan /swɒn/ noun a large white water swan the new runway will be built. bird with a long curved neck survival /sə vav(ə)l/ noun the state of survival swap /swɒp/ verb to exchange some- swap continuing to exist The survival of the thing for something else Can I swap crew depended on the supplies carried my tickets for next Friday’s show? in the boat. The survival rate of ba- Let’s swap places, so that I can talk to bies has started to fall. Susan. After every game the players survive /sə vav/ verb to continue to be survive swapped jerseys with the other team. (NOTE: swaps – swapping – alive after an experience such as acci- swapped) dent, attack or serious illness It was This is trial version swarm /swɔ m/ noun a large group of swarm such a terrible crash, it was miracle that anyone survived. He survived a mas- insects flying around together A sive heart attack. swarm of flies buzzed around the meat. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 319 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM sway 319 swing sway /swe/ verb 1. to move slowly and What’s on the menu for sweet? I’m sway afraid I haven’t made a sweet. I won’t smoothly from side to side The crowd have any sweet, thank you, just some swayed in time to the music. The palm coffee. to have a sweet tooth to like trees swayed in the breeze. 2. to have an sweet food He’s very fond of puddings influence on someone The committee – he’s got a real sweet tooth! was swayed by a letter from the presi- sweetness / swi tnəs/ noun a state of dent. sweetness swear /sweə/ verb 1. to make a serious being sweet swear swell /swel/ verb to become larger, usu- public promise He swore he wouldn’t swell touch alcohol again. The witnesses ally because of an illness or injury swore to tell the truth. 2. to shout offen- Her feet started to swell. (NOTE: swells – swelling – swollen / swəυlən/ – sive or rude words They were shouting and swearing at the police. Don’t let to swell (up) to become swelled) me catch you swearing again! (NOTE: larger or to increase in size She was swears – swearing – swore – sworn) bitten by an insect and her hand swelled I could have sworn I was complete- (up). ly sure I could have sworn I put my swelling / swelŋ/ noun a condition swelling keys in my coat pocket. where liquid forms in part of the body, sweat /swet/ noun drops of salt liquid sweat making that part swell up which come through your skin when swept /swept/ past tense and past parti- swept you are hot or when you are afraid Af- ciple of sweep ter working in the vineyard he was swerve /sw v/ verb to move suddenly swerve drenched with sweat. He broke out to one side They think the car swerved into a cold sweat when they called his to the left and hit a wall. She had to name. í verb to produce sweat He ran swerve to avoid the bicycle. up the hill, sweating and red in the face. swift /swft/ adjective very fast Their swift sweater / swetə/ noun a thick piece of sweater phone call brought a swift response clothing with sleeves that covers your from the police. upper body swim /swm/ verb to move in the water swim sweatshirt / swetʃ t/ noun a thick sweatshirt using your arms and legs to push you cotton shirt with long sleeves along She can’t swim, but she’s taking sweep /swi p/ verb 1. to clear up dust sweep swimming lessons. She swam across and dirt from the floor with a brush the English Channel. (NOTE: swims – Have you swept the kitchen floor yet? 2. swimming – swam /sw m/ – swum to move quickly She swept into the /sw m/) í noun an occasion when you room with a glass of wine in her hand. swim What about a swim before The party swept to power in the general breakfast? It’s too cold for a swim. election. A feeling of anger swept swimmer / swmə/ noun a person who swimmer through the crowd. (NOTE: sweeps – is swimming sweeping – swept /swept/) swimming / swmŋ/ noun the activity swimming sweet /swi t/ adjective 1. tasting like sweet or sport of moving through water using sugar, and neither sour nor bitter your arms and legs These apples are sweeter than those swing /swŋ/ verb to move, or move swing green ones. 2. very kind or pleasant He sent me such a sweet birthday card. something, from side to side or forwards It was sweet of her to send me flowers. and backwards, while hanging from a What a sweet little girl! How sweet central point She picked up the baby of you to help me with my luggage! í and swung him round and round. He noun 1. a small piece of sweet food, swung up and down on the garden made with sugar She bought some swing. A window swung open and a This is trial version sweets to eat in the cinema. He likes man looked out. (NOTE: swings – swinging – swung /sw ŋ/) í noun a to suck sweets when he is driving. 2. sweet food eaten at the end of a meal seat held by two ropes or chains, to sit www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 320 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM switch 320 system symbol / smbəl/ noun a sign, letter, on and move backwards and forwards, symbol usually outdoors She sat on the swing picture or shape which means some- and ate an apple. thing or shows something The crown switch /swtʃ/ noun a small object switch was the symbol of the empire. The ol- which you push up or down to stop or ive branch is a symbol of peace. Pb is start a piece of electrical equipment the chemical symbol for lead. The switch to turn off the electricity is in sympathetic / smpə θetk/ adjective sympathetic the cupboard. There is a light switch showing that you understand someone’s by the bed. í verb 1. to do something problems different suddenly We decided to / smpəθaz/, sympa- sympathise switch from gas to electricity. 2. to sympathise change or exchange something Let’s thize verb to show that you understand switch places. He switched flights in someone’s problems I sympathise Montreal and went on to Calgary. The with you, my husband snores too. I get job was switched from our British facto- back pains, and I sympathise with all ry to the States. fellow sufferers. switch off phrasal verb to make an sympathy / smpəθi/ noun a feeling of sympathy piece of electrical equipment stop understanding for someone else’s prob- Don’t forget to switch off the TV before lems, or after someone’s death We re- you go to bed. She forgot to switch her ceived many messages of sympathy car lights off or switch off her car lights. when my wife died. He had no sympa- The kettle switches itself off automat- thy for his secretary who complained of ically when it boils. being overworked. switch on phrasal verb to make a piece symptom / smptəm/ noun 1. a change symptom of electrical equipment start Can you in the body, showing that a disease is switch the radio on – it’s time for the present He has all the symptoms of evening news. When you put the light flu. 2. a visible sign which shows that on in the bathroom, the fan switches it- something is happening Rubbish eve- self on automatically. swollen / swəυlən/ past participle of rywhere on the pavements is a symptom swollen of the economic crisis facing the bor- swell í adjective much bigger than ough. usual swoop /swu p/ verb to come down synonym / snənm/ noun a word swoop synonym quickly The planes swooped (down) which means almost the same as anoth- low over the enemy camp. er word swop /swɒp/ noun, verb same as swap swop syrup / srəp/ noun a sweet liquid syrup To sword /sɔ d/ noun a weapon with a han- sword make syrup, dissolve sugar in a cup of dle and a long sharp blade boiling water. swore /swɔ / past tense of swear swore system / sstəm/ noun 1. a group of system swum /sw m/ past participle of swim swum things which work together the sys- swung /sw ŋ/ past tense and past parti- swung tem of motorways or the motorway sys- ciple of swing tem the London underground railway syllable / sləb(ə)l/ noun a whole word system 2. a way in which things are or- syllable ganised I’ve got my own system for or part of a word which has one single sound dealing with invoices. This is trial version www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 321 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM T t /ti /, T noun the twentieth letter of the al- 3. to go with someone or something to t another place He’s taking the children phabet, between S and U to school. They took the car to the ga- table / teb(ə)l/ noun 1. a piece of furni- table rage. We took a taxi to the hotel. 4. to ture with a flat top and legs, used to eat steal something Someone’s taken my or work at We had breakfast sitting watch. 5. to go away with something round the kitchen table. He asked for which someone else was using Some- a table by the window. She says she one has taken the newspaper I was read- booked a table for six people for 12.30. ing. Who’s taken my cup of coffee? 6. 2. a list of numbers, facts, or informa- to use or occupy something Sorry, all tion set out in an organised way these seats are taken. 7. to do a test tablecloth / teb(ə)l klɒθ/ noun a cloth tablecloth You must go to bed early because you’ll which covers a table during a meal be taking your exams tomorrow morn- tablet / t blət/ noun a small round pill tablet ing. She had to take her driving test taken as medicine Take two tablets be- three times before she finally passed. 8. fore meals. to accept something If they offer you table tennis / teb(ə)l tens/ noun a the job, take it immediately. 9. to do cer- table tennis tain actions We took our holiday in game similar to tennis, but played on a September this year. She’s taking a large table with a net across the centre, shower after going to the beach. She with small round bats and a very light took a photograph or took a picture of white ball the Tower of London. She needs to tackle / t k(ə)l/ verb 1. to try to deal tackle take a rest. 10. to need a certain amount with a problem or job You can’t tackle of time or number of people It took a job like changing the central heating three strong men to move the piano. system on your own. You start clean- They took two days or it took them two ing the dining room and I’ll tackle the days to get to London. When he wants washing up. 2. (in football, etc.) to try to to watch a TV programme it never seems get the ball from an opposing player to take him long to finish his homework. He was tackled before he could score. í (NOTE: takes – taking – took /tυk/ – noun equipment He brought his fish- taken / tek(ə)n/) ing tackle with him. take away phrasal verb 1. to remove tail /tel/ noun 1. a long thin part at the tail something or someone Take those end of the body of an animal or bird, scissors away from little Nicky – he which can move All you could see was could cut himself. The ambulance a slight movement of the cat’s tail. came and took her away. The police The dog rushed up to him, wagging its took away piles of documents from the tail. 2. an end or back part of something office. 2. to subtract one number from The tail of the queue stretched round another (NOTE: Take away is usually the corner and into the next street. I shown by the sign – : 10 – 4 = 6: say prefer to sit near the tail of the aircraft. ‘ten take away four equals six’.) take /tek/ verb 1. to lift and move some- take take off phrasal verb 1. to remove thing She took the pot of jam down something, especially your clothes He from the shelf. The waiter took the ta- This is trial version took off all his clothes or he took all his blecloth off the table. 2. to carry some- clothes off. Take your dirty boots off thing to another place Can you take before you come into the kitchen. hat this cheque to the bank for me, please? www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 322 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM takeaway 322 tape talkative / tɔ kətv/ adjective liking to talkative 2. to make an amount smaller He took talk a lot, or sometimes too much £25 off the price. 3. (of a plane) to leave tall /tɔ l/ adjective high, usually higher the ground The plane took off at 4.30. tall than normal the tallest building in take over phrasal verb 1. to start to do London Can you see those tall trees something in place of someone else over there? He’s the tallest boy in his Miss Black took over from Mr Jones on class. How tall are you? – I’m 1 metre May 1st. When our history teacher 68 centimetres. His brother is over six was ill, the English teacher had to take feet tall. (NOTE: taller – tallest. Tall is over his classes. The Socialists took used with people and thin things like over from the Conservatives. 2. to buy a trees or skyscrapers; for things which business by buying most of its shares are a long way above the ground use The company was taken over by a big high: high clouds, a high mountain.) group last month. tame /tem/ adjective a tame animal can tame take up phrasal verb 1. to fill a space live with people because it is no longer or time This settee takes up too much wild Don’t be afraid of that fox – he’s room. Being in charge of the staff perfectly tame. sports club takes up too much of my tan /t n/ noun a brownish-yellow colour tan time. 2. to remove something which was of the skin after being in the sun She on a floor or other low surface You got a tan from spending each day on the will need to take up the rugs if you want beach. í verb to get brown from being to polish the floor. in the sun She tans easily – just half an takeaway / tekəwe/ noun a shop takeaway hour in the sun and she’s quite brown. where you can buy cooked food to eat (NOTE: tans – tanning – tanned) somewhere else There’s an Indian tank /t ŋk/ noun 1. a large container for tank takeaway round the corner. We had a Chinese takeaway. í noun, adjective a liquids How much oil is left in the tank? 2. an army vehicle which is cov- hot meal that you buy in a shop and eat ered in strong metal, has tracks instead somewhere else We had a takeaway of wheels and has powerful guns Chinese meal. Tanks rolled along the main streets of taken / tekən/ past participle of take taken the town. tale /tel/ noun a story (literary) A tale tale tap /t p/ noun an object which you turn tap of princesses and wicked fairies. in order to let liquid or gas come out of talent / t lənt/ noun an ability or skill talent a pipe He washed his hands under the tap in the kitchen. í verb to hit some- Her many talents include singing and playing the piano. thing gently She tapped him on the knee with her finger. A policeman talented / t ləntd/ adjective with a lot talented tapped him on the shoulder and arrested of talent him. (NOTE: taps – tapping – tapped) talk /tɔ k/ verb to say things talk I didn’t tape /tep/ noun 1. a long narrow piece of tape understand what he was talking about. cloth or plastic She stitched tape We must talk to the neighbours about along the bottom of the sleeves to stop it their noisy dog – it kept me awake again fraying. 2. magnetic tape special last night. í noun 1. a conversation or a plastic tape on which sounds and pic- discussion We had a little talk, and tures can be recorded, also used for re- she agreed with what the committee had cording computer data í verb 1. to decided. I had a long talk with my fa- record something on tape or on video ther about what I should study at uni- The whole conversation was taped by versity. 2. a lecture about a subject He the police. I didn’t see the programme gave a short talk about the history of the because I was at work, but I’ve taped it. town. This is trial version 2. to attach something with sticky tape talk over phrasal verb to discuss some- She taped up the box before taking it thing to the post office. www.adultpdf.com
Basic.fm Page 323 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM target 323 tear target / tɑ t/ noun 1. an object which two teas and two cakes, please? 3. the target dried leaves of a tropical plant used to you aim at, e.g. with a gun His last make a warm drink We’ve run out of shot missed the target altogether. She tea, can you put it on your shopping hit the target three times in all. 2. some- list? 4. a meal eaten in the late afternoon thing which you intend to achieve or early evening The children have task /tɑ sk/ noun something, especially a task had their tea. piece of work, that has to be done He teach /ti tʃ/ verb to show someone how teach had the unpleasant task of telling his to do something She taught me how to mother about it. dance. He teaches maths in the local taste /test/ noun 1. the sense on your taste school. (NOTE: teaches – teaching – tongue that allows you to be aware of taught /tɔ t/) the flavour of something when you put teacher / ti tʃə/ noun a person who teacher it in your mouth I’ve got a cold, so teaches, especially in a school Mr I’ve lost all sense of taste. 2. a flavour of Jones is our maths teacher. The something that you eat or drink The French teacher is ill today. He trained pudding has a funny or strange taste. as a primary school teacher. pet Do you like the taste of garlic? This teaching / ti tʃŋ/ noun the work of be- milk shake has no taste at all. í verb 1. teaching to notice the taste of something with ing a teacher or of giving lessons The your tongue Can you taste the onions report praised the high standard of in this soup? She’s got a cold so she teaching at the college. He was work- can’t taste anything. 2. to have a certain ing in a bank, but has decided to go into flavour This cake tastes of soap. teaching instead. What is this green stuff? – It tastes like team /ti m/ noun 1. a group of people team cabbage. The pudding tastes very who play a game together There are good. 3. to try food or drink to see if you eleven people in a football team and fif- like it Would you like to taste the teen in a rugby team. He’s a fan of the wine? She asked if she could taste the local football team. Our college team cheese before buying it. played badly last Saturday. 2. a group of tasty / testi/ adjective with a pleasant tasty people who work together They make taste (NOTE: tastier – tastiest) a very effective team. In this job you taught /tɔ t/ past tense and past partici- taught have to be able to work as a member of a team. ple of teach teapot / ti pɒt/ noun a container which tax /t ks/ noun money taken by the gov- teapot tax is used for making tea in ernment to pay for government services tear1 /tə/ noun a drop of salt water The government is planning to intro- tear duce a tax on food. You must pay your which forms in your eye when you cry tax on the correct date. The newspa- Tears were running down her cheeks. per headline says ‘TAXES TO GO UP’. in tears crying All the family were taxi / t ksi/ noun a car which you can taxi in tears. to burst into tears to sud- denly start crying hire with a driver Can you call a taxi tear2 /teə/ verb 1. to make a hole in to take me to the airport? Why aren’t tear there any taxis at the station today? something by pulling He tore his trou- There are no buses on Sunday after- sers climbing over the fence. My coat noons, so we had to take a taxi to the is torn – can it be mended? 2. to pull party. (NOTE: also often called a cab something into small pieces He tore and sometimes taxicab) the letter in half. She tore up old news- tea /ti / noun 1. a drink made from hot tea papers to pack the cups and saucers. (NOTE: tears – tearing – tore /tɔ / – water which has been poured onto the torn /tɔ n/) í noun a place where dried leaves of a tropical plant Can I This is trial version have another cup of tea or some more something has a hole in it from being tea? I don’t like tea – can I have coffee torn Can you mend the tear in my instead? 2. a cup of tea Can we have jeans? www.adultpdf.com

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