Ebook Planning and designing research animal facilities: Part 1

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Part 1 book "Planning and designing research animal facilities" includes content: Goals and objectives for research animal facilities, master planning and animal facility location, a team process from programming to commissioning, the planning, design and construction process, regulatory issues, environmental considerations for research animals, common facility design errors and problems,.... and other contents.

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Planning and Designing Research Animal Facilities
A M E R I C A N C O L L E G E O F L A B O R AT O RY A N I M A L M E D I C I N E S E R I E S Steven H. Weisbroth, Ronald E. Flatt and Alan L. Kraus, eds: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 1974 Joseph E. Wagner and Patrick J. Manning, eds: The Biology of the Guinea Pig, 1976 Edwin J. Andrews, Billy C. Ward and Norman H. Altman, eds: Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Volume 1, 1979; Volume 2, 1980 Henry J. Baker, J. Russell Lindsey and Steven H. Weisbroth, eds: The Laboratory Rat, Volume I: Biology and Diseases, 1979; Volume II: Research Applications, 1980 Henry L Foster, J. David Small and James G. Fox, eds: The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Volume I: History, Genetics and Wild Mice, 1981; Volume II: Diseases, 1982; Volume III: Normative Biology, Immunology and Husbandry, 1983; Volume IV: Experimental Biology and Oncology James G. Fox, Bennett J. Cohen and Franklin M. Loew, eds: Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1984 G. L. Van Hoosier Jr and Charles W. McPherson, eds: Laboratory Hamsters, 1987 Patrick J. Manning, Daniel H. Ringler and Christian E. Newcomer, eds: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, second edition, 1994 B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee and Roy Henrickson, eds: Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, Biology and Management, 1995 Dennis F. Kohn, Sally K. Wixson, William J. White and G. John Benson, eds: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 1997 B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee and Roy Henrickson, eds: Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, Diseases, 1998 James G. Fox, Lynn C. Anderson, Franklin M. Loew and Fred W. Quimby, eds: Laboratory Animal Medicine, second edition, 2002 Mark A. Suckow, Steven H. Weisbroth and Craig L. Franklin, eds: The Laboratory Rat, second edition, 2006 James G. Fox, Stephen W. Barthold, Muriel T. Davisson, Christian E. Newcomer, Fred W. Quimby and Abigail L. Smith, eds: The Mouse in Biomedical Research, second edition, 2007, Volume I: History, Wild Mice, and Genetics; Volume II: Diseases; Volume III: Normative Biology, Husbandry, and Models; Volume IV: Immunology Richard E. Fish, Peggy J. Danneman, Marilyn Brown and Alicia Z. Karas, eds: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, second edition, 2008 Jack R. Hessler and Noel Lehner, eds: Planning and Designing Research Animal Facilities For more information on other titles in the ACLAM series, visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com
PLANNING AND DESIGNING RESEARCH ANIMAL FACILITIES EDITED BY Jack R. Hessler Hessler Consulting, LLC Laytonsville, Maryland USA and Noel D.M. Lehner Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia USA AMSTERDAM ● BOSTON ● HEIDELBERG ● LONDON ● NEW YORK ● OXFORD PARIS ● SAN DIEGO ● SAN FRANCISCO ● SINGAPORE ● SYDNEY ● TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA92101-4495, USA First edition 2009 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent veriﬁcation of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-369517-8 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company (www.macmillansolutions.com) Printed and bound in the United States of America 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 01_P369517_Prelims.indd iv 10/15/2008 6:41:04 PM
Contents Food for Thought vii Chapter 8 Cost 85 List of Contributors ix Larry W. Smith, Carol Orndorff and List of Reviewers xi Noel D.M. Lehner Preface xiii Introduction Section II–Design Concepts and Considerations Jack R. Hessler and Noel D.M. Lehner xv Chapter 9 Circulation 95 Pierre A. Conti and Jack R. Hessler Section I–General Considerations Chapter 10 Functional Adjacencies 107 Chapter 1 Goals and Objectives for Research Jack R. Hessler Animal Facilities 3 Jack R. Hessler and Steven L. Leary Chapter 11 Vivarium Esthetics and Visual Design 109 Chapter 2 Master Planning and Animal Facility Josh S. Meyer and Location 5 J. Erik Mollo-Christensen Michele M. (Smith) Bailey and James Lew Chapter 12 Ergonomic Considerations and Chapter 3 A Team Process from Programming Allergen Management 115 to Commissioning 13 Michael J. Huerkamp, Michael A. Gladle, Robert E. Faith, Mark A. Corey and Michael P. Mottet and Kathy Forde Rachel Nelan Chapter 13 Interstitial Mechanical Space 129 Chapter 4 The Planning, Design and Steven L. Leary and Josh S. Meyer Construction Process 17 John N. Norton and Alex B. Brouwer Chapter 14 Hazard-resistant Building Construction 135 Chapter 5 Pre-occupancy Planning, Commission, Qualiﬁcation and Validation Testing 45 Catherine M. Vogelweid, James B. Hill and Robert A. Shea Michael J. Kuntz and Hilton J. Klein Chapter 6 Regulatory Issues 53 Chapter 15 Animal Isolation Cubicles 151 Harry Rozmiarek Jack R. Hessler and William R. Britz Chapter 7 Environmental Considerations for Chapter 16 Modular Buildings 173 Research Animals 59 Clifford R. Roberts and Robert E. Faith and Michael J. Huerkamp William E. Britz, Jr
vi CONTENTS Chapter 17 Common Facility Design Errors Section IV–Systems and Problems 179 Chapter 27 Introduction to Speciﬁcations: Noel D.M. Lehner and Jack R. Hessler General Considerations and Division 1 379 Section III–Facility Design James F. Riley, Mark E. Fitzgerald and Noel D.M. Lehner A: General Chapter 28 Structure 385 Chapter 18 Animal Care and Administration Space 187 Mark A. Corey, John O. Bauch, Tom E. Gatzke and Robert E. Faith Robert E. Faith, Mark A. Corey and Rachel Nelan Chapter 29 Doors and Hardware: Practical Choices 389 Chapter 19 Animal-use Space 203 J. Erik Mollo-Christensen Herod Howard and Yvonne K. Foucher Chapter 30 Finish Decisions 397 B: Species-speciﬁc Housing Space Ned Leverage and Clifford R. Roberts Chapter 20 Rodent Facilities and Caging Chapter 31 Special Fixed Equipment for Systems 265 Research Animal Facilities 409 Neil S. Lipman Hilton J. Klein, Michael J. Kuntz and Jack R. Hessler Chapter 21 Facilities for Non-human Primates 289 Rudolf P. (Skip) Bohm Jr and E. Scott Chapter 32 Plumbing: Special Considerations 425 Kreitlein Robert C. Dysko, Michael J. Huerkamp, Karl E. Yrjanainen, Stacey Smart, Chapter 22 Facilities for Dogs, Swine, Sheep, Robert Curran, Carrie J. Maute and Goats and Miscellaneous Species 313 Wesley D. Thompson Donald B. Casebolt Chapter 33 Electrical: Special Considerations 455 Chapter 23 Aquatic Facilities 323 Jack R. Hessler Helen E. Diggs and John M. Parker Chapter 34 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC): Special C: Special Facilities Considerations 461 Chapter 24 Barrier Housing for Rodents 335 Jack R. Hessler and Daniel P. Frasier Jack R. Hessler Chapter 35 Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Chapter 25 Biohazards: Safety Practices, (CFD) in Laboratory Animal Operations and Containment Facilities 479 Facilities 347 Scott D. Reynolds Noel D.M. Lehner, Jonathan T. Crane, Michael P. Mottet and Mark E. Fitzgerald Index 489 Chapter 26 Quarantine Facilities and Operations 365 Michael J. Huerkamp and Jennifer K. Pullium
Food for Thought In the ﬁrst, and until this book, only comprehensive book The following echoes Ruskin’s sentiment: on the subject of planning laboratory animal facilities edited Cheap is not necessarily inexpensive and all too frequently it is not. by Theodorus Ruys and published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1991, Ted included the following quotation that the editors Also relevant to planning and designing research animal of this book consider worth repeating: facilities is the following sentiment: It’s unwise to pay too much … but it’s worse to pay too little. When If a poor design makes a routine task difﬁcult to do, it will not be done you pay too much, you lose a little money … that is all. When you pay routinely and certainly will not be done efﬁciently. too little, you sometimes lose everything, because the thing you bought Jack R. Hessler was incapable of doing the thing it was bought to do. The common law Noel D. M. Lehner of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot … it can’t be done. If you deal with the lowest bidder it is well to add something for the risk you run. And if you do that, you will have enough to pay for something better. John Ruskin vii
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List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin. MICHELE M. BAILEY (5), Research Animal Resources, MARK E. FITZGERALD (347, 379), CUH2A, Inc., Atlanta, Laboratory Animal Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, Georgia 30361-6316. New York 14853-6401. KATHY FORDE (115), Senior Physical Therapist, Atlanta, JOHN O. BAUCH (385), Flad Architects, Madison, Wisconsin Georgia 30341. 53711. YVONNE K. FOUCHER (203), Research Animal Facility RUDOLF P. BOHM JR (289), Tulane Regional Primate Research Consultant, Tucson, Arizona 85718. Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433. DANIEL P. FRASIER (461), Cornerstone Commissioning, Inc., WILLIAM E. BRITZ JR (173), Britz & Company, Wheatland, Boxford, Massachusetts 01921-0911. Wyoming 82201. TOM E. GATZKE (385), Flad Architects, Madison, Wisconsin WILLIAM R. BRITZ (151), Britz & Company, Wheatland, 53711. Wyoming 82201. MICHAEL A. GLADLE (115), Environmental Health and Safety ALEX B. BROUWER (17), EwingCole, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ofﬁce, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346. 19106-1590. JACK R. HESSLER (3, 95, 107, 151, 179, 335, 409, 455, 461), DONALD B. CASEBOLT (313), Department of Animal Resources, Hessler Consulting, LLC, Laytonsville, Maryland, 20882. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033. JAMES B. HILL (135), BSA Lifestructures, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana 46240. PIERRE A. CONTI (95), Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Flourtown, Pennsylvania 19031-1908. HEROD L. HOWARD (203), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037. MARK A. COREY (13, 187, 385), Flad Architects, Madison, Wisconsin 53711. MICHAEL J. HUERKAMP (59, 115, 365, 425), Division of Animal JONATHAN T. CRANE (347), CUH2A, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia Resources, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322. 30361-6316. HILTON J. KLEIN JR (45, 409), Department of Laboratory ROBERT CURRAN (425), Edstrom Industries, Inc., Waterford, Animal Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Wisconsin 53185. Pennsylvania 19486. HELEN E. DIGGS (323), Ofﬁce of Laboratory Animal Care, E. SCOTT KREITLEIN (289), CUH2A, Atlanta, Georgia University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 30361-6316. 94720-7150. MICHAEL J. KUNTZ (45, 409), Department of Laboratory ROBERT C. DYSKO (425), Unit for Laboratory Animal Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Co. Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486. 48109. STEVEN L. LEARY (3, 129), Veterinary Affairs, Division of ROBERT E. FAITH (13, 59, 187, 385), Animal Resource Center, Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226. Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110. ix
x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS NOEL D. M. LEHNER (85, 179, 347, 379), School of Medicine, JENNIFER K. PULLIUM (365), Center for Comparative Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. and Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029. NED LEVERAGE (397), Seamless Technologies, Inc., Chestertown, Maryland 21620. SCOTT D. REYNOLDS (479), The CAES Group, Syracuse, New York 13202. JAMES LEW (5), Life Sciences, Morrison Hershﬁeld Limited, Toronto, Ontario M2J 1T1 Canada. JAMES F. RILEY (379), CUH2A, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia 30361-6316. NEIL S. LIPMAN (265), Research Animal Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, CC&CUMC, New York, New York 10021. CLIFFORD R. ROBERTS (173, 397), Laboratory Animal Resources Center, University of California, San Francisco, CARRIE J. MAUTE (425), Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0564. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. JOSH S. MEYER (109, 129), GPR Planners Collaborative, Inc., HARRY ROZMIAREK (53), University of Pennsylvania, Fox Chase Tarrytown, New York 10591. Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19151. J. ERIK MOLLO-CHRISTENSEN (109, 389), Tsoi/Kobus & ROBERT A. SHEA (135), BSA Lifestructures, Inc., Indianapolis, Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Indiana 46240. MICHAEL P. MOTTET (115, 347), CUH2A, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia STACEY SMART (425), Edstrom Industries, Inc., Waterford, 30361-6316. Wisconsin 53185. RACHEL NELAN (13, 187), Flad Architects, Madison, Wisconsin LARRY W. SMITH (85), Boyken International, Inc., Atlanta, 53711. Georgia 30350. JOHN N. NORTON (17), Division of Laboratory Animal WESLEY D. THOMPSON (425), Division of Animal Resources, Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. North Carolina 27710. CATHERINE M. VOGELWEID (135), Department of Veterinary CAROL ORNDORFF (85), Business Development, Boyken Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri International, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia 30350. 65211-5130. JOHN M. PARKER (323), University of California, Berkeley, KARL E. YRJANAINEN (425), CUH2A, Inc., Princeton, New Berkeley, California 94720-7150. Jersey 08540.
List of Reviewers August H. Battles University of Florida Robert T. Dauchy Bassett Research Institute Lonny W. Dixon University of Missouri Stephen Kelley University of Washington, Regional Primate Research Center Cheryl, Lades Marc Mitalski PREPA.R.E, Inc. J. David Small Laboratory Animal Consultant Michael K. Stoskopf North Carolina State University Gerald L.Van Hoosier Jr University of Washington xi
Preface The American College of Laboratory Medicine, from its requirements while, hopefully, stimulating the creative proc- beginning, has had goals to advance knowledge and education ess in which designers in consultation with those who work in laboratory animal science and medicine. The College con- in research animal facilities generate even better ideas. That is tinues this mission with the publication of this book, Planning how progress has been made and will continue to be so. and Designing Research Animal Facilities. This requires in-depth knowledge and understanding of all This is a timely subject, as we are in the midst of a biologi- aspects of animal research facilities, architectural, engineer- cal revolution. Research institutions have built, expanded and ing, construction and programmatic requirements. Such a renovated animal research facilities, or are planning to do so, broad range of knowledge and experience requires a team of to keep up with the demands of biomedical research caused in individuals. Information in this book is intended to facilitate part by growth in the use of genetically altered rodents and the communication between the various disciplines, provide con- upsurge of research in infectious diseases. temporary information, and stimulate creativity that will help Planning and designing any facility is a creative proc- lead to wise decisions and advance the knowledge base for ess, and animal research facilities are certainly no exception. planning, design and constructing research animal facilities. There are multiple solutions to address the myriad of factors We are indebted to the authors who contributed their knowl- that inﬂuence the design and construction of research animal edge and experience that has made this book possible. We also facilities. There is no “best” design applicable for all facilities, wish to thank the many reviewers whose efforts have made the and arguably not even a single “best” design for a given facil- book a better one. ity. For this reason, this is not intended to be a “how-to” book. The goal is to cover the basic programmatic requirements of JACK R. HESSLER animal research facilities, providing ideas for meeting those NOEL D. M. LEHNER xiii
Introduction Jack R. Hessler and Noel D.M. Lehner The primary focus of all animal research facility planning management-based categories is not universally deﬁned. The and design must be on controlling variables in the research following deﬁnes the terminology most commonly used today animal’s environment. Environmental factors may affect bio- and employed in this book: logical responses to experimental variables, potentially con- ● conventional – standard housing systems for laboratory founding experimental data and results (Faith and Hessler, animals that do not offer the added level of control pro- 2006; see also Chapter 7 in this book). There are many fac- vided by barrier and containment systems; tors that must be considered, including genetic, microbial, ● containment (keep in) – animal housing systems designed chemical and physical factors. Control of genetic variables is and managed to contain experimental or naturally occur- primarily a matter of biology, but control of other variables ring biological, chemical or radiation hazards in order to is dependent to a signiﬁcant degree on the design and man- protect people, other animals, and the environment out- agement of the research animal facility. Properly designed side the containment area; facilities greatly facilitate the effective management and high ● barrier (keep out) – animal housing systems designed quality day-to-day animal care that is required to optimally and managed to protect the animals from undesirable support animal research and testing. Precisely what control- microbes coming from outside the barrier; ling the research animal’s environment means has been, and ● germ-free – this is a highly specialized animal hous- will continue to be, an evolving process driven primarily by ing system managed to keep animals free of microbial increasing levels of scientiﬁc knowledge and sophistication. agents; it is primarily an equipment-based technology, Improvement in the quality of the animal environment must go and is not covered in this book. well beyond that required to assure the animal’s well-being to keep pace with the advances of science. The last and only comprehensive book dedicated to the sub- There are three basic categories of animal research facili- ject of planning and designing animal research facilities was ties, based on the primary activity they support: (1) commer- edited by Theodorus Ruys in 1991. Since then there have been cial animal production of research animals, (2) safety and book chapters written on animal facility planning and design toxicity testing, and (3) biomedical research and development. for laboratory animal science and medicine books, the most Each has unique programmatic requirements, but all have recent of which include Hessler and Höglund (2002), Hessler many common requirements. Much of the information pro- and Leary (2002) and Lipman (2007), and a review of the vided in this book is applicable to all three, but focuses prima- progress made in research animal facilities and equipment dur- rily on biomedical research and development facilities. ing the latter half of the twentieth century in a book published Terminology to deﬁne animal housing space generally falls to celebrate the ﬁftieth anniversary of the American Association into three categories: (1) species based – e.g., rodent housing, of Laboratory Animal Science (Hessler, 1999). In addition, primate housing, canine/large animal housing, etc.; (2) use there have been other publications by governmental organi- based – e.g., quarantine, postoperative care, etc.; and (3) man- zations (Veterans Administration, 1993; CCAC, 2003; NIH, agement based – e.g., conventional, containment, barrier, and 2003) and numerous journal articles on the subject of animal germ free. Terminology with regard to species- and use-based facility design, including an entire issue of Lab Animal (Schub categories is self-evident, but the terminology used for the et al., 2001) and numerous articles in Animal Lab News. PLANNING AND DESIGNING RESEARCH ANIMAL FACILITIES Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. xv
xvi INTRODUCTION REFERENCES Hoosier (eds), Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, 2nd edn.Vol. 1. London: CRC Press, pp. 127–172. Animal Lab News. (2002–current). Journal published bi-monthly by Vicon Hessler, J. R. and Leary, S. L. (2002). Design and management of animal Publishing, Inc, Amherst, NH. facilities. In: J. Fox and F. Lowe (eds), Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd CCAC (2003). Guidelines on: Laboratory Animal Facilities – Characteristics, edn. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 907–953. Design and Development. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Council on Animal Care. Lipman, N. S. (2007). Design and management of research facilities for mice. Chosewood, L. C. and Wilson, D. E. (eds) (2007). Biosafety in Microbiological In: J. G. Fox, S. W. Barthold, M. T. Davisson et al. (eds), 2nd edn. London: and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th edn. Washington, DC: DHS-CDC and NIH. Elsevier, pp. 271–319. Faith, R. E. and Hessler, J. R. (2006). Housing and environment. In: NIH (2003). Design Policy and Guidelines; Vol. 3, Animal Research Facilities. M. A. Suckow, S. H. Weisbroth, C. L. Franklin (eds), The Laboratory Rat, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health Ofﬁce of Research Facilities 2nd edn. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc., pp. 304–337. (available at http://orf.od.nih.gov/PoliciesAndGuidelines/DesignPolicy). Hessler, J. R. (1999). The history of environmental improvements in labora- Ruys, T. (ed.) (1991). Handbook of Facilities Planning, Vol. 2, Laboratory tory animal science: caging systems, equipment, and facility design. In: Animal Facilities. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 308–320. C. McPherson and S. Mattingly (eds), Fifty Years of Laboratory Animal Schub, T., Schulhof, J. (eds) and Shalev, M. (Issue Advisor) (2001). Facility Science. Memphis, TN: American Association for Laboratory Animal design and planning. Lab. Anim., Fall (Suppl.), pp. 9–56. Science, pp. 92–120. Veterans Administration (1993). Veterinary Medical Unit (VMU) VA Design Hessler, J. R. and Höglund, H. (2002). Laboratory animal facilities and equip- Guide. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health ment for conventional, barrier, and containment housing systems, Selection Administration, Ofﬁce of Construction Management, Ofﬁce of Architecture and Handling of Animals in Biomedical Research. In: J. Hau and G. Van and Engineering Standards Service.
Section I General Considerations