Economic analysis of urban water demand management in Hanoi, Vietnam

For many countries in the world, the shift from water supply management (WSM) to water demand management (WDM) plays an important role in management of water resources which was already increasingly scarce. Tradditional WSM approach has exposed many limitations such as: high costs, wastefulness, water loss, thus they put a lot of pressure on scare fresh water resources, affect the ecosystem, make increasing water demand become more passive.