Extracorporeal shockwave therapy enhances expression of Pdia-3 which is a key factor of the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 rapid membrane signaling pathway in treatment of early osteoarthritis of the knee

The goal of our research was demonstrated that multiple molecules in microenvironments of the early osteoarthritis (OA) joint tissue may be actively responded to extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) treatment, which potentially regulated biological function of chondrocytes and synovial cells in early OA knee.