YOMEDIA
ADSENSE
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 8
Thêm vào BST
Báo xấu
295
lượt xem 87
download
lượt xem 87
download
Download
Vui lòng tải xuống để xem tài liệu đầy đủ
Dịch bệnh của cây trồng I. Định nghĩa dịch bệnh của cây trồng Một bệnh của cây trồng trở thành dịch khi bệnh ấy bộc phát và lan tràn mau lẹ, gây thiệt hại trầm trọng trên diện tích rộng lớn. Dịch bệnh học của cây trồng là môn học chuyên nghiện cứu các yếu tố bên trong cũng như bên ngoài cây trồng, góp phần tạo thành dịch bệnh
AMBIENT/
Chủ đề:
Bình luận(0) Đăng nhập để gửi bình luận!
Lưu
Nội dung Text: Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 8
- ® ¹i ®¹i häc cÇn th¬ - khoa n«ng nghiÖp gi¸o tr×nh gi¶ng d¹y trùc tuyÕn ÄQJ 7S &¡Q 7K 7HO )D[ :HEVLWH KWWS ZZZFWXHGXYQNQQ HPDLO GPLQK#FWXHGXYQ YWDQK#FWXHGXYQ Gi¸o tr×nh C¸c nguyªn lý vÒ bÖnh h¹i c©y trång Ch−¬ng 8 dÞch bÖnh cña c©y trång Biªn so¹n bëi PGs. Ph¹m V¨n Kim Bé m«n B¶o VÖ Thùc VËt Khoa N«ng NghiÖp §¹i Häc CÇn Th¬
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ &+ml1* '&+ %¥½1+ &8¯$ &£< 75¦¸1* , ir1+ 1*+p$ 'r&+ %j1+ &8t$ &h< 75k|1* 0W E QK FXD F\ WUQJ WU WKDQK GFK NKL E QK \ EF SKDW YD ODQ WUDQ PDX OH J\ WKL W KDL WUP WURQJ WU Q GL Q WFK UQJ OQ 'FK E QK KRF FXD F\ WUQJ OD PQ KRF FKX\ Q QJKL Q FX FDF \ X W E Q WURQJ FXQJ QK E Q QJRDL F\ WUQJ JRS SKQ WDR WKDQK GFK E QK WP EL Q SKDS G EDR QJQ QJD YD FK QJ QR ,, ',j}1 %,j1 &8t$ 0k7 75h1 'r&+ %j1+ &8t$ &h< 75k|1* &ÈÇÎQJ ÄÆÞ FXÏD EÅÝQK 7KL JLDQ J J J *KL FKX J JLDL RDQ WL P GXF J JLDL RDQ KRDQK KDQK J JLDL RDQ OQJ GX +QK 6 EL X GL Q ED JLDL RDQ FXD PW WUQ GFK E QK FXD F\ WUQJ
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ 0W WUQ GFK E QK FXD F\ WUQJ OXQ OXQ GL Q EL Q WKHR JLDL RDQ +QK D *LDL RDQ WL P GXF i\ OD JLDL RDQ X FXD WUQ GFK /XF Q\ PP E QK W QL OX WQ FR GDL N\ FKX SKX N\ FKX WUXQJ JLDQ W D SKDW WDQ WL S [XF YD [P QKS YDR N\ FKX YD QKQ PW V O Q FKXQ E FKR JLDL RDQ KRDQK KDQK VDX R *LDL RDQ WL P GXF FXD GFK E QK UW NKR QKQ UD Y E QK ODQ UD FKP QK EQK WKQJ 7X\ QKL Q Q X FR WKHR GRL PW V FXD PP E QK WURQJ NKX YF VH WK\ FR V JLD WQJ PW V WX\ FKP QKQJ FDQJ QJD\ FDQJ JLD WQJ 9D PW V FXD PP E QK VH DW Q QJQJ EDR QJ YDR FXL JLDL RDQ Q\ E *LDL RDQ KRDQK KDQK 7L S WKHR VDX JLDL RDQ WL P GXF OD JLDL RDQ KRDQK KDQK i\ OD OXF PD PP E QK WFK OX\ X PW V E QK EF SKDW G GL 'FK E QK ODQ WUDQ PDX OH YD WDQ SKD PXD PDQJ PW FDFK WUP WURQJ 7URQJ JLDL RDQ Q\ KRD PDX WU Q Q YDQJ FKD\ UL FK W GQ 1QJ VXW E VXW JLDP QJKL P WURQJ GR V WDQ SKD FXD JLDL RDQ Q\ .KL GFK E QK D WL Q O Q Q FDR L P WK EW X JLDP [XQJ YD FKX\ Q VDQJ JLDL RDQ WK ED F *LDL RDQ OQJ GX 6DX NKL O Q Q FDR L P GFK E QK FKX\ Q VDQJ JLDL RDQ OQJ GX lt JLDL RDQ Q\ GFK E QK FKQJ ODL NKQJ WL S WXF ODQ WUDQ QD YD JLDP PF J\ WKL W KDL FKR F\ WUQJ 'FK E QK FKX\ Q VDQJ JLDL RDQ OQJ GX GR FDF QJX\ Q QKQ VDX \ FR WK GR SKQ OQ KRD PDX D E WDQ SKD PP E QK NKQJ FRQ X WKF Q Q Q SKDL L YDR OQJ GX &XQJ FR WK GR WKL WL W FR WKD\ L NKQJ FRQ WKFK KS FKR V SKDW WUL Q FXD PP E QK QD &XQJ FR WK GR QQJ JLD D SKXQ WKXF QJ ORDW WU KRF QJQ QJD E QK PP E QK E WL X GL W EW TXD QKL X PW V JLDP WKS Q Q GFK E QK NKQJ FRQ F KL KRDQK KDQK QD PD SKDL FKX\ Q VDQJ OQJ GX
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ 7URQJ JLDL RDQ Q\ PP E QK FKX\ Q W WQK WUDQJ KRDW QJ WFK FF VDQJ OX WQ FK F KL VDX R ,,, &$v&
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ FDQJ ODQK V EDR W QJ F VLQK UD FDQJ QKL X WK GX QKL W 4 & PL EDR W VH FKR UD EDR W QJ YD PL EDR W QJ FR NKD QQJ [P QKL P YD FKR UD PW Y W E QK 1K WK PL EDR W FR NKD QQJ FKR UD Q Y W E QK &RQ NKL QKL W [XQJ Q 4 & WK PL EDR W FR NKD QQJ Q\ PP FKR UD Q EDR W QJ WF OD FR NKD QQJ WDR UD Q Y W E QK WKD\ Y Y W 1K Y\ WURQJ L X NL Q ODQK E QK VH O\ ODQ YD EF SKDW UW QKDQK 0W V PP E QK WKFK QKL W FDR YD FK J\ KDL WUP WURQJ YXQJ QRQJ 7K GX 9L NKXQ 3VHXGRPRQDV VRODQDFHDUXP WKQJ J\ WKDQK FDF GFK E QK KHR UX FKR FD W YXQJ QRQJ P YD P W 7URQJ NKL R YXQJ ODQK YL NKXQ Q\ W J\ KDL KQ E h~P FXD NKQJ NK YD P FXD W +DL \ X W Q\ FXQJ FR DQK KQJ UW TXDQ WURQJ O Q GFK E QK Y OD L X NL Q FQ WKL W FKR PP E QK VLQK VDQ QKDQK YD [P QKL P YDR F\ +X K W FDF PP E QK L X FQ P FDR SKDW WUL Q 'R R QKQJ QJD\ FR VQJ PX GD\ P KRF PD QKH QKQJ NHR GDL FXQJ WDR L X NL Q WW FKR V SKDW WUL Q FXD PP E QK YD OD FDF L X NL Q UW FQ WKL W FDF GFK E QK WQJ QJ EF SKDW 7K GX 'FK E QK FKD\ OD OXD 3\ULFXODULD RU\]DH i%6&/ WKQJ [D\ UD YDR FDF WKDQJ FR VQJ PX Y P WKDQJ YD GO KQJ QP % QK WKXL QKXQ FDL ES GR YL NKXQ (UZLQLD FDURWRYRUD FK J\ WKDQK GFK E QK WURQJ PXD PD P W 7URQJ NKL R Q X WUQJ FDL ES WURQJ PXD NK E QK Q\ KX QK NKQJ [D\ UD &XQJ FR WUQJ KS PD OL Q WXF QKL X QJD\ FKQJ QKQJ WDR L X NL Q WKXQ OL FKR V SKDW WUL Q FXD PP E QK PD FRQ WDR L X NL Q XQJ WDP WKL FKR E U FXD FDF ORDL F\ WUQJ FDQ QKW OD QKQJ YXQJ W VHW QQJ NKR WKRDW QF i\ OD L X NL Q WKXQ OL FKR PW V E QK WURQJ W VRLOERUQH GLVHDVHV SKDW VLQK WKDQK GFK 7K GX % QK FK W UX G\ WL X YDR FXL PXD PD FDF WQK i%6&/ GR QP )XVDULXP VRODQL J\ UD 9DR FDF WKDQJ YD GQJ OFK GR DQK KQJ FXD FDF WUQ EDR FXL PXD [D\ UD JQ QKDX WUL PD WP WD [X\ Q VXW QKL X WXQ O ODL WK P PF QF VQJ &X /RQJ GQJ FDR QKW WURQJ QP iW FXD YXQJ WKQJ FR WKDQK SKQ OD VHW QQJ NKR WKRDW QF 1QJ GQ WKQJ UW W ERQ QKL X SKQ FKXQJ
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ FKR WL X PD FK YXQ W FDR O Q WUQJ YD FK ERQ SKQ KRD KRF &DF L X NL Q Q\ D Q KX TXD OD W E EDR KRD QF OL Q WXF QKL X QJD\ E U WL X E XQJ WKL GQ 1P )XVDULXP VRODQL SKDW WUL Q WL S WKHR YD ODP G\ WL X FK W Y E QK KHR UX KQJ ORDW &R QKQJ YQ E WKL W KDL Q 7UDQJ 7ÈÏQJ %ÆÞ PÆQ %DÏR 9ÅÝ 7KÈÝF 9ÃÝW 7UÈÇÎQJ ¤DÝL +RÞF &ÃØQ 7KÇ ODÎP WKÌ QJKLÅÝP VDX ÄÃ\ ÄÅÚ FKÈÑQJ PLQK ÄLÅØX NLÅÝQ EDÏR KRÎD QÈÇÑF OÃX GDÎL ODÎ \ÅÜX WÆÜ JLXÑS SKDÑW VLQK GÍFK EÅÝQK KHÑR UXÐ FXÏD GÃ\ WLÅX WDÝL ¤%6&/ ¤ÃÜW ÇÏ YÈÇÎQ WLÅX WDÝL &ÃØQ 7KÇ ÄÈÇÞF SKÇL NKÆ ÄÃÝS QKX\ÅÛQ YDÎ WKDQK WUXÎQJ YÇÑL QKLÅÝW NKÆ ÇÏ 4 & WURQJ JLÇÎ ¤ÃÜW ÄÈÇÞF YÆ FKÃÝX ÄÆØQJ ÄÅØX QKDX 'Ã\ WLÅX QRQ FXÎQJ ÄÆÞ WXÆÚL ÄÈÇÞF WUÆØQJ WURQJ FKÃÝX QÃØ\ YDÎ ÄÈÇÞF FKÂP VRÑF WKHR EÉQK WKÈÇÎQJ NKÆQJ ERÑQ SKÃQ FKXÆØQJ FKÊ ERÑQ SKÃQ KRÑD KRÞF 7URQJ KDL WKDÑQJ ÄÃØX GÃ\ WLÅX SKDÑW WULÅÚQ WÆÜW YDÎ ÄÆØQJ ÄÅØX QKDX 6DX KDL WKDÑQJ FDÑF FKÃÝX WLÅX ÄÈÇÞF FKLD ODÎP EÆÜQ QKRÑP FKR EÆÜQ QJKLÅÝP WKÈÑF PÆÛL QJKLÅÝP WKÈÑF FRÑ FKÃÝX &DÑF QJKLÅÝP WKÈÑF QKÈ VDX 1JKLÅÝP WKÈÑF 7ÈÇÑL KX\ÅØQ SKXÎ FKÈÑD EDÎR WÈÏ QÃÜP )XVDULXP VRODQL YÇÑL PÃÝW VÆÜ EDÎR WÈÏ FKÃÝX VDX ÄRÑ WÈÇÑL WKÃÝW ÄÃÛP FKR ÄÃÜW EDÐR KRÎD QÈÇÑF YDÎ JLÈÐ WÉQK WUDÝQJ QÃØ\ VXÆÜW WKÌ QJKLÅÝP EÌW NÌQ FDÑF OÆÚ ÇÏ ÄDÑ\ FKÃÝX ODÝL WÈÇÑL QÈÇÑF OÃÜS [ÃÜS ÄÃÜW WURQJ FKÃÝX QJDÎ\ WÈÇÑL OÃØQ 1JKLÅÝP WKÈÑF 7ÈÇÑL KX\ÅØQ SKXÎ FKÈÑD EDÎR WÈÏ QÃÜP )XVDULXP VRODQL YÇÑL PÃÝW VÆÜ EDÎR WÈÏ FKÃÝX FKÊ WÈÇÑL QÈÇÑF ÄXÐ ÃÛP FKR GÃ\ WLÅX SKDÑW WULÅÚQ WÆÜW FRÑ OÆÚ WKÆQJ ÇÏ ÄDÑ\ FKÃÝX 1JKLÅÝP WKÈÑF .KÆQJ WLÅP FKXÏQJ QÃÜP EÅÝQK WÈÇÑL QÈÇÑF WKÃÝW ÄÃÛP FKR ÄÃÜW EÍ EDÐR KRÎD QÈÇÑF OLÅQ WXÝF VXÆÜW WKÌ QJKLÅÝP %ÍW NÌQ ÄDÑ\ FKÃÝX QKÈ ÇÏ QJKLÅÝP WKÈÑF 1JKLÅÝP WKÈÑF .KÆQJ WLÅP FKXÏQJ QÃÜP EÅÝQK YDÎ FKÊ WÈÇÑL QÈÇÑF YÈÎD ÄXÐ FKR QKX FÃØX FXÏD GÃ\ WLÅX ÄDÑ\ FKÃÝX FRÑ OÆÚ WKÆQJ 6DX PÆÞW WKDÑQJ NÅÜW TXDÏ QKÈ VDX 1JKLÅÝP WKÈÑF 6ÆÜ GÃ\ WLÅX 6ÈÝ KLÅÝQ GLÅÝQ 6ÆÜ GÃ\ WLÅX FKÅÜW FXÏD ) VRODQL PRÞF WÆÜW 17 ) XÑQJ − 17 ) XÑQJ− − 17 )− XÑQJ − 17 )− XÑQJ− &RÑ UÃÜW QKLÅØX EDÎR WÈÏ FXÏD QÃÜP ) VRODQL ÇÏ UÅÚ GÃ\ WLÅX WKÆÜL FKÅÜW − .KÆQJ FRÑ UÅÚ WKÆÜL . W TXD FXD WK QJKL P Q\ FKQJ PLQK WQK WUDQJ EDR KRD QF OX GDL OD L X NL Q FQ WKL W FKR V SKDW VLQK YD SKDW WUL Q FXD GFK E QK KHR UX G\ WL X
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿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t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iW i%6&/ OD ORDL W FKXD QKL X KRF W Q Q UW WKFK KS FKR V SKDW WUL Q FXD QP YL NKXQ YD FD WX\ Q WUXQJ WURQJ W 9L F ERQ YL D S+ FXD W O Q JQ YL WUXQJ KRD VH JRS SKQ KDQ FK FDF GFK E QK WURQJ W G $tQK KQJ FXD DQK VDQJ &QJ FXD DQK VDQJ FR DQK KQJ O Q PW V E QK FXD F\ WUQJ 7K GX % QK YDQJ OD OXD WKQJ SKDW WUL Q UW QQJ QKQJ NKX YF E WDQ F\ FKH NKXW WURQJ NKL R FDF NKX YF NKQJ E WDQ F\ FKH WURQJ FXQJ PDQK UXQJ FK PF E QK QKH WKL &D FKXD WUQJ QL UP PDW FXQJ E E QK KHR UX GR QP )XVDULXP R[\VSRULXP IVS O\FRSHUVLFL J\ KDL QQJ KQ VR YL FD WUQJ QL NKQJ E FKH US
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ 7KL JLDQ FKL X VDQJ WURQJ QJD\ GDL KD\ QJQ FXQJ FR DQK KQJ Q E QK F\ 7K GX L X NL Q QJD\ GDL YD WUL WURQJ WKQJ F FK V SKDW WUL Q FXD E QK KHR UX FD FKXD GR QP ) R[\VSRULXP IVS O\FRSHUVLFL YD E QK P OD FD FKXD GR QP &ODGRVSRULXP IXOYXP 'R R KDL E QK Q\ WKQJ [D\ UD WURQJ PXD PD OXF QJD\ QJQ GQ YD EX WUL WKQJ E P\ FKH H $t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lt i%6&/ E QK YDQJ OD OXD FXQJ SKDW WUL Q QQJ KQ UR U W FDF Y W UXQJ E FKH US GR ERQJ F\ J\ UD J $tQK KQJ FXD WDQ F\ 7DQ F\ FR YDL WUR WURQJ YL F ODP FKR P WQJ L E Q GL WDQ F\ FDR KQ 7DQ F\ JLDS WDQ YL QKDX VH FKH SKX E Q GL DQK QQJ NKQJ WK Q F E Q GL JLR FXQJ NKQJ ORW F YDR E Q GL WDR UD PW YL NK KX UW P W iL X NL Q P W Q\ UW WKXQ OL FKR V SKDW WUL Q FXD QKL X ORDL E QK KDL 9L F JLHR WUQJ F\ YL PW TXD G\ JLXS FKR F\ VP JLDS WDQ YL QKDX YD QK WK FKXQJ WD WDR L X NL Q WKXQ OL FKR E QK SKDW VLQK YD SKDW WUL Q VP E QK FR QKL X WKL JLDQ KQ QKQ PW V O Q YD W R GFK E QK G EF SKDW KQ K $tQK KQJ FXD QQJ R[\ YD NK FDUERQLF 7 O JLD QQJ R[\ YD QQJ NK FDUERQLF E Q WU Q W WKQJ W EL Q QJ YD W FR DQK KQJ O Q GFK E QK 7URQJ NKL R QQJ FXD KDL NK Q\ WURQJ W UW EL Q QJ YD FR DQK KQJ Q V SKDW VLQK YD SKDW WUL Q FXD PW V E QK 2[\ FR PW WURQJ FDF PDR TXDQ FXD W WKRDQJ NK YD F U F\ YD YL VLQK YW V GXQJ iQJ WKL U F\ YD NK FDUERQLF F U F\ YD YL VLQK YW SKRQJ WKFK UD YD NKX\ FK WDQ WURQJ FDF PDR TXDQ FXD W 6 WKRDQJ NK FXD W WX\ WKXF YDR ORDL W FX WUXF P FXD W YD WKF YW VQJ WU Q W \ 1QJ R[\ WURQJ
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿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iL YL PW V WX\ Q WUXQJ WQK WUDQJ W WKRDQJ NK WF QQJ R[\ W GR WURQJ W FDR VH JLXS WX\ Q WUXQJ GL QJ KQ YD QKQ PW V QKDQK KQ 7URQJ NKL R L X NL Q QQJ NK &2 FDR VH ODP JLDP WQK GL QJ FXD WX\ Q WUXQJ QJ WKL F FK V QKQ PW V FXD FKXQJ 7KQJ WK FKXQJ NKQJ FK W PD WU Q Q EW QJ GR FDF WL Q WUQK VLQK O\ FXD FKXQJ QJQJ ODL hX WUXQJ WK NKQJ WK V GXQJ FDF FKW EHR G WU FXD PQK Q Q FXQJ NKQJ KRDW QJ F 7K GX WX\ Q WUXQJ 0HORLGRJ\QH VS J\ E QK EX U OXD 7QK WUDQJ NK &2 FDR Q\ FR WK ODP NHR GDL V OX WQ FXD WX\ Q WUXQJ 7X\ QKL Q FXQJ FR WUQJ KS FKXQJ VH FK W VP VDX PW WKL JLDQ QJQ FKX QJ 7K GX WX\ Q WUXQJ 'LW\OHQFKXV GLSVDFL VH FK W VDX JL WURQJ L X NL Q QQJ &2 FDR L $tQK KQJ FXD FDF QKRP VLQK YW NKDF
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ &KXQJ TXDQK PP E QK FRQ FR UW QKL X QKRP VLQK YW NKDF FXQJ VQJ FKXQJ 0L QKRP VLQK YW Q\ WURQJ TXD WUQK VQJ FXD PQK FQ KS WKX PW V FKW FQ WKL W QJ WKL ODL WKDL UD E Q QJRDL PW V FKW &DF FKW Q\ FR WK OD QKQJ FKW NKQJ DQK KQJ J O Q PP E QK QKQJ FXQJ FR WK J\ KDL FKR TXD WUQK SKDW WUL Q FXD PP E QK YD FXQJ FR WK WKXF \ V SKDW WUL Q FXD PP E QK 'R R PL WUQJ VLQK YW FKXQJ TXDQK F\ WUQJ WU Q NKQJ FXQJ QK WURQJ W OD \ X W JRS SKQ DQK KQJ O Q V SKDW VLQK YD SKDW WUL Q FXD GFK E QK N $t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
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿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
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿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v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iL YL GFK E QK KHR UX G\ WL X WDL i%6&/ WK EL Q SKDS ERQ QKL X SKQ FKXQJ D X WKW RDL PXF FXQJ OD EL Q SKDS KX KL X %L Y NKL ERQ QKL X SKQ FKXQJ D X RDL PXF FKQJ QKQJ FKXQJ WD WDR L X NL Q OXQ WKRDQJ NK E U FXD G\ WL X WURQJ PXD PD PD FKXQJ WD FRQ FXQJ FS FKR W YQ WL X PW OQJ [D NKXQ YD FDF YL VLQK YW L NKDQJ NKDF UW DQJ N X VF FK QJ V SKDW WUL Q FXD QP J\ E QK )XVDULXP VRODQL
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ ,9 3+2s1* 1*ms$ 9$s &+j 1*m 'r&+ %j1+ &8t$ &h< 75k|1* 3KRQJ QJD GFK E QK i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
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ DQK KQJ NKD TXDQ WURQJ QK WL SKXQ WKQJ WDR P WURQJ WDQ F\ FDR Q Q WKXQ OL FKR V SKDW WUL Q FXD GFK E QK KQ OD WL WKP 6 GXQJ JLQJ F\ WUQJ FR PDQJ JLHQ NKDQJ E QK WQJ QJ 7URQJ PXD YX FQ WKHR GRL QJ UXQJ [DF VDR L SKR NS WKL &QJ WDF G EDR QJQ KDQ FQ F WKF KL Q WURQJ NKX YF EDR QJ NS WKL WUF NKL GFK E QK EF SKDW 7K GX 'FK E QK OXQ [RQ OD OXD GR YLUXV 5569 ULFH UDJJHG VWXQW YLUXV J\ UD D J\ WKDQK GFK E QK WDL WQK 7L Q *LDQJ YDR QP i SKRQJ QJD E QK Q\ FKR FDF QP VDX FKXQJ WD D DS GXQJ EL Q SKDS WKD\ WK JLQJ OXD QKL P U\ QX EQJ JLQJ OXD NKDQJ U\ ,5 9L EL Q SKDS Q\ FKXQJ WD D JLDP WKS DS OF FXD U\ QX [XQJ U\ QX OD PL JLL WUX\ Q E QK OXQ [RQ OD 1K R W QP WU Y VDX E QK OXQ [RQ OD JLDP GQ YD EL Q PW KQ i Q QP E QK OXQ [RQ OD OXD ODL EF SKDW WKDQK GFK WUP WURQJ FDF WQK &Q 7K 6RF 7UQJ 9QK /RQJ 7UD 9LQK YD iQJ 7KDS J\ WKL W KDL QKL X WUP QJDQ WQ OXD FKR YX QJ [XQ FK UL QJ WQK &Q 7K WKL W KDL O Q Q WU Q WQ OXD %L Q SKDS SKRQJ QJD GFK E QK Q\ FKR YX KH WKX OD WFK FF WKD\ L JLQJ OXD NKDQJ U\ QX WL Q KDQK Y VLQK QJ UXQJ SKDW ER OXD FKHW FRQ QJRDL UXQJ VDX YX QJ [XQ QK ER FDF EXL OXD PF E QK VP WFK FF KQJ GQ QQJ GQ KL X EL W Y E QK Q\ SKRQJ FKQJ U\ QX WW NKQJ PW V U\ QX O Q FDR iL SKR YL GFK E QK NKL D EF SKDW 7URQJ WUQJ KS FR ODP WW FQJ WDF G EDR QJQ KDQ FKXQJ EL W F WQK WUDQJ GFK E QK VH [D\ UD WUF NKL QR [XW KL Q lt WUQJ KS Q\ FQ EDR QJ UQJ UDL FKR WW FD QQJ GQ F EL W GXQJ WW FD FDF SKQJ WL Q FR WK FR SK EL Q FDFK L SKR FKR QQJ GQ EL W +QJ GQ FDFK V GXQJ WKXF WKHR EQ XQJ FKQ QJ V SKDW WUL Q FXD GFK E QK 1QJ GQ VH SKXQ WKXF QJD\ NKL E QK YD FKP [XW KL Q WURQJ UXQJ QKD
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ 7URQJ WUQJ KS SKDW KL Q UD GFK E QK TXD WU OXF E\ JL E QK D ODQ WUDQ YD J\ WKL W KDL WUP WURQJ 7UQJ KS Q\ SKDL WFK FF KQJ GQ QQJ GQ GXQJ WKXF F WU L SKR mX WL Q WKXF FKR FDF YXQJ E QK FRQ QKH KRF PL [XW KL Q E QK &DF UXQJ E QK QQJ TXD Q X FX YDQ NKQJ NS KRF NKQJ FR NLQK W WK SKDL WKL X KX\ VP WL X GL W QJXQ E QK 9 'm %$v2 'r&+ %j1+ &8t$ &h< 75k|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iDL +RF &Q 7K D SKDL D PW L QJX WK\ YD WUR Q FDF [D Q\ WKHR \ X FX FXD 6 1QJ 1JKL S WQK $Q *LDQJ KQJ GQ QQJ GQ FDFK L SKR YL U\ QX JLXS GS WF GFK NS WKL
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ F ' EDR QJQ KDQ OD G EDR WUF NKL GFK E QK [D\ UD W YDL QJD\ Q PW YDL WXQ i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i FR WK G EDR QJQ KDQ PW FDFK FKQK [DF FKXQJ WD FQ FR WKQJ WLQ \ X Y ED QKRP \ X W KQK WKDQK Q Q GFK E QK R OD N\ FKX PP E QK YD WKL WL W D 9 N\ FKX
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿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iL X NL Q OX WQ FXD PP E QK JLD KDL PXD YX WQK WUDQJ Y VLQK QJ UXQJ JLD KDL PXD YX FD\ DL SKL W N\ FKX SKX N\ FKX WUXQJ JLDQ OXD FKHW YY VH TX\ W QK V OX WQ FXD PP E QK TXD YX VDX 0W V PP E QK OX WQ F PW V EDQ X FXD PP E QK X YX FR \ QJKD UW TXDQ WURQJ WURQJ WF QKQ PW V O Q lt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
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ WKXF YDR WQK FKW FXD ORDL F\ YDR PW JLHR WUQJ YD P FXD WQJ PW FXD W 6 NKDF EL W Q\ VH UW OQ WURQJ QKQJ QJD\ QQJ WW YD OQJ JLR 7URQJ NKL R JLR WR VH ODP JLDP EW V NKDF EL W Q\ iL X NL Q NK WQJ E Q GL YD E Q WU Q WDQ F\ VH NKQJ NKDF EL W QKDX YDR QKQJ QJD\ WUL P X PD KRF VQJ PX YD OD L X NL Q UW SKX KS FKR FDF SKQ OQ FDF E QK GR QP SKDW WUL Q h~P WQJ L E Q GL WDQ F\ WKQJ FDR KQ E Q WU Q WDQ F\ QKW OD QKQJ UXQJ JLHR VD GD\ YD ERQ SKQ 1 FDR *LR JLXS FKR V OL X NK WQJ WKX WKS E Q WU Q WDQ F\ FXD FDQK QJ YD V OL X FXD DL NK WQJ JQ JLQJ QKDX *LR FRQ JLXS FKXQJ WD EL W F KQJ SKDW WDQ WF ED\ FXD EDR W YD WKL JLDQ EDR W DS [XQJ iL YL FDF E QK FR EDR W SKDW WDQ WKHR JLR WK KQJ JLR WF JLR YD WKL JLDQ FR JLR OD QKQJ V OL X FQ WKL W G EDR NKX YF FR WK QKL P E QK X WL Q GR EDR W [XW SKDW W NKX YF OX WQ FXD QR PD FKXQJ WD D EL W WUF &DF G EDR GFK E QK FKQK [DF WKQJ GD YDR PL WQJ TXDQ WRDQ KRF JLD FDF G NL Q WKX WKS F Y N\ FKX PP E QK YD QJRDL JLL FXD NKX YF PXQ G EDR i DW F FDF PL WQJ TXDQ Q\ WF OD FDF SKQJ WUQK WQJ TXDQ SKF WDS G EDR WUF K W FQ FR QKL X QP WKX WKS FDF G NL Q WU Q YD WQK KQK GFK E QK WURQJ NKX YF VDX R D YDR WQK WQJ TXDQ YD [DF QK SKQJ WUQK YD FKRQ ORF FDF G NL Q FR \ QJKD WURQJ SKQJ WUQK GXQJ ODP G NL Q FQ WKX WKS G EDR 6DX R FRQ SKDL D SKQJ WUQK UD WK QJKL P WQK FKQK [DF WURQJ QKL X QP L X FKQK NKL FQ WKL W 0W YDL P KQK G EDR GFK E QK WU Q WK JLL D ' EDR GFK E QK PF VQJ NKRDL W\ 'FK E QK PF VQJ NKRDL W\ 3K\WRSKWKRUD LQIHVWDQV J\ WKL W KDL TXDQ WURQJ FKR Q Q NLQK W FXD FDF QF WKXF &KX hX 'R R E QK Q\ D F WS WUXQJ QJKL Q FX W KQJ WUP QP TXD i Q QD\ FDF KL X EL W Y E QK Q\ UW SKRQJ SKX YD UW \ X ODP FQJ WDF G EDR QJQ KDQ PW FDFK FKQK [DF &DF QF &KX hX +RD .\ X D FR QKQJ FQJ WKF G EDR E QK FKR QF PQK &DF FQJ WKF G EDR Q\ X NKQJ JLQJ QKDX D lt +RD /DQ FQJ WKF G EDR E QK Q\ D F WKF KL Q W KQ QP TXD 'FK E QK PF VQJ NKRDL W\ VH EF SKDW NKL KL X FDF \ X W VDX FR VQJ PX Y P NHR GDL W QKW JL QKL W NKQJ GL 6R V& KRF KL FDR KQ QJD\ KP VDX SKDL FR P\ FKH SKX W QKW OD WKL JLDQ FXD QJD\
- &DÉF 1JX\½Q /\É Y½Ð %½ÕQK +DÕL &»\ 7U¾ÐQJ &KÀ¿QJ SKDL FR PD W QKW OD PP WURQJ YRQJ JL &QJ WKF Q\ DS GXQJ FR N W TXD WW +RD /DQ WURQJ QKL X QP 1KQJ NKL DS GXQJ $QK WK FQJ WKF Q\ NKQJ DW E 'R R $QK 4XF FQJ WKF G EDR FR NKDF KQ 'FK E QK $QK [D\ UD NKL KL X KDL L X NL Q VDX QKL W WKS QKW WURQJ QJD\ OD 4& P WQJ L NKQJ GL WURQJ W QKW QJD\ &QJ WKF Q\ FXQJ FK DS GXQJ $QK 4XF
ADSENSE
CÓ THỂ BẠN MUỐN DOWNLOAD
-
Giáo trình học Bảo quản nông sản - ThS. Nguyễn Mạnh Khải
187 p | 
617
| 
207
-
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 1
7 p | 337
| 102
-
Giáo trình nông lâm kết hợp chương 2 : Nguyên lý về nông lâm kết hợp
21 p | 237
| 76
-
Giáo trình -Trồng trọt đại cương-chương 1
8 p | 296
| 76
-
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 9
25 p | 239
| 74
-
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 2
29 p | 229
| 70
-
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 10
23 p | 222
| 56
-
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 5
19 p | 195
| 53
-
Giáo trình các nguyên lý về bệnh hại cây trồng -chương 6
14 p | 142
| 37
-
Giáo trình IPM trong bảo vệ thực vật - Trường CĐ Nghề Sóc Trăng
48 p | 26
| 10
-
Giáo trình Quản lý dịch hại tổng hợp trong lâm nghiệp: Phần 1 - Trường ĐH Lâm nghiệp
129 p | 29
| 9
-
Giáo trình Kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước: Phần 1
126 p | 89
| 9
-
Giáo trình Sản xuất giống và nuôi giáp xác (Nghề Nuôi trồng thủy sản - Trình độ Cao đẳng) - CĐ Kinh tế, Kỹ thuật và Thủy sản
94 p | 50
| 7
-
Giáo trình Hóa bảo vệ thực vật (Nghề: Khoa học cây trồng - Cao đẳng): Phần 2 - Trường Cao đẳng Cộng đồng Đồng Tháp
100 p | 17
| 3
-
Giáo trình Hóa bảo vệ thực vật (Nghề: Bảo vệ thực vật - Cao đẳng): Phần 2 - Trường Cao đẳng Cộng đồng Đồng Tháp
100 p | 17
| 3
-
Giáo trình Môi trường và sức khỏe vật nuôi (Nghề: Chăn nuôi - Cao đẳng) - Trường Cao đẳng Cộng đồng Đồng Tháp
60 p | 12
| 3
-
Giáo trình Môi trường sinh thái (Nghề: Bảo vệ thực vật - Cao đẳng): Phần 1 - Trường Cao đẳng Cộng đồng Đồng Tháp
106 p | 9
| 2
Thêm tài liệu vào bộ sưu tập có sẵn:
Báo xấu
LAVA
AANETWORK
TRỢ GIÚP
HỖ TRỢ KHÁCH HÀNG
Theo dõi chúng tôi
Chịu trách nhiệm nội dung:
Nguyễn Công Hà - Giám đốc Công ty TNHH TÀI LIỆU TRỰC TUYẾN VI NA
LIÊN HỆ
Địa chỉ: P402, 54A Nơ Trang Long, Phường 14, Q.Bình Thạnh, TP.HCM
Hotline: 093 303 0098
Email: support@tailieu.vn
Giấy phép Mạng Xã Hội số: 670/GP-BTTTT cấp ngày 30/11/2015 Copyright © 2022-2032 TaiLieu.VN. All rights reserved.
