Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Công nghệ thông tin

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Unit 1: The Computer A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computer can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win a war between two countries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" The computer can only decide three things, named: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another? A computer can do many things that a person can do. A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic logical operations almost instantaneously. A computer can replace people in a lot of tasks. Certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as 1
robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. However, a computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information. After all, it is just only a device: if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, it wouldn’t be of much use. Vocabulary Electronic circuit (n) Mạch điện tử Switch (v n) Công tắc Magnetize (v) Từ hóa Core (n) Cuộn dây Store (v) Lưu giữ Processing Xử lý Device (n) Thiết bị Instruction (n) Hướng dẫn Operation (n) Vận hành, hoạt động Memory (n) Bộ nhớ Power (n) Sức mạnh, nguồn điện Arithmetic (a) Số học A means of communicating (n) Phương tiện giao tiếp Decision (n) Quyết định Solve (v) Xử lý, giải quyết I. Comprehensive reading 1. Comprehension questions 1. What is a computer? 2. Where are the program and the data kept in a computer? 3. What types of information that a computer accept? 4. What are three basic capabilities of a computer? 5. How can a computer be used to replace people in some cases? 2. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true. 1. ……….A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn't received information to do so. 2
2. ……….All computers accept and process information in the form of instructions and characters. 3. ……….The information necessary for solving problems is found in the memory of the computer. 4. ……….Most computers can not perform arithmetic operations, make decisions, and communicate in some ways with the users. 5. ……….Computers can make any type of decisions they are asked to do. 6. ………..Computers can not work if we do not give them the appropriate information. II. Grammatical Point Relative pronouns – who, whom, which, that, and whose Relative pronouns serve two functions at once. They are used as the subjects or objects of the verbs, like other pronouns; at the same time, they join clauses together, like conjunctions. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, which, that and whose. Both who and whom are used for people. However, whom (which refers to the object of a verb or a preposition) is rather unusual, especially in conversational English. It is generally either left out, or replaced by who or that. Which is used for things. That can often (but not always) be used instead of who, whom, or which. Whose is relative possessive pronoun which is used in place of a possessive ’s or a possessive adjective. The subject: Eg: The man who is standing over there is my teacher. The book which is about wild life is mine. I’ll introduce you to the man whose support is necessary for your project The object: Eg: This is the novel that I like best. The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt. The professor whose course I’m taking is excellent. Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences into one. 1. She is the most intelligent student. I’ve ever met this student. 2. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination. 3. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. 4. Please post these letters. I wrote them this morning. 3
5. The man called the police. His car was stolen last night. 6. The man refused to give me his name. He told me this. 7. He made the noise. The noise woke everyone up. 8. Everyone knows him. Everyone likes him. 9. This is Tom. I borrowed his bike. 10. Mary and Rose are twins. You talked to them yesterday evening. III. Exercise Translate the following text into Vietnamese What can computers do? Computers and microchips have become part of our everyday lives: we visit shops and offices which have been designed with the help of computers, we read magazines which have been produced on computer, and we pay bills prepared by computers. Just picking up a telephone and dialing a number involves the use of a sophisticated computer system, as does making a flight reservation or bank transaction. We encounter daily many computers that spring to life the instant they're switched on (e.g. calculators, the car's electronic ignition, the timer in the microwave, or the programmer inside the TV set), all of which use chip technology. What makes your computer such a miraculous device? Each time you turn it on, it is a Tabular Rasa that, with appropriate hardware and software, is capable of doing anything you ask. It is a calculating machine that speeds up financial calculations. It is an electronic filing cabinet which manages large collections of data such as customers' lists, accounts, or inventories. It is a magical typewriter that allows you to type and print any kind of document letters, memos or legal documents. It is a personal communicator that enables you to interact with other computers and with people around the world. If you like gadgets and electronic entertainment, you can even use your PC to relax with computer games. 4
UNIT 2: Characteristic of computer Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared pieces of information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding information or making comparisons is called processing. Computers are made up of millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits with different functions. All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or design. Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output. These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play. For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment. INPUT COMPUTER OUTPUT SEC.STORAGE Figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a computer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or usually, the central processing unit (CPU). The term "computer" includes those parts of hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and the highspeed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual execution of programs. Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such as card reader and keyboards 5
(two common examples of input devices). When data or program needs to be saved for long period of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices of storage devices such a magnetic tape or magnetic disk. Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to certain number of instructions, it is not a singlepurpose machine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it. In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run. Moreover, their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the equipment operating. This has all changed now that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper. In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed. Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work. It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of work that did not exist before their development. Vocabulary Information Thông tin Input Đầu vào Processing Xử lý Output Đầu ra Processor Bộ xử lý Manipulations Xử lý Highspeed Tốc độ cao Keyboards Bàn phím Combine Kết hợp Limit Giới hạn Equipment Thiết bị Tasks Nhiệm vụ I. Comprehensive reading 6
1. Comprehension questions 1. How can computers process data? 2. What are computers comprised of? 3. What are the input, the processing, and output? 4. What does the highspeed internal memory do? 5. How are modern computers different from the ones in the past? 2. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true. 1. ………..All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computer will understand it. 2. ………..Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be either stored or moved about at high speeds. 3. ……….Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results. 4. ……….The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone. 5. ……….The processor is the central component of a computer system. 6. ……….All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU. 7…………Memory devices are used for storing information. 8……….. Computers are very much restricted in what they can do. 9. ……….Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to operate them than in the past. 10. ……...Computers haven't changed our working conditions very much. II. Grammar Passive voice (1) – passive forms of present simple and past simple Rule The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by “by” and placed at the end of the clause. Active: S + verbA + O 7
Passive: S + be + past participle + (by O) We usually use the passive voice when we do not know the agent or we want to emphasize the object. a) Present simple: S + am/ is/ are + PII Eg: Ann writes a letter. > A letter is written by Ann. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday. > A lot of money is spent on advertising everyday. b) Past simple: S + was/ were + PII Eg: They broke the window last night. > The window was broken last night. The teacher didn’t allow his students to take the books home. > The students weren’t allowed to take the books home. Exercise: change the following sentences from active to passive 1. Did the teacher return the written works? 2. People drink a great deal of tea in England. 3. People speak English in almost every corner of the world. 4. They didn’t look after the children properly. 5. She doesn’t often take her dog for a walk. 6. They use milk for making butter and cheese. 7. They sold one of her painting at $1.000. 8. A man I know told me about it. 9. Do people grow rice in Asia? 10. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in? III. Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets a. Various terminal (connect)…………………..to this workstation b. Microcomputers (know)…………………….. as “PCs” c. Magazines (typeset) …………………by computers. d. When a particular program is run, the data (process)…………..by the computer rapidly 8
e. Hard disks (use)………………..for the permanent storage of information. f. The drugdetecting test in the “tour de France” (support)………… by computers. g. All the activities of the computer system (coordinate)……………….by central processing unit. h. In some modern system information (hold)………………in optical disks. i. COBOL (use)………..for business applications. j. the ADA language (develop) …………………….in 1979. k. in the 1970s, new languages such as LISP and PROLOG (design)……………….for research into Artificial Intelligence. 2. Translate the text into Vietnamese Some applications of computers Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields. 1. In education, computers can make all the difference. Computers can help students perform mathematical operations and solve difficult questions. They can be used to teach courses such as computeraiddesign, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc. PCs (personal computers) are also used for administrative purposes: for examples, school use databases and word processors to keep records of students, teachers and materials. 2. In competitions, computers play an extremely important part. Race organizers and journalist rely on computers to provide them with the current positions of riders and teams in both the particular stages of the race and in the overall competition. Workstations in the race buses provide the timing system and give uptothe minute timing information to TV stations. In the process rooms several PCs give real time information on the stage of the race. Computers databases are also used in the drugdetecting tests for competitors. 3. In banking, computers store information about the amount of money held by each client and enable staff to access large databases and try to carry out financial transactions at high speech. They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal code card, dispense money to clients. 4. In air track, airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic. 9
On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computer. Travel agents use computers to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and many other details. 10
Unit 3: Configuration ……………… … ……………… … CPU (inside) ……………… … ……………… … Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form process the data and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information. Three basic steps are involved in the process. First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form. Information in the form of data and programs is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals. Perhaps the most influential component is the CPU. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the brain of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices. Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data Disk drives are use to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices (e.g.: mouse, keyboard) enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the keyboard. Output devices (e.g.: monitor, printer) enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer. 11
On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripheralsmodems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration. Vocabulary Screen Màn hình Form Dạng, loại Software Phần mềm Hardware Phần cứng Mechanical (a) Thuộc về cơ khí Central Processing Unit (CPU) Bộ xử lý trung tâm Peripheral Ngoại vi Unit Thiết bị Brain Bộ não Disk drives ổ đĩa Floppy disk Đĩa mềm Product Sản phẩm Monitor Màn hình Printer Máy in Port Cổng Plug I. Comprehensive reading 1. Comprehension questions 1. What are three basic steps in the process? 2. What are software and hardware? 3. What is the function of the CPU? 4. What are the most common input devices? Do you know any others? 5. Where does the computer show the output? 2. Matching Use the information in the text to match the terms with the appropriate explanation or definition below. 12
a. software b. peripheral devices c. monitor d. floppy disk e. hardware d. input e. port f. output g. input h. CPU 1. The brain of the computer 2. Physical parts that make up a computer system. 3. Programs which can be used on a particular computer system. 4. The information which is presented to the computer. 5. Results produced by a computer. 6. Hardware equipment attached to the CPU. 7. Visual display unit. 8. Small devices used to store information. Same as “diskette”. 9. Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected. 3. Filling into the blanks Computer system Program and Mechanical and data electronic equipment …………….. …………….. The “brain” of Main Physical unit attached to the computer memory the computer …………….. …………….. ……….. ……….. Storage Input/output devices devices ……… ……… ……… ……….. ……….. ……….. ……….. ……….. ……….. ……….. II. Grammar Passive voice (2)– passive forms of present continuous and present perfect. a) Present continuous: S + am/ is/ are + being + PII Eg: They are pulling down the old house. > The old house is being pulled down. 13
b) Present perfect: S + have/ has + been + PII Eg: Mr. Smith has taught us French for two years. > We have been taught French by Mr. Smith for two years. Exercise: Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning: 1. Tom is writing a letter. 2. Five suspects have been arrested by the police. 3. Are big cakes being made for the party? 4. Has Tom finished the work? 5. People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago. 6. Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 7. Who are they keeping in the kitchen? 8. The lessons are being written by the students now. 9. Some of my books have been taken away. 10. They haven’t repaired my computer yet. 11. They have just released the new version of TurboPascal. III. Exercise Match these descriptions with the names of keys on the right. 1. A long key at the bottom of the keyboard. Each time it is pressed, it produces a blank space (=……………………….) Arrow keys 2. It moves the cursor to the beginning of the new line. It is also used Return to confirm commands (=……………………) Caps lock 3. It stops a program without losing the information from the main Shift memory. Sometimes its use depends on the applications. (=…………………….) Tab 4. It works in combination with other keys to produce special Escape characters or specific action (=………………….) Space bar 5. It removes the character on the left of the cursor or any selected backspace text (=……………..) 6. It products UPPERCASE character on the left of the cursor (or Alt 14
the upper case character of the key) (=………………………) 7. It produces uppercase letters but it does not affect numbers and symbols (=…………..) 8. It moves the cursor horizontally in the right for a fixed number of spaces (in tabulations and data fields) (=……………………..) 9. They are used to move the cursor as an alternative to the mouse (=………………..) Unit 4: Hardware and software Computer systems are devised to help people solve problems. Computer systems may be discussed in two parts. The first part is hardware the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices that are thought and recognized as "computers". The second part is software the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data. INPUT COMPUTER OUTPUT SEC.STORAGE Figure shows diagrammatically the basic components of computer hardware joined together in a computer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or usually the central processing unit (CPU). The term "computer" usually refers to those parts of the hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and to the internal memory in which data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs. The various peripherals, which include input and/or output devices, various secondary memory devices, and so on, are attached to the CPU. 15
Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories system software and application software. The system software is often simply referred to as "system". These, when brought into internal memory, direct the computer to perform tasks. The application software may be provided along with the hardware by a system supplier as part of a computer product designed to answer a specific need in certain areas. These complete hardware/software products are called turnkey systems. The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill with which the hardware and software components are selected and blended. A poorly chosen system can be a monstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it was originally acquired. Vocabulary Physical Thuộc về vật lý Control Điều khiển Direct Định hướng Components Bộ phận Centerpiece Phần trung tâm Calculation Tính toán Internal Thuộc về bên trong External Thuộc về bên ngoài Program Chương trình Secondary Thứ cấp Application Ứng dụng Provide Cung cấp Supplier Người/bộ phận cung cấp Skill Kỹ năng I. Comprehensive reading 1. What are the two parts making up a computer system? 2. Which part directs the processor of data? 4. Where are peripherals attached? 3. What does the term “computer” refer to? 5. What are the two categories of computer software? 6. What does performance of a computer system depend on? II. Grammar: 16
1. Prefixes Trong Tiếng Anh xuất hiện các tiền tố sau: - To denote reversal or repetision of an action: un, non, in, dis, re. - To denote size: semi (nửa), mini (nhỏ), micro (to). - To denote space ralationship: inter (trong), super (trên), trans (chuyển đổi), ex (ngoài), extra (thêm), mid (giữa) - To denote time relationship: pre (trước), ante (trước), prime (®Çu tiªn), fore (trước), post (sau) - To denote numeral: bi (hai), hex (s¸u), oct (t¸m), multi (nhiÒu). Underline all prefixes in these following sentences: 1. Nonimpact printers are inexpensive and silent. 2. Tapemarks are reflective strips stuck onto the tape. 3. The octal and the hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits. 4. The internal storage locations of a computer are called its primary memory. 5. Multi programming is when more than one program can be present at different storage locations of the memory at the same time. 2.2 Passive voice for defective verbs Active: S + can/ should/must + verb + O Passive: O + can/should/must + be + PII + (by S) Rewrite the following sentences 1. A system supplier may provide the application software along with the hardware as part of a computer. 2. The computer can manipulate the electronic codes which are converted by a scanner. 3. You should keep the screen clean to prevent distorting shadows. 4. You should position your key board at the same height as your elbows. 5. You should protect your floppies against high temperature 6. You shouldn’t put heavy objects on the top of the disk 7. Magnetic fields can damage the information stored on disks. 17
8. When you insert a blank dist into a disk drive, you must format it III. Exercise Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with a suitable word 1. The…………is also called the computer, the processor, or usually the CPU. 2. …………..are the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices thought as “computers”. 3. Data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs in………….. 4. …………..are the complete hardware/software products that systems suppliers provide with the hardware. Exercise 2: Read the text below and complete it with the phrases in the box Applications software operating system software system software Information provided by programs and data is known as……………….Programs are sets of instructions that make the computer execute operations and tasks. There are tow main types of software. The (2)…………………refers to all the programs which control the basic functions of a computer. They include operating system, system utilities (e.g an antivirus program, a backup utility) and language translators (e.g. a compiler the software that translates instructions into machine code). The (3)…………..refers to all those applications such as word processors and spreadsheets – which are used for specific purposes. Applications are usually stored on disks loaded into the RAM memory when activated by the users. The (4)…………. is the most important type of system software. It is usually supplied by the manufacturers and comprises a set of programs and files that control the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It controls all the elements that the user sees, and it communicates directly with the computer. In most configurations, the OS is automatically loaded into the RAM section when the computer is started up. Exercise 3 Translate the following text into Vietnamese Floppy disks 18
Information stored in the RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. Because of this, data and applications are stored in either hard or floppy disks which provide a more permanent backing store. Floppy disks are so called because they consist of flexible plastic material which has a magnetizable surface. They are available in two sizes: 5.25inch disks are used in old computers; 3.5inch disks are the most popular today. The surface of a floppy disk is divided into concentric circles or 'tracks', which are then divided into 'sectors'. When you insert a blank disk into a disk drive, it must be 'initialized', or formatted, before information can be recorded onto it. This means that magnetic areas are created for each track and sector, along with a catalogue or 'directory' which will record the specific location of files. When you save a file, the operating system moves the read/write heads of the disk drive towards empty sectors records the data and writes an entry for the directory. Later on, when you open that file, the operating system looks for its entry in the directory on the disk, moves the read/write heads to the correct sectors, and reads the file into the RAM area. 19
Unit 5: Central process unit It is common practice in computer science for the words "computer" and "processor" to be used interchangeably. More precisely, "computer" refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory or main storage, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufacturers design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer. The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU can also retrieve information from memory and can store the results of manipulations back into the memory unit for later reference. In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off. The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or stepbystep operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic logical unit. The arithmetic logical unit, on the other hand, is that portion of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the ' instructions are performed. It also performs some kinds of logical operations such as comparing or selecting information. All the operations of the ALU are under the direction of the control unit. Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located on: secondary memory devices such as disks or tapes, programs and data and first loaded into internal memory. Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console, where manual control operations can be performed by an operator. The console is an important, but special purpose, piece of equipment. It is used mainly when the computer is being started up, or during maintenance and repair. Many mini and micro systems do not have a console. 20