XS hgi hgc. so 2 (138), 2017<br />
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57<br />
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HANG RONG TRONG LICH SU* KINH TE - XA H O I HA N O I<br />
NGUYEN TUAN MINH*<br />
<br />
Tdm tdt: Bdi viit tim hiiu cdc dgc trung cua hdng rang trong lich su Hd N0i, qua<br />
giai dogn: giai dogn Phong Min vdi mgt nin kinh ti ndng nghiep, tu cung t\f cap; gia<br />
dogn Phdp thudc vdi su pha trgn cua phuang thuc sdn xudt phong kiin vd tu ban cha<br />
nghia; giai dogn trudc Ddi mdi vdi mgt nen kinh ti ki hogch; vd cudi ciing giai dogn D<br />
mdi vdi nin kinh ti thj trudng dinh hudng xd hgi chu nghia. Nhiiu bdng chiing dS cho<br />
thdy sif tdn tgi vd vai trd quan trgng cda hogt dgng hdng rang trong ddi sdng xd h^i d<br />
thf xua vd nay. Hdng rong cd mdt site sdng rieng dai ddng vd khdng de ddng xda bd<br />
cdc bi^n phdp hdnh chinh, nhdt la khi nhOng ngudi lao dgng tdng lap dudi vdn cdn<br />
no nhu mgt ngudn cung cdp hdng hoa, hay mdt phuong thuc sinh ki.<br />
Tic khda: hang rong, do thi. Ha NOi, khu vue phi ehinh thdc.<br />
Hang rong (budn bdn rong/luu dOng) Id mOt logi hinh thuang mgi co xua md sy<br />
hinh thdnh va phat tiiln eda nd gdn liln vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hOi d nhilu<br />
quoc gia (Fresno va Koops, 2000; Meissonnier, 2006). Hipn nay, budn ban rong Id mpt<br />
logi hinh thuong mgi kha pho biln tai cdc nude dang phat trien hay dang tiong qud trinh<br />
ehuyin doi. Gidng nhu ten gpi, budn ban rong Id each gpi nhan manh dac tinh luu dgng<br />
cda ngudi budn ban, budn bdn dudng phd nhdn manh den dde tnmg ve khdng gian cua<br />
hogt dpng budn ban, cdn budn ban phi chmh thdc thi nhdn mgnh nhung dgc diem phi<br />
chinh thdc trong kinh tl nhu: khdng ddng k^ kinh doanh, khdng ddng thul hay khdng<br />
dugc qudn 1^ (Cling va ding nghipp, 2012). Budn ban rong, budn bdn dudng pho hay<br />
budn ban phi chinh thdc c6 khi chi Id cdng mOt ddi tugng hode dd eung ed thi la nhihig<br />
dii tugng khdc nhau, dilu ndy phu thuOc vdo nhOng hoan cdnh xd hOi cy the.<br />
Tai Viet Nam, budn ban rong nhin chung cd ba dac dilm: luu dOng, dudng phi va<br />
phi chinh thdc. That v$y, ngudi budn bdn rong khdng cd dia diem kinh doanh el djnh, hp<br />
thudng xuyen di chuyen, hoat dOng chu ylu d khu vuc dd thj vd hogt dOng ndy khdng cdn<br />
phdi ddng ky kinh doanh'. Hang rong rdt pho biln, nhat la tgi cdc thdnh pho Idn nhu thu<br />
dd Hd NOi- Dudng nhu khdng thi tiling kd hit dugc tdt ca nhihig ngudi lam nghi buon<br />
ban rong. Hp Id nhung ngudi ban rong, mua rong va cung cap djch vu rong. Trong dd,<br />
' Vi4n Xd hgi hgc, Vi$n Han ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi$l Nam.<br />
' Tham khio Dilu 3 cda Nghj djnh s6 39/2007/ND-CP ngiy 16/3/2007 cua Chinh phii v^ "Ho?! d^ng<br />
thucmg m?i mOt cich dOc Ifip, thuimg xuyen khdng phii dSng k^ kmh doanh".<br />
<br />
58<br />
<br />
Hdng rong trong Ijch sir kinh te-xd hdi Hd Ngi<br />
<br />
nhSng ngudi bdn rong la nhdm ddng ddo nhat. Hp ban hoa qua, rau, dd dn sdn, dd uing,<br />
dd choi, qudn do, sach bdo, do gia dyng, ca canh... Nhihig ngudi mua rong la nhihig<br />
ngudi ddng nat/thu mua phe lieu/ve chai, thu mua dd di^n... Nhfing ngudi cung cdp djch<br />
vy rong la nhfing ngudi mai dao keo, chiia khda, ddnh gidy... Hdng rong hien nay phat<br />
trien mgt cdch tu phat. Dieu nay da va dang ddn ddn nhieu hp qua xa hOi tieu eye cung<br />
nhu khdng phdt huy duge nhiing uu dilm cda logi hinh thuang mgi ndy. Hdng rong cd tii<br />
khi ndo, ddc tnmg hay vi the va vai tid eua ngudi budn bdn rong, cua nghe budn ban rong<br />
ra sao tiong lich sd kinh te - xa hOi eua thu dd Ha NOi? Dd Id nhfing cdu hdi ma nghien<br />
ciiu ndy e l gdng tra ldi nhdm ddng gdp mOt gde nhin xa hOi hgc vd mOt logi hinh thuong<br />
mgi, mOt nhdm xa hpi cdn it dugc quan tam nghidn cdu mOt each thau ddo.<br />
1. Hang rong d Kinh thanh Thang Long thdi 1^ Phong kiln<br />
Nha van Nguyen Ngpc Tien (2012) eho rang: budn ban rong xuat hipn td thdi L^ it<br />
Thdng Long, tdc Id vdo thi ki thd 11, thdi ky ndy dd cd nhfing ngudi nay di bdn nrpu,<br />
ehieu, mudi... tiong Kinh thanh.<br />
Nhin Igi lich sd, xd hOi Viet Nam truyin thong dudi cdc trieu dai phong kien, nen<br />
kinh tl ehd dao Id ndng nghiep tiong Ida nude, mang ndng tinh tu cdp, ty tuc trong khudn<br />
khd edng dong cac lang xa. Trong qua trinh vuon tdi md hinh san xuat hang hda, ngudi<br />
ndng dan tham gia vao cdc hogt ddng sdn xudt thd cdng nghipp va tiao ddi san phdm tren<br />
thi trudng, luc ndy hg khdng chi la ndng ddn ma cdn la thg thd cdng va thuong nhan. Hogt<br />
dOng sdn xudt vd trao ddi hang hda cua ndng ddn Idc ddu trdn quy md lang rdi ddn mo<br />
rpng thanh lien lang hodc viing (Nguyen Quang Nggc vd Nguyen Thira Hy, 2007). KM<br />
cdc dd thi o Viet Nam duge thdnh lap, do sdc mgnh eua truyin thing van hda ndng<br />
nghiep da khien cho cac do thi mang ddc thih ndng thdn rdt dam net^, vd kmh t l hang hoa<br />
d ndng thdn cung dugc ehuyen vao dd thi.<br />
Thdng Long - Ha NOi la kmh dd Idn nhdt, Idu ddi va ndi tilng nhdt eua ViOt Nam<br />
cung duge hinh thdnh va phat trien trong bdi cdnh nhu thi. Nen kinh t l eua Thdng Long<br />
ban ddu chd ydu dya vdo nhihig hogt ddng sdn xudt ndng nghipp nhu trong lua, trdng hoa<br />
mdu, chdn nudi va thu cdng nhd. Tuy nhien vdi s i ddn ddng due, thj phdn hang hda dugc<br />
cung cdp tai chd khdng du dl tiida man nen phdn Idn hdng hda d Thdng Long van ph^<br />
tidng cgy vao sy tilp t l td ben ngoai, cac vdng ndng thon phy can chuyen chd vdo mang<br />
ludi chg dd thi. Ngudi ndng dan mang cac san phdm ndng nghipp ho^c thu cdng nghiep<br />
eua minh vdo ban tgi cac chg do thi, Idc ve hg mua sdm mOt s i vat dyng cdn thilt cho<br />
cdng vi$c san xudt va ddi sdng hang ngdy. Hg la nhihig ngudi sdn xudt nhd, ty sdn ty tiSu,<br />
nhiing ndng ddn kiem thuong nhan h o ^ tiig thu cdng, thgm chi la mOt kit hgp da thanh<br />
phdn tiong mOt con ngudi ndng dan - thg thu cdng - thuang nhan. V l phuang dipn buon<br />
ban, hg chi coi do la mOt hogt dOng tiiu ylu, kiem nhipm (Nguyin Thda Hy, 1983). Chg 6<br />
<br />
^ T6 chiic hinh chinh cua do thi Vi^t Nam dugc sao ph6ng theo tl chiic nfing th6n, chja thinh cdc phu,<br />
hvy^n, ting, ihon. Ngoii ra c6n c6 phudng, Ii m^t c§ng ding ctla nhftng nguiri lim cOng m§t nghi ciia m^<br />
ling que vi nhihig ly do khic nhau hg tich ra m^t bO ph^ vio thinh phi idmfin,d^g nhd trgn cimg m^t<br />
ddy pho, phia trong sin xudt, phia ngoii bin hing (Trdn Nggc Thfim, 1997).<br />
<br />
Nguy&n Tudn Minh 59<br />
giai doan nay nhin chung cd hai logi: chg nhd hdng tudn va chg phidn dugc td chdc hdng<br />
nam. Chg nhd hgp mpt hogc hai lan mpt tuan, vdi quy mo dia phuang, ed myc dich la tgp<br />
hgp ngudi budn ban hang rong va ngudi tidu thy don gidn, ludn vdn hanh vdi si lugng<br />
hdng hda nhd. Cdn chg phien la noi gdp gd cua cae eon budn trong nhung vy giao dich cd<br />
gia tri va sd lugng Idn (Nguyen Thanh Nha, 1970).<br />
Budc vdo thi ky 17, vdi su Idn manh cua nin kinh tl hang hda, chinh sach md rOng<br />
thanh dd cda nhd nude phong kien Ld - Trinh, ede dgt di dOng xd hdi Idn lam ehuyin dich<br />
mpt khdi lugng ddn cu ddng dao vl kinh thdnh (Nguyen Thfia Hy, 1983). Nhiing ylu to<br />
do da lam cho ddi sdng chinh trj va kinh tl ciia Thdng Long cd budc ehuyin minh mgnh<br />
me. Thang Long trd thanh tnmg tdm kinh tl Idn nhdt nude vdi he thing eae cdng sdng<br />
phyc vy cho viec van chuyen hang hda, nhilu lang thd cdng vd d^ bidt la hd thong cac<br />
chg rdt phat triln. Nhilu nhd thdm hilm, truyin giao va thuang nhan phuang Tdy din ddy<br />
va hp da gpi Thang Long la Ca-Cho/Ke Chg (nhfing con ngudi ciia chg) vi dan eu ddng<br />
due, cho ndo cung thdy ngudi ban, ke mua:<br />
<br />
Thdnh phd Ca-cho la thu dd cua Bdc Ky (...). Thdnh phd cue ky ddng ddc, dgc bi$<br />
ngdy mung mdt vd ngdy rdm, do Id nhiing ngdy cua chg, khi do ddn chung d cdc<br />
xung quanh do vi vdi hdng hda cua hg. ddng khdng the tudng tugng dugc. Nhieu<br />
rdt rdng nhung vdn bi tdc nghen, ngudi ta hy vgng cd thi tien Idch qua nhiing d<br />
ddng khodng chiing mdt tram budc trong nua gid Id sung sudng ldm rdi.<br />
(Baron, 1751:12)<br />
Su ddng due, sdm udt d Thdng Long khdng chi bdi do mgng ludi chg day dgc ma<br />
cdn bdi do nhung ngudi ban hang rong:<br />
<br />
Vdo thi ky XVIII. ngodi tdm chg Idn, Thdng Long cdn cd cdc chg ehuyin bdn m<br />
mdt hdng nhu ggo, cd, ich vd cdc gdnh hdng rong.<br />
(Papin, 2001: 172)<br />
<br />
Phdi ki din mgt sd lugng Idn cdc chg luu dgng, khdng tin ciia Thdng Long - Hd<br />
Ndi, a do, nhiing ngudi budn bdn rong, vgt vdnh, dd tu hgp dgc theo cdc phd,<br />
nhiing ngd ba, ngd tu, nhitng khodng ddt trdng, tdm lgi la d tdt cd mgi noi cd ng<br />
qua lgi. ngdi bdn Ig thien, khdng cdn hdng qudn.<br />
(Nguyin Thda Hy, 1993: 86)<br />
Khi mieu ta cdc tdng Idp qudn chung d Thdng Long till ky 17 va 18, tae gid Nguyen<br />
Thanh Nha cung dl cap din nhdm nhihig ngudi ban hang rong:<br />
Ddm ddng khdng ki xiit nhiing ngudi bdn hdng rong: ngudi bdn nude, bdn k^o,<br />
dn sdn, bdn do chai, ban dd rap, bdn dd dan lat... Cd tM gia nhdp nhdm ngudi<br />
Id nhiing ngudi chiia b$nh dgo. bdn thudc dgo, ngudi viit chii dgo, ngudi xem<br />
tudng, lay sd tir vi, xem sd.<br />
(Nguyen Thanh Nha, 1970:146)<br />
<br />
60<br />
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Hdng rong trong Ijch sU kinh ti - xd hgi Hd Ngi<br />
<br />
Cung theo tdc gia Nguyin Thanh Nha, thdi ky ndy nhom nhfing ngudi bdn hang<br />
rong cimg vdi nhdm nhimg ngudi lao dOng ndng va ngudi mua vui cdng cOng td nhftng<br />
ngudi phai chay an hdng ngay.<br />
L;^ giai sy ra ddi eua hang rong thdi k^ ndy, nha vdn Nguyin Nggc Tiln (2014) eho<br />
rdng, mgc dd chg d Thdng Long nhilu, nhung da phan nhfing chg nay hgp tiieo phien nen<br />
da gdy khd khan cho nhilu ngudi cd nhu eau. Hon niia, nen kinh te ty san tu tidu buOc<br />
nhilu ngudi phdi bdn san phdm Cik cd tiln md khdng cdn chd din phidn. Ben canh dd,<br />
khdng ehi dan Thdng Long, ngudi td chiing cung mang sdn phdm ve bdn. Khdng phai<br />
ddn Thdng Long, hg khdng thi md cda hdng trong cac phuong nghi vi the hg phai tun<br />
lunh thdc budn ban rong. Ngoai ra, mpt sd ngudi khdng eo tien de tra phi ngdi trong chg<br />
vd hg cimg phai ban rong, do la nhung ngudi ngheo.<br />
Hinh anh hang rong thudng gan vdi ngudi phy nfi eung ddi quang ganh, bdi 15 da<br />
phan ngudi ban hang rong d Thdng Long thdi ky ndy Id phy nfi. Thgt vgy, nhd truyen gido<br />
Fillipo de Marini khi ddn Thang Long dd nhdn xet: "Nhiing ngudi phy nfi d ddy mdi me<br />
vdi thuong mgi va hp khdng ngung ban rOn ve vice ban, mua", hay du Jdiach Trung Qude<br />
Phan Dinh Khue den Ke Chg ndm 1688 thi eho la "Vipc budn ban d Ke Chg bao gid<br />
cung do phy nfi dam nhiOm". Sau ndy (cudi thi ky 19), CDumoutier sau khi quan sdt ti<br />
mi eac chg Phien d Ha Ngi cung da nhan xet: "eu tiong 100 ngudi di chg, ngudi ta dim<br />
dugc 84 ngudi la ddn ba con gdi" (Nguyin Thda H^, 1993:94).<br />
Nhin chung, hdng rong tiong thdi k^ phong kiln Id mOt dgng budn bdn nhd, tiSu<br />
bilu cho mOt nin kinh te ndng nghipp ty eung tu cdp va mot nin san xudt nhd. Nhung<br />
ngudi budn ban rong la nhiing ngudi ngheo, thuOe tang Idp thdp trong xd hdi.<br />
2. Hang rong trong thdi 1^ Phap thu^c^<br />
Thdi gian ddu khi Hd NOi thuOc Phdp (1882-1885), hogt dOng budn ban rong van<br />
khd ty do. Bdc si Hoequard, ngudi theo chan quan dOi vien chinh Phdp tiong nhgt k^ ciia<br />
minh da cd dogn mieu ta ve hang rong: "Tu ddng xa, mOt anh ban thit Ign rong dang rao<br />
ban hang. Tdt ca hang hda d tien vai cua anh ta, d hai ddu ciia ddn gdnh tre; mOt ben la<br />
tdm phdn nhd bdy thit da dugc pha, ben edn lai dyng nhfing dyng ey cdn thiet: cdn, dao<br />
phay, dao nhd, v.v" (Papm, 2001).<br />
Khi ehinh phu Phap chinh thdc bdo hO Bdc K^' vd Hd NOi thanh nhugng dja ndm<br />
1888, ehinh quyIn thdnh p h i qudn ly kinh t l - xa hOi theo lugt cua Phdp, theo hudng phyc<br />
vy bp may eai hi cua ehinh quyIn thyc dan va dem lai Igi ich t l i da cho cdc nhd tu ban<br />
Phap. Ngoai sy ddu tu mgnh mg cua tu bdn Phdp vdo thuong mgi Bdc Ky md tigng tdm Id<br />
Hd NOi thi nhilu loai thul mdi dugc dp dyng, trong do c6 thul chg, dp dyng cd ddi vdi<br />
ngudi bdn hdng rong. Nhihig ngudi ban hang rong ddng thul theo ngdy vd hg chi dugc<br />
phep dimg gdnh ngay sat cda nha ngudi mua, tuypt dii cdm bdn tren via hd. Chu nha de<br />
ngudi ban hdng rong ngii ban trudc eda nhd sg bi phgt. Tai cae khu phd mdi dugc xay<br />
' Cic giai doan 1882-)945 vi 1947-1954.<br />
<br />
Nguyen Tuan Minh 61<br />
<br />
dyng phia Ddng va Nam hd Guam - noi tap trung nhiing ngudi Phap va ngudi Viet giau<br />
cd, chinh quyen ra Idnh cam hang rong khdng dugc ban tgi nhfing con phd nay (Nguyen<br />
Ngpc Tien, 2012). De ngudi mua biet minh bdn gi, ngudi ban hdng rong thudng xuyen<br />
phdi rao de bdo hieu sy xuat hien cua minh. Trong cudn sach "Chrestomathie Anamite"<br />
(An Nam van tap) cua Edmond Nordemann, xudt bdn nam 1898 tai Ha NOi, tac gia da liet<br />
ke 30 logi hang hda ban rong theo tilng rao. Ddn ddn, tilng rao tid thanh quen thude vdi<br />
ngudi thdnh thi va trd thanh mpt ddc tnmg thu vi cua hdng rong. That vdy, ndm 1928,<br />
nhung hgc sinh cda trudng My thudt Ddng Duong (nay Id trudng Dgi hpc My thuat Viet<br />
-Nam) va F de Fenis dd cdng bd mOt euon sach vdi tieu de "Hang rong va tieng rao tien<br />
dudng phd Ha NOi". Cudn sdch nay khoang 40 trang, hien nam trong Vien Vien Ddng<br />
Bac cd d thdnh phd Paris (Phap), md td kha ddy dii vl eae loai hinh hdng rong va nhimg<br />
tidng rao tuong dng thdng qua hinh dnh vd khudng nhge minh hpa. Theo eac tac gid cua<br />
cudn sach, tidng rao cua nhihig ngudi bdn hdng rong dd khien cho phd phuong tgi cdc do<br />
thi cda Vipt Nam trd nen sinh ddng hon*. V l tilng rao, cdn phdi ndi them rang, nhfing<br />
ngudi budn ban rong thudng cd hai gipng: mOt gipng dl rao vd mdt gigng thgt de giao<br />
tiep binh thudng. Dac tinh nay eho den nay van edn tdn tai.<br />
Theo thdi gian, bO mat kinh te cua Ha NOi bien ddi, nhieu xi nghiep, edng ty Idn,<br />
eac hipu budn Idn cda Phap dua nhau mgc tren dat Ha NOi. Ben cgnh dd, tu san mgi ban<br />
Hoa kieu cimg gifi mdt vai trd kha quan tigng trong vide xudt nhdp khdu hdng hda. Tdng<br />
Idp tu sdn ngudi Viet cung ddn hinh thdnh va eo nhfing bude phat trien nhat dinh. Hg md<br />
hieu budn, cae xudng sdn xuat, det, theu, do go, dd son, gdm sd, vat lieu xay dyng, v.v<br />
vdi ngudn hang hoac la nOi hda hogc mua budn cua cac mgi ban Phap va Hoa kieu. Tuy<br />
nhien, nhin chung hg diu bi tu san Piiap vd Hoa kieu chen ep, chi mOt sd nhd vuon len<br />
thdnh mai ban, cdn lgi da sd la lam dn budn ban vdi quy md nhd d nhung mat hang thdng<br />
dyng, chu yeu dap ung nhiing nhu edu sinh hogt hang ngdy (Ddng Phong, 2002). Thdi ky<br />
nay, do thu nhap eua ngudi bdn rong thdp, khdng dn dinh nen ehinh quyen da khdng ddnh<br />
thul nua, dilu nay lam cho ngudi ban hang rong cdng tang them ve sd lugng vd mat hang<br />
ciing da dgng hon (Nguyin Nggc Tiln, 2014). Nha sd hgc Papin (2014: 248) cung md td:<br />
"Nhimg ngudi td ngogi d vao thudng gdnh hodc dOi dii cdc loai sdn phdm tieu diing hang<br />
ngdy den cac hang eung ngo hdm eiia thanh pho". Sd lugng ngudi budn ban rong ddng<br />
ddo nhung hp lgi khong dugc dua vdo trong nhihig bao eao thdng ke hanh ehinh. Nidn<br />
giam thing kd Viet Nam ndm 1950 trang 248 khi dua ra sd lieu tiidng ke v l sd co sd san<br />
xudt kinh doanh d Hd NOi cd ghi chu rdng khdng tinh nhihig ngudi ban hang rong^<br />
Thdi ky Phdp thudc, xa hdi Viet Nam bdt ddu cd mOt vai dich chuyen tu xa hOi<br />
truyin thdng sang xd hOi hidn dgi. Trudc do, xa hOi Nho giao ludn cd tu tudng eoi tigng<br />
"cOi ngudn", nghe ndng nghiep dugc xem la cai "gdc", nghia la nen tang sdng cdn eiia xa<br />
hOi, do dd dugc hit sdc coi tigng. Trai lgi, budn bdn hi xem la cdi "canh", va bi coi<br />
* Theo http://belleindochine.free.fr/LesCrisDeLaRueHanoi.htm, tmy c§p ngiy 18/5/2017<br />
' Theo so !i§u trong bii cua Nguyen Vin Khinh, Pham Kim Thanh (2006).<br />
<br />