How to Display Data- P24

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How to Display Data- P24:The best method to convey a message from a piece of research in health is via a fi gure. The best advice that a statistician can give a researcher is to fi rst plot the data. Despite this, conventional statistics textbooks give only brief details on how to draw fi gures and display data.

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Index APACHE II score 54 text highlight 103 APACHE_O 54, 56 conﬁdence interval 83 area under the ROC curve (AUC) 56 Consolidation of Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) badly displayed data 9 statement 78–9 amount of information 9–11 contingency table 23, 66 change of baseline 12 continuous data 2, 29 ordering of data 12–14 box–whisker plot 40–1 suppressing the origin 11–12 dotplot 31 using images for linear histogram 35–40 contrasts 14–15 stem and leaf plot 31–5 bar chart 20–1 continuous outcome data 70 clustered bar chart 22–5 correlation 43–8 count data 29 correlation coefﬁcient 44–5 discontinuous data 39 count data 2, 29 stacked bar chart 26–7 bar chart 29–31 binary categorical outcomes 66 histogram 39 binary data 2 Bland–Altman plots 52–4 data 1 box–whisker plots 40–1 types 1–2 data presentation categorical data 1–2, 17 graphs 5–6 bar chart 20–1 numbers 3 clustered bar chart 22–5 tables 4–5 pie chart 17–20 designing slide layouts 99 stacked bar chart 26–7 discrete data see count data three-dimensional chart 21–2 dotplots 31 categorical outcome data 60–1 ‘dynamite plunger plots’ 9 censored observations 93 clustered bar charts 22–5 entry characteristics, comparison colour 18–19, 46, 103–4 of 79–81 complimentary colours 103 equivalence trial 72 primary colours 103 explanatory variable 48, 68, 73, 74 107
108 Index forest plot 71–2, 81–3 local weighted regression analysis 49 funnel plot 83–4 logistic regression analysis 68–9 Lowess curve 49–51, 91–2 Gaussian distribution see Normal distribution median value 34 ‘gee-whiz’ graph 11, 15 multiple logistic regression 69 ‘gold standard’ 54 multiple regression analysis 73–4, 75 graphs 7, 59 bar chart 20–21 nominal data 2 Bland-Altman plot 52–4 Normal distribution 37 box–whisker plot 40–1 numerical data see quantitative data clustered bar chart 22–25 numerical precision 3, 59 dotplot 31 numerical presentation 3 forest plot 71, 81–3 funnel plot 83–4 oral presentation 98 histogram 35–40 slides 98 Kaplan–Meier survival plot 93 ordinal data 2 Lowess curve 50–1, 91–2 outcome variable 48, 68, 74, 83, 93 pie chart 17–20 presentation of 5–6 Pearson’s correlation coefﬁcient 45 radar/spider plot 70, 71 pictures/graphics 103 ROC curve 54–56 slide transitions 103 scatter diagram 43, 46, 49, 50, 74 pie chart 17–20 simple 7 categorical data 17 stacked bar chart 26–27 count data 31 stem and leaf plot 31–5 plotting data 7 survival plot 93–6 poorly displayed data see badly time series plot 90–1 displayed data gridlines 4, 6, 59 predictor variable 48 grouping text 101–2 presentation of data see data presentation health-related quality of life (HRQoL) presentations 98–105 measures 63 colour 103–4 histogram 35–40 graphic design, of slides 99 advantage 37 pictures/graphics 103 categories 35 space 104 text 99–102 interquartile range 40 qualitative data see categorical data Kaplan–Meier survival plot 93 quantitative data 2, 29 continuous data 31–41 limits of agreement 53 count data 29 limits of equivalence 72, 73 outcomes 69–70
Index 109 radar/spider plot 70, 71 quantitative outcomes 69–70 randomised controlled trials 78 regression analyses results 73–6 regression 43, 48–9 survival curves 93–6 repeated measures data 76–8 vs. time series plots 90 tables 7, 59 response variable 48 for baseline characteristics 79–81 ROC curves for categorical outcome data 60–1, analysis 56 66–8 for diagnostic test 54 for continuous outcomes 61–3 for logistic regression analysis 68–9 sans serif typeface 99 for multiple outcome scatter diagram 43, 46, 48, 50 74 measures 63–4 scatterplot see scatter diagram for multiple regression serif typeface 99 analysis 73–6 skewed data 37, 39 presentation 4–5 slides 98 quantitative outcomes 69–70 colour 103–4 for repeated measures data 76 graphic design 99 text 99–102 pictures/graphics 103 typefaces 99 space 104 three-dimensional chart 10, 21–2 text 99–102 time series plot 90 software 7 two continuous variables, relationship space 104 between 43 spurious precision 3, 59 agreement 51–2 stacked bar charts 26–7 Bland–Altman plot 52–4 stem and leaf plots 31–5 correlation 43–8 study results reporting 66 Lowess curve 49–51 entry characteristics, comparison regression 43, 48–9 of 79–81 ROC curve forest plots 81–3 analysis 56 funnel plots 83–4 diagnostic test 54 patient ﬂow diagram 78 typefaces plots, for outcome data 70–3 sans serif typeface 99 randomised controlled trials 78 serif typeface 99 repeated measures data 76–8 tables for univariate categorical data see categorical outcomes 66–8 categorical data logistic regression analysis results 68–9 white space 4, 59