Identification and validation of methylated PENK gene for early detection of bladder cancer using urine DNA

Early detection of bladder cancer (BCa) offers patients a favorable outcome and avoids the need for cystectomy. Development of an accurate and sensitive noninvasive BCa diagnostic test is imperative. DNA methylation is an early epigenetic event in the development of BCa. The aim of this study was to identify methylation biomarkers for early detection of BCa.