Ion transport in the return flow ion-concentration-polarization system

The novel desalination device, the return flow electromembrane desalination called Return Flow IonConcentration-Polarization (RF-ICP) which resolved one of the most prominent problems in ICP is the overlimiting conduction mechanism. The development of the ion depletion layer largely determines the energy consumption of electromembrane desalination, because of the increased electrical resistance of the iondepleted boundary layer which is also a desired outcome for desalination.