John Stuart Mill với phong trào đòi bình quyền cho phụ nữ

Nghi©n ciiu<br /> Gia c5inh vci Gi6'\<br /> S6 3 -201:^<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> John Stuart Mill vol pliong trao<br /> doi binh quyen cho phu nOf<br /> <br /> Ngo Thj Nhu-<br /> Trudng Dai hpc Ngoai thirong<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tom tat: John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) la mot trong nhttng<br /> ngUdi ung ho phong trio giai phong phu nii manh me nha't. Tu<br /> tucing doi quyen binh dang cho phu nQ dUdc the hien trong ra't<br /> nhieu tac pha'm noi tieng ciia ong. Bai viet trinh bay nhttng tU<br /> tUcing J, S. Mill vi vai tro va vi tri cua nfl gi6i trong xa hoi,<br /> nhflng dong gop ciia ong do'i v6i phong trio doi binh quyen cho<br /> nfl gi6i. Nghien cflu tu tuong cua J. S. Mill ve van de giai phong<br /> phu nfl la mot each tie'p cSn khong chi co y nghia ve mat ly luan<br /> ma con gop phan khSng dinh tam quan trong cua sU nghiep vi<br /> Sli tien bo ciia phu nfl hien nay.<br /> <br /> TCf khda: Phu nfl; TU tUcing vd binh quyen cua phu nfl; John<br /> Stuart Mill; Giai phong phu nfl.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Cuoc ddl va sir nghiep cua J. S. Milt<br /> <br /> John Stuart Mill (I806-I873), cdn gpi 11 J. S. Mills, sinh tai Pentonville,<br /> London, nudc Anh. La mdt nhi trifi't hgc, nhi kinh tfi'hgc chinh trj, ddng Ihdi<br /> 11 nhi cai cich nhifit thinh, st; nghifip vl hoat ddng cua John Stuart Mill dd<br /> lai d^u I'n dam ndt trong Ijch stt chiu Au.<br /> Nam 1851, John Stuart Mill thinh hfln vdi Harriet Taylor (1807-1858)<br /> la nu trifi't gia vl la ngudi bfinh vuc, bifin hfl cho quydn cua ntt gien. Ba la<br />  Ngo Thi Nhu 65<br /> <br /> mdt ngudi cdng tac thudng xuyfin cho mang tho ca, bii phfi binh sach, vl<br /> nhung miu chuyfin van hgc cua The Monthly Repository - mflt td bao cd<br /> tu tudng ci'p tifi'n, ttng hd binh quydn phu ntt. H. Taylor cd anh hudng dang<br /> ke dd'i vdi tu tudng vl su nghifip ciia J. S. Mill vl da hfl trg J. S. Mill rit<br /> ldn trong su nghifip di'u tranh vl bao vfi quydn binh dang cho nu gidi.<br /> John Stuart Mill ndi tifi'ng II mdt trong nhung ngudi ung hd vin dd giai<br /> phdng phu nu sdm nhi't vl manh me nhi't. Trong toin bd su nghifip trifi't<br /> hpc chinh trj cua J. S. Mill, vin dd giai phdng phii ntt 11 mflt trong nhitng<br /> chii dd ndi bat. Tu tudng ddi quydn binh dang cho phu nu dugc thd hifin<br /> deu dan trong mfli tie phim dac sic ciia flng, ttt nhung chii thfch trong Ca<br /> sdciia sudgi dicn {Rationale ofRepi escntaiton. 1835), dfi'n mflt trfch doan<br /> trong Tit tifdng cdi cdch nghi vien (Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform,<br /> 1859), vl tifi'p tiic thd hifin d tic phim chfnh trj ndi tifi'ng la Chinh the dgi<br /> dien (Representative Government, 1861). Nhung cd le, tie phim tifiu bidu<br /> nhit ma J. S. Mill da danh tam huyfi't da'u tranh cho quyen Igi ntt gidi II<br /> cud'n Sudp bifc phu nt7(The Subjection of Women, 1869).<br /> <br /> Su dp biic phu ntf dugc xuit ban nam 1869 da gay mflt tifi'ng vang ldn.<br /> Nha nghifin cun Jose Harris danh gii Sif dp bdc phu nUXh. "tifi'ng nd cua mflt<br /> qua bom hen gid vao diu trudng gidi tinh", la "kinh thanh ciia phong trao<br /> nu gidi" (Richard Reeves, 2008). Cic I'n ban ddu dugc ban hfi't trong nam<br /> dau tifin xuit ban va ngay lap tttc dugc dich sang nhidu ngdn ngtt nhu tifi'ng<br /> Phap, Dan Mach, Dttc, Y, Ba I.an va Nga. Cud'n saeh dugc coi la mdt trong<br /> nhttng tac phim cua lac gia la nam gidi sdm nhit vd dd tai phu ntt.<br /> Ngay khi cdn tre. J. S. Mill da khdng ddng y vdi quan diem cua cha<br /> minh la James Mill'" khi cho ring phu ntt khdng cin biu eCr. Va sau nay,<br /> chi'nh Harriet da truydn thfim cho J. S. Mill nhifit tam de khing djnh quydn<br /> lgi vd xa hdi va chinh trj cho phu ntt. Hiu nhu trong mfli trang van ciia Su<br /> dp bdc phu nd ddu cd su hien difin cua Harriet. Dieu nay ly giai phin nio<br /> sir ddng gdp cua bl vao if luin cua J. S. Mill vd vin dd phu nu. Nhung<br /> quan trgng hon cd le vi Harriet chinh la mdt kidu miu ciia ngudi phu ntt<br /> vl ngudi vg ma J. S. Mill hudng dfi'n.<br /> <br /> 2. Tirtudng J. S. Mill ve binh quyen cho phu nuT<br /> <br /> Vai tro va vi tri cua nflr gidi trong xa hoi<br /> Trong thdi dai ciia John Stuart Mill, ngUdi phu ntt cd vai trd xa hdi rat<br /> md nhat. Thflng thudng, hg bi danh gia ri't thi'p vd vj iri vl nang luc. Thinh<br /> kifi'n truydn thfl'ng nhin nhin phim chit cua phu ntt lufln ldi tfi hon so vdi<br /> nam gidi. Do dd, hg bj cim va khflng dugc khuyfi'n khfch trong rat nhidu<br /> 86 Nghiin cttu Gia dinh v^ Gidl. Quy&'n 22, so 3, tr. 84-93<br /> <br /> <br /> lmh vuc ciia ddi sd'ng xa hfli. Phu ntt khflng cd nhidu co may thing tidn<br /> trong x;i hdi. Nhttng nghd nghifip chuyfin mdn, dac bifit nhung vific lifin<br /> quan dfi'n chfnh tri, ddu khdp kfn dd'i vdi phu ntt. Mfli sd It nginh nghd phu<br /> ntt cd thd tham gia thi khflng dugc coi trpng nhu vific day hgc cho tre em,<br /> v.v. Phin Idn ntt gidi it dugc dfi'n trudng, ml chii yfi'u dugc cha me mdi gia<br /> su day hgc d nhi.<br /> Ngudi phu ntt thirdng bi phu thudc vio than thfi' cua cha hoac chdng,<br /> nhu siJ dinh gii cho dja vj xa hfli. Dfl'i vdi phu ntt, su lfi thudc vao ngudi<br /> chdng II chuyfin hidn nhifin, khdng thd thay d6i. Xa hdi quy djnh sin cho<br /> hp mdt sfl mfinh chung 11 kfi't hdn vl tuin theo nhttng rang buflc. Hiu hdt<br /> nhihig quy udc ring budc ctia xa hfli Anh thd ky XIX ddu cd lgi eho nam<br /> gidi, va ddu vi Igi fch cua ngudi chdng. Bdi thif nhai, mflt ngudi phu ntt da<br /> kfi't hdn se khdng cd tii san gi, m l chi nhd cay tii san cua chdng; bit ky<br /> cua cai nio m l ngudi phu ntt dugc thtta kd lip tttc se thuflc sd hun cua<br /> chdng. Thd hai, nfi'u cd each dd ngttdi vg bao vc tai san ciia minh, thi hp<br /> cung vin khdng dugc phep su dung tii san nay; trong khi dd nfi'u ngucri<br /> chdng dung bao lire chifi'm doat tii san ttt vg, thi anh ta cung khdng bi<br /> triing phat hoac bj budc tra lai. Thifba, chdng va vg dugc ggi chung II mdt<br /> ngudi ve mil phap ly, nhung didu dd chi cd nghia II nhung gi ciia vg thi<br /> se la cua chdng (nhung khflng phai ngugc lai). Thifiu, con cii ciia ngudi<br /> vg dugc phip luat thtta nhan la con cua chflng; ngudi phu ntt khdng cd<br /> quydn hanh gi vdi chung, trtt khi dugc su uy quydn cua chflng; khi chflng<br /> chfi't, ngudi vg khdng trd thanh giam hd ciia cic con, trtt khi ngudi chdng<br /> di chuc lai cho phep vg cd quydn giam hd. Thif ndm, nfi'u ngudi vg ttt bd<br /> chdng hp se khdng dugc phep mang theo thtt gi, tham chi ca con cai; va<br /> nfi'u ngudi vg cd du ban linh dd llm vay thi ngucri chdng vin cd thd diing<br /> quydn luc dd cudng bttc hg quay trd vd (Joan A. Price. 2000).<br /> <br /> Cac tac phim van hpc thdky XIX cd n^i dung lifin quan dfi'n md'i quan<br /> he nam - ntt da chi ra ring vai trd ciia ngudi phu ntt la llm hii Idng ngudi<br /> dan flng. Ngudi vg mac trang phuc gi vl hinh thttc nhu ihd nao cttng chi<br /> dd dip ung nhung yfiu elu ciia ngudi chdng. Nhu Mary Wollsionecraft<br /> (1759-1797), mflt nhi van Anh, da Ifin an ring xa hdi day cho ngudi phu<br /> ntt cich bidu Ifl nhttng vui thu. chtt khflng phai bidu 16 dc thdng minh cua<br /> hg (Joan A. Price, 2000). Ngudi phu nu dugc day bao "dttc hanh" khult<br /> phuc nhimg "bd trfin" ciia hg.<br /> <br /> Dfl'i vdi J. S. Mill, quan didm coi phu ntt duong nhifin bj lfi thudc vao<br /> nam gidi II mdt cich nhin nhan cue kf nguy hidm va sai llm. Ddng tinh<br /> vdi M. Wollstonecrafl, flng cho ring ngudn gflc din dfi'n ap bttc phu ntt<br />  Ngo Thi Nhii 87<br /> <br /> chinh la do su chuyfin quydn trong gia dinh vl trong xa hdi. Va bifi'u hien<br /> chuyfin quydn cua ngudi chdng dfl'i vdi ngudi vg. cua nam gidi dd'i vdi ntt<br /> gidi ti't yfi'u din dfi'n s\i dinh gia sai lac vd ban chit, vd vai trd cua ngudi<br /> phu ntt. Va J. S. Mill e ngai bic'u hifin dd dang ngiy cang cd tinh ph6 bifi'n<br /> trong thdi dai minh.<br /> Quan didm chfnh thd'ng ciia thdi dai Victoria, phu ntt dan gian chi la<br /> nhung ca thd tim thudng, mang than phin tim giii. Vl rdi, su yfi'u dud'i,<br /> thifi'u hidu bifi't, khflng cd tii chfnh cua phu nu dudng nhu lai trd thanh ca<br /> sd hgp if dd tudc bd quyfin chfnh trj cua hp. Vd co ban, J. S. Mill khdng<br /> phu nhan phii ntt dugc trang bj vfi cuflc sd'ng cflng ddng ft hon nam gidi.<br /> Nhung dng khang dinh ring, didu niy la kfi't qua ciia su ap bttc phu ntt, chtt<br /> khdng phai la nguyfin nhin dc ml Ip bttc hg.<br /> Diing rifing mfli bfin chifi'n tuyfi'n, J. S. Mill da chdng lai nhttng dinh kifin<br /> phin bifit gidi ffnh duong thdi. 6 gde dd 1^ luan, dng da tra lai cho phu nu vj<br /> tri va vai trd ml hg xung dang cd dugc. J. S. Mill da su diing hgc thuyfi't vd<br /> phim chat tu nhifin lam co sd cho thuyfi't nam nu binh quydn. Trong tac pham<br /> Sudp bifc phu nif, flng cho ring hoan toan sai llm khi "quy djnh sinh ra la<br /> ntt hoac nam, da den hoac da tring, tang Ic^ binh dan hoac quy tflc thi se<br /> quyfi't dinh than phan, dia \'! ciia ngudi dd sud't ca cudc ddi" (J. S. Mill, 1984).<br /> Theo lap Iuan cua J. S, Mill, khdng thd can ctt vao gidi tfnh, chung tflc, ngoai<br /> hinh dd dinh gia nang lire vl phim chat cua con ngudi.<br /> Ldi keu ggi cua J. S. Mill cho binh ding nam ntt cung chfnh la tifi'ng<br /> ndi Ling hd cac quyen tu do ca nhan chinh dang ctia ntt gidi. Vl cac quydn<br /> tu do cl nhan dd se hudng phu ntt hinh ddng theo nhting cam xiic ca nhan<br /> vd bdn phan, hanh dflng theo luat phap vl nhirng chuin muc xa hdi bdi<br /> chinh luong tri hg. Tu do se mang lai cho ngudi phu nu mdn qua ve "su y<br /> thttc trong vific se didu khidn van mfinh cua chinh minh bang chinh trach<br /> nhifim dao dttc ca nhan" (J. S. Mill, 1984).<br /> Khdng chi dem lai Igi I'ch cho ntt gidi, vifie giai phdng va su giao due<br /> danh cho chfnh hg cdn dem lai nhttng Igi ich tich cue cho nam gidi. Vific<br /> tang cudng tinh canh tranh giua hai phai se cho ket qua la su phat tridn tri<br /> tufi cua ta't ca. Bang each giai phdng phu ntt, J. S. Mill tin ring hp se cd<br /> thd giao kfi't Ifl't hon vdi chdng vd kha nang trf tufi, do dd se cai thifin dugc<br /> mdi quan hfi gitta hai gidi.<br /> J. S. Mill cho ring xa hdi da khflng quan tim dfi'n kha nang cua phu ntt,<br /> khflng cho hg co hfli thd hifin. Neu xa hfli tao ra su binh ding thi mgi ngudi<br /> se thiy dugc nhung lgi fch ttt ca nhan phu ntt. Tu do vl cflng bang cho phu<br /> nu se la dflng luc thuc day xa hfli phat tridn. Vi "sijp manh xa hdi chi cd<br /> 66 Nghien cttu Gia dinh vk Gidl. QuySn 22, so 3, tr. 84-93<br /> <br /> <br /> dugc khi dem lai tu do cho mdt ntta ldng sfl tai nang tri tufi cua nhin loai"<br /> (J. S. Mill, 1984). Cac f tudng vl tidm ning ciia mflt niia din sfl' se dugc<br /> giii phdng, tao ra hifiu luc rli ldn cho su phit tridn toin nhan loai.<br /> Nhumg hinh thurc kh^ng dinh binh quyen cho niir gidi<br /> Ddng thdi vdi su thtta nhin binh ding nam - nu, J. S. Mill cung da dua<br /> ra nhung hinh thttc khing dinh quydn binh dang ly. Trudc hfi't, J. S. Mill<br /> mudn xda bd khoang each vd gidl tinh ngay trong pham vi gia dinh. Trong<br /> quan he hdn nhin - gia dinh, phu ntt hoin loan cd quydn binh ding vdi<br /> ngudi chdng vd dja vi vl vd cic quydn. Xem hdn nhan la nut buflc diu tifin<br /> cin thio gd. J. S. Mill da vifi't; "Vin dd khdng phai hfln nhin nfin la gi, m l<br /> mdt va'n dd rflng han ring phu ntt nfin 11 gi. Vific xic djnh hdn nhan 11 md'i<br /> quan hfi gitta hai con ngudi ngang bing nhau. hay II mfli quan hfi giua bd<br /> trfin vl ke dudi, gitta ngudi bao vfi vl ke phu thuflc .se giup giai quyfi't dfi<br /> dang mgi vin dd khic" (J, S. Mill, 1984). Mdi quan hfi vg - chdng trong<br /> hdn nhan trd thinh mflt trong nhttng luan didm trung tam trong lac phim<br /> ndi tifi'ng Su dp bifc phii nif.<br /> <br /> J. S. Mill cho ring hdn nhin chinh II nai In nl'p cua su ap bttc phii nu,<br /> II bttc tudng vd hinh kidm tda tu do cua hg. Ong cho ring ngudi phu nu<br /> kfi't hfln khflng phai chi II tim mdt ngudi bao vfi cho cuflc ddi phii thugc<br /> ciia minh. Hg khao khat mflt didu Idn hon, dd la hanh phuc trong mfli quan<br /> hfi ngang hang vdi chdng. Va hdn nhan khdng phai II mdt cdng vific thuan<br /> tuy mang tinh vu lgi, vi Igi fch kinh lfi'. Da dfi'n luc hdn nhan cin phai 11<br /> kfi't qua cua mdt tinh yfiu va ngudi phu ntt cin dugc hudng su cflng bang<br /> trong hfln nhan.<br /> <br /> vay nfin, J, S. Mill lip luan, tu do cho phii ntt bit diu tnrdc hfi't tir sti<br /> thay ddi nhan thttc d nam gidi. Ndi each khac, sir thay ddi hdn nhin, trong<br /> tu tudng J. S. Mill, khflng phai dfi'n ttt su loai bo hfln nhan ma ttt sir llm<br /> mdi hfln nhin. Quan hfi chdng - vg khflng nfin la mfl'i quan hfi bd trfin - ke<br /> dudi hay chinh - phu. m l nfin II md'i quan hfi ngang hang, md'i quan hfi<br /> tam giao. Dung trfin lip trudng hifin dai, tu tudng cua J. S. Mill vd hfln<br /> nhin dua trfin sir tdn trgng Iln nhau, sir chia se trich nhifim la khdng thd<br /> phu nhan.<br /> <br /> Ngay ttt nhttng nim 1830. J. S. Mill da vifi't cho Harriet vl bay td vd<br /> mfl'i quan hfi huyfi't thfl'ng trong gia dinh. J. S. Mill thtta nhan mflt su that<br /> ring tre em phu thuflc hoin loin vio cha me. Vay nfin, chung se dugc<br /> cham sdc tflt han nfi'u cha me lufln bfin nhau. Dfl'i vdi J. S. Mill, cudc sd'ng<br /> gia dinh II ndn tang quan trgng U-ong giio due dao dttc cho tre nhd. Gia<br /> dinh II nai tic dflng mflt cich can ban ddn su hinh thinh phim chil va tinh<br />  Ngo T h i Nhii 89<br /> <br /> <br /> each cua ire em. Vay nfin, dng khflng iing hfl kifiu gia dinh chuyfin quydn,<br /> gia trudng bdi dd se II nguy ca Iam hdng tinh each ciia nhung dtta tre, vl<br /> II mflt bai hgc vd Idng vd su gia trudng dd'i vdi tre nhd. Trong quan nifim<br /> ciia J. S. Mill, chi khi gia dinh dugc xay dimg dua trfin ndn tang su binh<br /> dang giua ngudi cha va ngudi me thi mdi cd thd tao thanh "mflt cuflc sfl'ng<br /> ihudng nhit ciia con ngudi, va theo mdt y nghia cao ca nhit la mflt mfli<br /> trudng nudi dudng dao dttc" (J. S. Mill, 1984).<br /> Nfi'u xem vific khdng dinh lai vai trd quan trpng ciia ngudi phu nu irong<br /> gia dinh la budc thtt nhi't trong tifi'n trinh giai phdng hg, thi vice tao didu<br /> kifin vd giio due cho phu nu la budc thtt hai trong tifi'n trinh dd. J. S. Mill<br /> va Harriet ddng y ring mdt trong nhung bifin phip quan trpng nha't hu6ng<br /> tdi su giai phdng phu ntt chinh la cai thifin giio due dfi phu ntt cd ca hdi<br /> phat trifi'n nhu nam gidi, phu ntt cd ca hdi dugc thd hifin vl hoan thifin ban<br /> thin ngang bang vdi nam gici. Vi thfi', trong vific ung hd md rdng giio due<br /> cho mgi ngudi thi J. S. Mill ludn uu tifin chu trucmg md rdng ndn giao due<br /> dd'i vdi phu ntt. Nam 1869, dng da cho tifi'n hanh va dinh gia bai kidm tra<br /> mdn kinh td chfnh trj cua trudng ntt sinh mdi do Emily Davies (1830 -<br /> 1921) thanh lap d Hitchin, sau nay trd thinh trudng Griton College,<br /> Cambridge.<br /> Trong cac hinh thttc khing djnh quydn binh dang cua nu gidi, J. S. Mill<br /> xem binh dang cho phii ntt trong chinh trj la hinh thttc quan trpng nhl'l.<br /> Thdng qua binh ding gidi vd quydn chfnh U-j, J. S. Mill mudn cd vu vl<br /> khuyfi'n khich phu ntt hudng dfi'n nhttng dieu tdt dep trong cudc sfl'ng. Theo<br /> lap luan cua J. S. Mill, gianh dugc quyen biu ctt se la chia khda md ra<br /> nhung CO hfli khac, nhung canh ctta mdi cho phii ntt. Vay nfin, "chifi'n<br /> djch" giai phdng phu nu cua J. S. Mill tap trung chu yfi'u vao va'n de ddi<br /> quyen biu cCr. Trong cudn "Chinh the dgi dien", flng nha'n manh: "Hay<br /> cho phu ntt dugc cd quydn biu cii, va rdi hp se chiu tie ddng ctia quan<br /> didm danh dir vd mil chfnh tri" (J. S. Mill, Chinh the dgi dien, ban dich<br /> Nguyfin van Trgng va Bui Van Nam Son, 2008).<br /> Cud'i thfi' ky XIX, quydn biu ctt ciia ntt gidi d Anh vin bi phii nhan la<br /> vi kha nang ca nhan cua hg khdng dugc thira nhin. Cac nha chinh tri e ngai<br /> rang phii ntt khflng tinh loan khi bd phie'u, ma chi dan thuin llm theo<br /> mfinh lenh ciia mfl'i quan hfi vdi nhttng ngudi din dng than thich. Nhung<br /> trong tac phim Chinh the dgi dien J. S. Mill khing dinh ring: "Nfi'u cd vay<br /> thl cting ctt dd nhu vay. Nfi'u hg tir minh suy ngh! thi that la rit td't, ndu hg<br /> khflng lam thd thi cung ching hai gi. Thio xidng xich cho con ngudi II<br /> didu ich lgi cho hg, ngay ca khi hp khflng mud'n budc chan di ntta".<br /> 90 Nghien cttu Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quy&'n 22, so 3, tr. 84-93<br /> <br /> <br /> Trong lie phdm Chinh the dai dien, khi bin vd viec md rflng quydn biu<br /> ctt, flng khdng linh dfi'n sir khic bifit gidi tfnh. J. S. Mill vidt: "Tdi cho ring<br /> dfl'i vdi quydn chfnh trj ihi sir khac bifit niy cung khflng thfch dang giflng<br /> nhu sir khic bifit vd chidu cao hay miu ldc". Theo dng, mpi ngudi ddu cd<br /> cttng su quan tim dfi'n thd chd chfnh trj; va cd nhu ciu dugc gdp tidng ndi<br /> trong vi'n dd I'y dd dam bao lgi fch cl nhan. Thd nfin, nam gidi hay ntt gidi<br /> khdng cd sir khic bifit nio vd vi tri trong cac vin dd chfnh trj. "Ndu cd su<br /> khac bifit nio, thi dd II phii ntt ddi hdi cd tifi'ng ndi nhidu hon nam gidi, vi<br /> ring hg cd co thd yfi'u dt hon nfin phu thudc vao luat phap va xa hfli nhidu<br /> han trong vific dugc bao hd" (J. S. Mill, Chinh the dgi dien, ban djch<br /> Nguydn van Trpng vl Biii Van Nam San, 2008).<br /> <br /> 3. Dong gop cua J. S. Mill doi vdi phong trao doi binh quyen cho<br /> nu'gidi<br /> <br /> Tai thdi didm xua't ban, tic phim Su dp bifc phu nif bi xem 11 mflt sir<br /> "lang nhue" dd'i vdi quan didm chudn muc truydn thd'ng chau Au vfi vi tri<br /> ciia ngudi dan flng va phu ntt. The nhimg, su thuc la tie phim da cung d p<br /> nhttng luan ctt chi tifi't va su hiing bifin dam mfi dfl'i vdi vlji dd ba't binh<br /> ding xa hdi va bit binh dang phip Iy khi phu ntt bj ap dat bdi mdt nen van<br /> hda gia trudng. Hon thfi', tie phim niy dugc xem la cuong linh ciia phong<br /> trao ntt quydn hifin dai, va la mdt quydn sach but chifi'n manh me nhit bing<br /> tifi'ng Anh.<br /> Tu tudng binh dang gidi ciia J. S. Mill, d binh difin Iy luan. chinh la sir<br /> mdrdng tifi'p nd'i ttt chu nghia tudo cua flng. Sudp bifc phu H/?(1869) 11<br /> tie phim diu tifin cua mdt nha trifi't hgc dinh rifing dd tranh luin vd vih<br /> dd binh ding gitfti. Didu nay dugc thuc hifin vdi tat ca sttc thuye't phuc vl<br /> sttc hip din dflc dao cua cua J. S. Mill. Vi le dd, nd vin dugc nhttng ngucri<br /> da'u tranh cho ntt quydn d khip mpi nai hfi't sue quy trgng.<br /> Trong khi nhidu nhi tu tudng cung thdi quan nifim phu ntt chi cd the<br /> lua chpn llm vg, lam me, lam ndi trg hoac khdng kfi't hdn, thi J. S. Mill Iai<br /> bay td y djnh vd su cflng bing cho ntt gidi. Trong khi cac quy flng chi nhin<br /> nhan phii ntt 11 ca thd ciia gia dinh, thi J. S. Mill nhan thi'y d phu ntt mflt<br /> kha ning xa hfli thifi't thirc. Su ung hfl nhifit thanh ciia J. S. Mill cho thiy<br /> tfnh tidn bfl, cdi md, hifin dai trong tu tucmg dng. Sflng trong thd ky XDC,<br /> nhung quan difi'm ciia J. S. Mill thd hifin tim nhin ciia thdky XX, va ngay<br /> ca thdky XXI.<br /> Khdng chi 11 mdi nha ly luin, J. S. Mill cdn ti'ch cue vin ddng cho<br /> quydn Igi ciia phu nu khi dng la nghj sT. 6ng thudng stt dung vj trf ciia<br />  Ngo Thi Nhii 91<br /> <br /> minh trong nghj vien dd yfiu ciu quydn biu ctt cho ntt gidi. Ong cdn manh<br /> dan thanh lip mdt nhdm nhung ngudi trong nghj vifin iing hd quydn binh<br /> dang ntt gidi. J. S. Mill 11 ngudi diu tifin dua va'n dd quydn lgi phu ntt Ifin<br /> ban nghi su cua chfnh gidi. Nim 1866, Dan yfiu ciu quydn biu ett vdi chtt<br /> kf ciia 1500 phii nu da dugc J. S. Mill dfi u-inh Ifin ha vifin Anh. Trong Du<br /> lult Cai each 1867, J. S. Mill da cd mdt sua ddi ndi tifi'ng, thay ttt ngudi<br /> {man) bing ttt ngudi {person). DIu khflng thanh cflng ngay d thdi difi'm dfi<br /> trinh, nhimg dd II sir nfl luc manh me nhi't ciia mdt nghi sT dam tranh diu<br /> cho quydn biu ctt cua ntt gidi.<br /> <br /> Thing 5 nam 1870, mdt du luat nghj vifin nhim ndi Idng su gidi han<br /> chi'nh trj dfl'i vdi phii ntt da dugc thdng qua d phifin hgp thtt hai. Nhan dip<br /> niy, J. S. Mill vifi't thu cho mflt ngudi ban bay td su phin khich cua minh;<br /> "Tfli dang ri't phlii chi'n vi tridn vgng ciia chttng ta. Tfli nghi ring chung<br /> ta hiu nhu da gianh dugc chifi'n thing nhu tdi timg nghf' (J. S. Mill, 1972).<br /> Vifi't thu cho Charles Kingsley (1819-1875), flng cung thd hifin su lac quan<br /> khi tin tudng nfl luc giai phdng phu ntt se dat dugc su nhi't trf cua ha vifin,<br /> ba't cha'p su phan dd'i cua thutmg vifin (J. S. Mill, 1972).<br /> Tuy nhifin, vi'n di quydn biu cu cua phu ntt thanh cdng cham han so<br /> vdi nhimg du tfnh cua J. S Mill. Song, bang nhung nd luc cua minh, khi<br /> cdn sfl'ng, J. S. Mill da cd ddng gdp rit I6n ddi vdl phong trao giai phdng<br /> phu ntt. Didu kifin vat chit va giao due cua phu ntt da dugc cai thifin tiing<br /> budc. Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929) danh gia cdng lao ctia J. S. Mill nhu<br /> sau: 'Trudc khi ed nhung nd lue can thifip ciia flng, quyen biu cu cua phu<br /> ntt "chua trd thanh vin dfi chinh trj cua dat nudc" (Richard Reeves, 2008).<br /> Ban thin John Stuart Mill da cd tic ddng rit ldn dfi'n su thanh lap va<br /> phit trien ciia Hgi qud'c gia vi quyen bdu cif ciia phii nd (Nation Society<br /> for Women's Sufrage), Day la mdt t6 chttc hoat ddng rit nd luc cho phong<br /> trao tranh diu cua ntt gidi ntta sau thdky XIX va J. S. Mill timg gitt vj tri<br /> Chu tjch cua Hfli trong mdi thdi gian ngin.<br /> Tai Hdi nghi diu lifin cua Hgi qudc gia vt quyen bdu cif ciia phu nif id<br /> chttc nam 1869, trong bii phal bieu khai mac, ba dementia Taylor Chu<br /> tich hdi da cho ring thinh cdng cua Hfli phin nhieu dfiu do su ting hfl dung<br /> cam va nhifit huyfi't ciia John Stuart Mill. Dai difin cho nhttng ngudi phu<br /> ntt, ba bay td: "Mdi ngudi phu ntt Anh ddu ng J. S. Mill mdt Idng bifi't on<br /> slu sic" (J. S. Mill, 1988).<br /> Cdn M. Fawcett thi dinh gia: J. S. Mill chinh la ngudi td chttc chinh<br /> ydu cua phong trao ddi quydn biu ctt cho ntt gidi. Vdi vi'n dd quydn biu<br /> cii ciia phu ntt, J. S. Mill da cfl'ng hifi'n "nhttng tu tudng manh me nhat vl<br /> 92 Nghien cttu Gia dinh vk Gidl. Quy&n 22, so 3, tr. 84-93<br /> <br /> <br /> nhung nam thang sfli ndi nha'l cua cudc ddi dng" (Richard Reeves. 2008).<br /> Ngiy nay, dat bfin canh phin mfl cua J. S. Mill 6 Avignon 11 mflt ta'm bang<br /> khic ddng chtt: Bdng td't cd su kinh ti inig John Sltiai I Mill, ngUdi bdo ve<br /> phu nCf {En hommage de John Stuart Mill. Defenseurdes Femmes).<br /> Trong xa hfli thdky XXI, phu ntt dugc di biu ctt II mflt quydn han qua<br /> dfli binh thudng. Nhung diy lai II vin dd hfi't sttc gai gde vao thdi dai<br /> Victoria. Nam 1918, nghj vifin Anh da nhit tri thflng qua mflt sd quydn tu<br /> do cho phii ntt da qua tudi 30, hoac nfi'u hg da cd mdt bing dai hgc. Nam<br /> 1928, sau 61 nam ttt khi J. S. Mill dfi trinh Ifin nghj vifin didu le siia ddi<br /> ndi tie'ng vd quydn biu ctt cua phu ntt, nghj vifin Anh da thdng qua mdt Dir<br /> lull cho phdp phii ntt cfl nhung quydn bd phidu tuang lu nhu nam gidi. Thd<br /> nfin, that xic ding khi xem John Stuart Mill II bidu tugng cua phong trao<br /> di'u tranh ddi quydn biu ctt ntt gidi tai Anh.<br /> <br /> Vdi tinh thin lac quan vio tuong lai, J. S. Mill tin ring xu hudng ciia<br /> Ijch stt sc khang djnh uu thd cho phii ntt, vl khi mgi xa hdi ddu trd nfin lidn<br /> bd han thi cdng bing gidi se dugc thifi't lap. "Theo sud'i tidn trinh cua ljch<br /> stt, phij ntt se bit kip dugc vdi nam gidi" (J. S. Mill, 1984). Hy vpng cua<br /> J. S. Mill hoin loan cd co sd, va da dugc kidm chung bdi thuc tifin Ijch su<br /> nhimg thd ky sau niy.<br /> Hifin nay, ngay 8 thing 3 trd thanh mflt ngay dd tfln vinh phu ntt, dd cao<br /> vai trd cua phu ntt trong gia dinh va trong xa hdi. Nd II kfi't qua ciia phong<br /> trao da'u tranh ddi quydn cho ntt gidi, phat trifin manh me ttt gitta ihdky<br /> XIX. Dfi'n nam 1910, Dai hfli Phu ntt Qufl'c td Xa hfli Chu nghia d<br /> Copenhagen (Dan Mach) da chfnh thuc liy 8/3 llm Ngiy Qud'c tdPhu ntt.<br /> Ngay 24/2/20II, td chttc Lifin hop quflc da llm lfi ra mil Caquan Lien<br /> hgp qud'c ve Binh ddng gidi vd Trao quyen cho phu nit. Day II mflt td chttc<br /> mdi nha't ciia Lifin hgp qufl'c vdi su tham gia ciia nhung ngucri cd uy tfn<br /> trfin cac Iinh vuc chfnh trj, giai tri, kinh doanh. bao chf, am nhac va phim<br /> anh. Co quan niy cung II su thd hifin nd luc diy tham vgng cua Lifin ht;^<br /> qufl'c nhim thuc diy qua trinh tifi'n ldi binh ding gidi.<br /> Ljch su phong trio giai phdng phu ntt trfin thfi'gidi cho thiy ring dem<br /> lai quydn binh ding cho phu ntt la mdt trong nhung da'u In dac sic ciia<br /> thdi dai van minh vl tifi'n bd. Xa hfli hifin dai se tifi'p tuc hoan thifin hon<br /> ntta nhung gia trj va chuin muc cua phong Irlo ddi binh ding gidi. Va hidn<br /> nhifin, trong tifi'n trinh dd khdng thd khflng nhic dfin nhung gia tri lich cue<br /> cua tu tudng John Stuart Mill - mdt hgc gia cd trii tim nhan ai va llm nhin<br /> lidn bfl."<br />  Ngo Thi Nhii 93<br /> <br /> Chu thich<br /> '" James Mill (1773 - 1836) la cha ciia J. S. Mill. James Mill lii m6t trifii gia, sir<br /> gia, nha tSm ly hoc, nha kinh ic hoc, nhi 1;? lufln, gifio due, ddng thdi 1^ nha luat<br /> hpc va nha cat each chinh trj ndi ti&'ng.<br /> <br /> Tai li^u tham khao<br /> Joan A. Price. 2000. Philosophy through the ages. Wadsworth.<br /> John Skorupski. 1989. .lohn Stuait Mill. Routledge. London. New York, (at<br /> Website books.google.com.vn).<br /> John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill. 1970. Essays on sex equality (edited and<br /> with an introductoiy Essay by Alice S, Rossi). The University of Chicago Press.<br /> John Stuart Mill. 1972. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. 33 volumes.<br /> University of Toronto Press (Canada), Routledge & Kegan Paul (London).<br /> vol 17.<br /> John Stuart Mill. 1984. "The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Volume XXI<br /> - Essays on Equality, Law, and Education (Subjeclion of Women) (1825)" in<br /> The Collected Works of .lohn Stuart Mill. Vol 21.<br /> John Stuart Mill. 1988. "Public and Parliamentary Speeches Part I November<br /> 1850 - November 1868" In The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Vol 28.<br /> John Stuart Mill, 1988. "Public and Pariiamentary Speeches Part II July 1869 -<br /> March 1873 (1869)", In The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Vol 29,<br /> John Stuart Mill. 2006. Bdn ve tudo. Ha Noi. Nha xuit ban To thttc. (tai ban lan<br /> thtt nhit. Nguyfin Van Trpng djch).<br /> John Stuart Mill. 2008. Chinh the dgi dien. Ha Noi, Nha xua't ban Tri thttc,<br /> (Nguyin Van Trpng va Biii Van Nam Sdn djch, gidi thieu va chu thich).<br /> Quentin Skinner, Richard Tuck. William Thomas, Peter Singer. 1992. Great polit-<br /> ical thinhkers. Oxford University press. New York,<br /> Richard H. Popkin. Avrum Stroll, 1993. Philosophy made simple. A made simple<br /> book (Doubleday).<br /> Richard Reeves. 2008. .lohn Stuart Mill - Victorian Firebrand Atlantic Books. London.<br />