LI€N MINH NHnr DRN - RNH Vn TflC DONG Tdl QURN H€<br />
AAV - NHAT SnN TRONG NHITNG NRM 1902-1923<br />
<br />
<br />
TRAN THIEN THANH"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Stf hinh thanh lidn minh Nhat Ban - Anh mang va bao ve thudc dia. Nhflng nhdn vSt<br />
Tfl thap nien 70 cua thd' ky XIX, chu chinh tri noi tie'ng cud'i the' ky XIX, diu the<br />
nghia ttf ban chuydn ttf giai dogn tfl do ky XX la Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) va<br />
canh tranh sang giai dogn de quo'c. Nhu Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914) deu<br />
ciu phat trien kinh te', day manh xua't truyin ba cdng khai chu nghia de quoc va<br />
khau tfl ban va tang ctfdng vi the', kha nang rao riet thUc hien chinh sach de' qud'c.<br />
canh tranh tren pham vi the gidi khien nhu Tai chau A, cung vdi viec tang ctfdng<br />
ciu md rgng thi trfldng va tbuge dia ciia cac chinh sach khai thae, bdc lot An Do va tran<br />
nUdc de' qud'c dat ra ngay cang btfc thie't. dp phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUdC<br />
Trong bdi canh cac ntfdc de qud'c deu nd life cua nhan dan An Do, dp dung nhflng che do<br />
duy tri va/hoae md rgng thuge dia thi vide cai trj khae nhau dd'i vdi Mien Didn (dtfdc<br />
tim kie'm eac giai phap de' thtfc hien muc coi la mdt tinh cua An Do ttf cud'i thap nidn<br />
tieu ddi ngoai trd thanh mgt van de can 80 cila the ki XIX) va Ma Lai thugc Anh,<br />
giai quye't, trong sd dd ed Anh - mgt de qudc thflc dan Anh cdn quye't tam md rgng<br />
"gia" va Nhat - mgt de' qud'c "tre". quye'n ldi ci Trung Quo'c va Trieu Tien - nOi<br />
Dd'n cud'i the' ky XIX, dau thd' ky XX, ne'u tap trung stf canh tranh quyd't liet gifla cac<br />
so sanh vdi cac ntfdc khae, nhat la so vdi de qud'c. O Trung Qud'c, sau khi budc trieu<br />
My va Dflc, td'c do tang trfldng cua Anh tie'p dinh Man Thanh phai ky Hiep tfdc Nam<br />
tuc lac hdu hdn. Mac du van cd anh htfdng Kinh nam 1842, cung vdi Phap bude nha<br />
trdn toan the' gidi nhtfng Anh khdng cdn Thanh ky Hiep tfdc Thien Tan nam 1858 va<br />
nhflng sflc bat da ttfng cho phep nfldc nay Hiep tfdc Bic Kinh nam 1860, huge trieu<br />
dtfng d vi tri hang d i u nfla. N h i m bu dap Thanh ky Die'u fldc Yen Dai nam 1875, Anh<br />
sfl suy giam ldi nhuan cila giai cap ttf san da gianh dtfdc nhilu quyin ldi b "chiec<br />
va thong qua sieu lgi nhuan thu dtfdc ttf banh khd'ng Id" Trung Qud'c. Dd la nhflng<br />
thugc dia de hoa hoan mau thuan, mua khoan bdi thfldng chie'n phi Idn, dfldc tfl do<br />
chudc gidi cdng nhan d trong ntfdc, ddng di lai va thdng thfldng b cac ciia khdu<br />
thdi doi pho vdi stf canh tranh quye't liet Quang Chau, Phuc Chau, Ha Mdn, Ninh<br />
eiia cac de' qud'c khae. chinh sach dd'i ngoai Ba, Thfldng Hai, Thien Tan, dtfdc thoa<br />
ciia chinh phu Anh tap trung vao vide md thuan thue' xuat nhap khau dd'i vdi hang<br />
<br />
<br />
•TS, Khoa Lich sfl - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br />
Lien minh Rhat B ^ - Hnh..<br />
<br />
hoa Anh, dtfdc htfdng quyen lanh sfl tai Ve phia Nhat Ban, vao cudi the' ky XIX,<br />
phan, quyin toi hue quoc (mdt cbilu), dfldc diu the ky XX, nhtfng thanh tUu cua cong<br />
hogt dgng cl cac tinh Van Nam, Tfl Xuyen, cugc cai each Minh Tri (1868-1912), nhu<br />
Tay Tang, Cam Tiic, Thanh Hai. Dd'n cudi cau bflc thie't phai md rgng ngudn cung cap<br />
the ky XIX, Anh da t h i l t Idp dtfdc "khu vtfc nguyen nhien lieu phuc vu cho sfl phat<br />
anh hfldng" b mdt bd phdn nui Da Nhan tridn kinh te' Nhat Ban, tham vgng xac lap<br />
(Vdn Nam), Uy Hai Vd, ban dao Ci(u Long, va nang cao vj thd' gifla cac cudng qud'c - vi<br />
cac dao g i n Hfldng Cang va b hai vinh Dai tri cd the cho phep Nhat Ban canh tranh va<br />
Bdng va Tham Quyd'n, ha Iflu Trtfdng nd'u cin thie't cd the chd'ng lai cac hanh<br />
Giang... 0 Triiu Tien, sau lan phai tau dd'n dgng xam pham lgi ich ciia Nhat Ban cua<br />
tham do vide budn ban nhtfng bi cfl tuyet cac ctfdng qud'e da dtfa Nhat Ban ttf cho la<br />
vdo nam 1832, til^p sau sfl kien Nhat md mgt ntfdc 'hi de dga" thanh mgt "md'i de<br />
ci(a dfldc Triiu Tien va huge ntfdc nay ky dga" ddi vdi ntfdc khae ma trtfdc he't la mgt<br />
Hiep fldc Giang Hoa ndm 1875, My huge so' ntfdc chau A, trong do cd thi trUdng rgng<br />
Idn Trung Qud'c va Trieu Tien. Nam 1874,<br />
Trieu Tien ky Hiep fldc Trieu - My nam<br />
Nhat Ban xam chie'm Dai Loan nhtfng t h i t<br />
1882, thang 6-1882, Anh huge Trid'u Tien<br />
bgi. Trong khoang nhflng nam 1872-1879,<br />
k^ hiep tfdc Anh-Trieu danh cho Anh quyen<br />
Nhat Ban sap nhap quan dao Ryukyu bat<br />
td'i hue qud'c ttfdng ttf nhtf My va cac dilu<br />
chap stf phan do'i cila nha Thanh. Nam<br />
khoan bd sung, theo dd Anh dtfdc vao cac<br />
1894-1895. Nhat tid'n hanh cugc chien<br />
cang khau ma Trie'u Tien da gianh quyen<br />
tranh vdi Trung Quo'c. Ke't qua, nam 1895,<br />
cho Nhat Ban gdm Pusan, Wonsan va<br />
Nhat huge trie'u dinh Man Thanh ky Hidp<br />
Inchon, tau chiin Anh dfldc cap cang Trie'u Udc Shimonoseki (Hiep Udc Ma Quan), theo<br />
Tien dd mua dd dfl phdng, lay ntfdc nggt va do Nhat chie'm Dai Loan, Banh Hd, Lieu<br />
bao dtfdng tau, hai quan Anh dtfdc tie'n Dong ciia Trung Qud'c, dat Trieu Tien (vo'n<br />
hanh cac chuye'n khao sat hang hai dgc bd trtfdc dd nim dtfdi stf bao hg ciia trie'u<br />
bien Triiu Tien. Khdng dtfng tai dd, thang Thanh) dudi vong kiem soat ciia Nhat Ban.<br />
4-1885, hai qudn hoang gia Anh chie'm cang Vdi Trieu Tien, ngoai ly do vl vj tri chien<br />
Hamilton, cang dUdc tao bdi cac hdn dao Itfdc, ldi ieh kinh te, quyet tam chinh phue<br />
nhd cl Eo Jeju ngoai khdi phia Nam ban dao qud'c gia ban dao nay cdn nham hda hoan<br />
Trieu Tien va xay dUng tai day mgt can etf mau thuan gifla quy tgc vo si vdi chinh<br />
bai quan ttf ndm 1885 de'n 1887. Vdi viec quyin, tao ra cdng viec tam tbdi cho mgt bg<br />
chiem va xay quan cang tai day, Anh khdng pban vd sl nhan roi diy nguy hiem khi do.<br />
nhflng tgo ra thd' can bing dd'i trgng vdi can Sau cugc ta'n cong vao Trieu Tien nam<br />
ctf hai quan cila Nga b Vladivostok ma cdn 1875, huge Trieu Tien ky Hidp tfdc Giang<br />
tao dieu kien thudn ldi eho viec ngan chan Hoa (thang 2-1876) vdi nhie'u dilu khoan<br />
cdc budc tid'n cua Nga d Ddng A va hoat xam pham chu quyen lanh thd cua Triiu<br />
dgng hai quan cua Nga d eo bien Trie'u Tien, Nhat Ban ngay cang mud'n kho'ng che'<br />
Tien. Ngoai ra, dugc sU ddng y cua Trung Trieu Tien mgt each toan dien, de dga<br />
Quo'c, Anh cdn ha dfldng cap d dao Saddle Triiu Tien bang vu Iflc dong thdi dung kinh<br />
ngay ciia sdng Ap Lyc. Dfldng cap nay co te nd dich T n l u Tien.<br />
the ndi vdi be tho'ng didn tin chinh d<br />
Thugng Hai, tfl dd tgo ra mdi lien thdng Trong qua trinh tim kiem nhflng Idi ich<br />
di§n tin vdi cang Hamilton. Idu dai 6 Trung Qud'c va Trie'u Tien, boat<br />
Rghien euu Ljch s^. so 6.2014<br />
<br />
<br />
ddng cua ca Anh va Nhat, le di nhien, dd'u chd'p thuan cac gidi han ve vide cung cdp<br />
gay ra nbflng tdn hai nha't dinh cho Idi ich cho cac tuye'n dfldng s i t va eac dfl an phm<br />
va sfl ttf do hanh ddng cua mdi ben, cho dfl hdp phia Bic Trtfdng thanh. Tuy nhidn, vao<br />
phan Idn la khdng tnle tie'p. Tuy nhien, gitfa nam 1900, khi phong trao Nghia Hoa<br />
Nhdt Ban va Anh diu cd chung mdi ban Doan phat trien tdi mflc nguy hie'm, Anh da<br />
tam ngay cang Idn tdi tham vgng qua Nga ci nhanh chan chie'm trtfdc Nam Phi. Did'u do<br />
Viln Ddng, ntfdc cd vi tri dja ly thuan lgi cho phep Anh cdng khai ung hg Nhdt tham<br />
hdn nhilu trong viec banh trtfdng vao luc gia td'i da nhflng hoat dgng giai ctfu cdc<br />
dja chau A so vdi ca hai qud'c dao nay. phai doan tai Bac Kinh.<br />
<br />
Ve phia Anh, mgt trong nhtfng mo'i quan Vdi Nhat Ban, viec dd' qud'c Nga, ntfdc<br />
tdm hang dau ciia nfldc nay trong qua trinh lang gilng manh nhat cua Trung Qudc, c6<br />
md rdng anh hfldng sang vung Viln Ddng can cfl quan stf b cang Vladivostok, cdng bd<br />
la mdi de dga de'n tfl sflc manh hai quan va b i t tay vao viec xay difng tuyd'n dtfdng<br />
cua Nga va Phap. Stf banh trtfdng cua Nga s i t xuyen Siberia ttf nam 1891 dtfgc xem la<br />
cl chau A, dac bidt la Afganistan, tao ra mo'i mo'i de dga trtfc tid'p tdi ldi Ich cua Nhat<br />
de doa Idn vdi Anh trong vide bao ve thudc Ban (1). Tuye'n dtfdng sat dfldc Nga xay<br />
dia quan trgng nha't ciia Anh cl chau luc dflng cl "khu vflc anh htfdng" cua Nga b<br />
nay la An Dd. Nhflng hoat dgng quan sif phia Ddng Trung Qud'c la mdt phin cua<br />
ciia Nga, cung nhtf stf gia tang Igi ich ma Dtfdng s i t xuyen Siberia, noi Nga vdi<br />
Nga huge triiu dinh Man Thanh phai cong Trung Qud'e va rut ngdn hanh trinh t6i<br />
nhan dat Nga vao vi tri thach thflc tfu the' Vladivostok. Them vao do, viec Nga ky ke't<br />
ma Anh - vdi ttf each ctfdng qud'c chau Au hiep tfdc ddng minh vdi Phap nam 1892<br />
dau tidn budc Trung Qud'e phai ky hiep tfdc cang nhan len nghi ngd ciia Nhat Ban.<br />
bat binh dang va md efla cho stf xam nhap Dgng thai tie'p theo cua Nga khi cflng Phap<br />
ciia ngfldi nfldc ngoai - da xac ldp dUdc b va Dflc tao stf can thiep tay ba huge chinh<br />
Trung Qud'c. Viec Nga ky hiep fldc ddng phii Nhat phai chip nhan ldi khuyen cong<br />
minh nam 1892 vdi mgt do'i thu canh tranh khai mang tinh hflu hao nhflng diy de dga<br />
khae eua Anh la Phap, ntfdc da gianh dtfdc r i n g Nhat phai trao tra Lieu Ddng (theo<br />
quye'n khai thdc cl Quang Ddng, Quang die'u khoan Hiep tfdc Shimonoseki) lai cho<br />
Tay, Van Nam, thue Quang Chau Loan, Trung Qud'c, ddi lai Trung Qud'c tang mflc<br />
bugc nha Thanh khdng dfldc nhudng dao bdi thtfdng chidn phi tuy lam cho Nhdt<br />
Hai Nam cho nUdc khae khien muc tieu tranh dtfdc tinh trang be mat hoan toan<br />
ngan chan stf banh trtfdng cua Nga trd nhflng da gay mgt ve't thtfdng dd'i vdi danh<br />
thanh md'i quan tam chung cila Anh trong dtf qud'c gia Nhat thdi Minh Tri. Nhflng<br />
quan he vdi Nhat. Viec thanh ldp tam thdi btfdc tien trong vide md rgng anh htfdng vd<br />
can cfl, cac thie't bi cua hai quan hoang gia quye'n ldi ciia Nga ve phia Dong Id tac nhdn<br />
tai cang Hamilton la bang chflng cua stf tie'p theo khie'n cugc canh tranh Nhgt - Nga<br />
cdng nhan tam quan trgng chie'n Itfdc cua trd nen manh liet mdt each dot bien. Dd Id<br />
ban dao Trie'u Tien. Mac du nam 1899 Anh vide nam 1898, Nga chinh thtfc gay ap Idc<br />
da ky vdi Nga hiep tfdc, theo dd Nga se budc Trung Qud'c nhtfdng ban dao Lieu<br />
khdng cd' gang xac lap to gidi dtfdng sat b Ddng cho Nga trong thdi ban 25 ndm,<br />
Idng chao sdng Dtfdng Tif va khong ngan gianh quye'n thue cang Lfl Thuan, bugc<br />
can boat dong cua Anh tai day, ddi lai Anh Trung Qudc cdng nhan vi tri dac bidt tai<br />
Lien minh flhat 'Qim - Hnh.. 65<br />
<br />
Man Chau - muc tidu ma Nhdt htfdng tdi de gifla thap nien 1890 va dfldc Joseph<br />
giai quyd't vd'n de thieii hut nguydn lieu cho Chamberlain, Bg trtfdng Bg thugc dia Anh,<br />
nin san x u i t trong ntfdc, xay dtfng tuyeii neu .n vdi ttf each ca nhan vao nam 1897.<br />
dtfdng s i t ttf Cap Nbl Tan (ndi dat tru sb cd Tuy ii.'ien, xung quanh vin de nay tdn tgi<br />
quan quan 1^ tuylii dtfdng sat xuyen hai ludng quan diem - iing hd va chd'ng ddi -<br />
Siberia) qua Tham Dtfdng tdi cang Lfl ci ca hai nudc Anh, Nhat Ban.<br />
Thudn. Nhflng cdng t h i n g kdo dai, stf nghi 0 Nhat Ban, mgt trong nhflng dai dien<br />
ngd l i n nhau v i n tid'p tuc phat trien trong tieu bieu cho quan die'm nghi ngd ve tinh<br />
quan he Nga-Nhat xung quanh van de dflng d i n cua Itfa chgn ky hiep tfdc ddng<br />
Trieu Tidn du hai ben da ky ke't Hiep tfdc minh vdi mgt ctfdng qud'c dang co chieu<br />
Yamagata-Lobanov nam 1896, Hidp tfdc htfdng sa sut la Yamaza Enjio, ngUdi da di<br />
Nishi-Rosen nam 1898 hay hiep tfdc hi mat theo Komura trong phai doan ngoai giao<br />
vl dao Koje (phia Tay Nam Pusan) sau stf Nhat tai Bic Kinh cho tdi khi Die'u Ude At<br />
kien Masampo nam 1900. Vide Nga lang Silu gitfa 11 ntfdc ddng minh va Trung<br />
tranh thtfc hien rut quan khdi Man Chau Qud'c dUdc ky kd't. Su phan doi manh me<br />
cgng vdi nhtfng tie'n trien ciia viec xay dflng nha't d Nhat doi vdi viec ky ke't hiep tfdc<br />
tuyen dudng s i t xuyen Siberia va ham y ddng minh vdi Anh de'n tfl Inoue Kaoru va<br />
ciia nhflng stf kien do ddi vdi sfl kinh dich Ito Hirobumi (2). Inoue mud'n tim kiem giai<br />
va canh tranh van dang tie'p dien trong va phap vdi Nga cho cac van dl cua Nhat Ban<br />
xung quanh Triiu Tien dtfgc xem nhtf md'i va da thuye't phue Ito vl sU ein thiet phai<br />
de dog Idn ve mat chie'n Itfdc doi vdi Nhat tie'p can vdi ntfdc Nga, De de phdng kha<br />
Ban. Trong boi canh de xua't ky hiep fldc nang Ito cdn Itfdng lU, Inoue cdn de cap van<br />
lidn minh vdi My chd'ng Nga cua Nhat Ban de nay vdi Suzuki Keiroku, Thtf trtfcing<br />
vdo nam 1901 da bi that bai, stf phat trien Ngoai giao ddng thdi cung la con re cila<br />
cua md'i de dga nay thuc day eac nghien Inoue, ngtfdi ttfng hai Ian tdi Nga vao cac<br />
cflu nghiem tuc ve kha nang ky k i t hiep nam 1888 va 1896 khi Yamagata dai dien<br />
Udc vdi Anh - ntfdc cung chia se vdi Nhat cho phai doan Nhat dtf II daiig quang cua<br />
muc tieu ngan chan sU banh trtfdng cua Sa hoang, Tren thtfc te', khi Ito, ngUdi kien<br />
Nga va cung la ntfdc ma Nhat da ky Hidp djnh quan diem cho r i n g nen dat thda<br />
tfdc Thtfdng mai va Hang hai siia ddi thang thuan vdi Nga trtfdc kbi trong cay stf giup<br />
7-1894, ntfdc chap nhan cac die'u khoan dd tfl London, dang tren dfldng de'n Nga thi<br />
thtfdng mai trong Hiep fldc Shimonoseki Komura Jutaro, Bg trtfdng Ngoai giao mdi<br />
nam 1895, ddng thdi la cfldng qude hai nham chflc tfl ngay 21-9-1901, chi thi cho<br />
quan manh nhd't the gidi trong khi Nhat dai sfl Nhat tai London Hayashi neu trUc<br />
Ban, dfl da ha thiiy chiec tau chie'n cudi tid'p van de ky ke't hiep tfdc vdi Anh.<br />
cing trong hgm ddi 6 tau chie'n, da phai<br />
ngflng thtfc hien ke' hoacb ddng mdi tid'p Stf khong thdng nha't ttfdng tU vl mat<br />
theo do thidu ngudn tai chinh. Ben canh do, quan didm cung diin ra tai Anh. Khi de<br />
Nhdt c6 thd gianh dfldc sfl cdng nhan chinh xua't tfl phia Nhat dfldc dtfa ra vao ngay 16-<br />
thflc cua Anh vl ldi Ich thfldng mai va cdng 10, Ngoai trtfcing Anh Lansdowne cung da<br />
nghi§p cila Nh^t Ban d Triiu Tien. tinb den kha nang dl phdng bing vide tim<br />
•4" ttfdng ky kd't hiep tfdc ddng minh Anh kie'm thda hiep vdi Nga vl mot loat van dl<br />
-Nhat dugc bdn l i n d i u tien tai Nhat vao quan trgng la khoan cho vay vdi Ba Ttf vd<br />
Rghien ciru Ljch si>. so 6.2014<br />
<br />
va'n de cac tinh Ddng Bic Trung Qud'e. Tuy banh trtfdng sang khu vtfc Tieu A, cdn trong<br />
nhidn, tai cudc hgp ngay 28-10, Lansdowne quan he vdi My thi do stf chi phdi ttf can<br />
da khdng thuyet phuc dtfdc cac thanh vidn nguyen lich sii, khdng it ngtfdi My vin dm<br />
ngi cac v l nhflng ngi dung dfldc bdn de'n khang vdi de qud'c Anh, Selborne nhan<br />
trong cugc thao luan vdi Ngoai trtfdng Nga manh ldi ich cua Anh trong vide thiet lap<br />
Lamsdorf. Trich doan trao dd'i gifla Balfour quan he ddng minh v l hai quan vdi Nhat vd<br />
(3), Chu tich Ha vien, ddng thdi la ngfldi cho rang Anh khong the tid'p tuc thtfc hien<br />
dflng dau Uy ban tai ehinh ciia ehinh phii ehinh sach "cd ldp huy hoang" nhtf trtfdc day<br />
Anh - vi tri cudi cflng trong lich sii ntfdc (6). Tinh toan ldi ich ttfdng tfl ve phia Nhat<br />
Anh khong ddng thdi do Thu ttfdng Anh Ban la quan dem cua ngtfdi ddng cd'p vdi<br />
kiem nhiem - vdi Lansdowne vao ngay 12- Selborne, Bo trtfdng Hai quan Nhat - Do ddc<br />
12-1901 cho chung ta t h i y cudc thao ludn Yamamoto Gonnohyoei. Vdi stf iing hg cua<br />
vl viec ky hiep tfdc ddng minh vdi Nhat da so' thanh vien ngi eac trong cudc hgp bat<br />
Ban da dien ra mdt each vol vang: "dtfdng diu ttf ngay 5-11-1901, ngay 6-11, ban sd<br />
nhfl Ngi cac nhdm hgp vao mua thu ciia thao hiep tfdc Anh-Nhat dtfdc chuyen tdi<br />
chflng ta da di de'n mgt quye't dinh vgi vang Hayashi.<br />
ve van de Nhat Ban. Tdi khdng nghi r i n g<br />
Mae dfl ci Nhat van cd y kie'n khong tan<br />
chung ta b i t huge phai tham gia vao lien<br />
ddng viec ky hiep fldc ddng minh vdi Anh,<br />
minh phdng ve va ta'n edng vdi Nhat Ban<br />
nhtfng vdi tinh toan lgi Ieh dd'i ngoai cua<br />
[ma khong tinh de'n thai do cila Dtfc] (4).<br />
nhflng nhan vdt trgng ye'u gdm Thu ttfdng<br />
Trong khi do, mot trong nhflng ngtfdi tich Katsura, Ngoai trtfdng Komura, quyet djnh<br />
ctfc iing hg viec thie't lap quan he ddng minh ciia noi cac va ke't qua cugc hgp bi mat giiia<br />
vdi Nhat Ban la Selborne, Td'ng ttf lenh Hai nhdm chinh khach ky ctfu Genro v6i<br />
quan Hoang gia Anh tfl 12-11-1900 de'n 27- Katsura va Komura, ngdy 12-12-1901, ban<br />
3-1905. Mgt trong nhflng ly do ly giai dieu thao hiep fldc s^a doi dtfdc Dgi stf Hayashi<br />
nay la viec Selborne bi Bd trtfdng Tai chinh trao lai cho Lansdowne.<br />
-Anh Michael Hicks Beach khudc ttf de nghi<br />
Sau gan mdt thang tie'n hanh dam phdn<br />
cung cap tai chinh de tang cUdng sflc manh<br />
d ca London va Tokyo, ngay 30-1-1902,<br />
cho Hai quan Hoang gia va thuc giue vi tdng<br />
ttf lenh nay tim kie'm ddng minh vdi cac Hiep tfdc ddng minh Nhat - Anh dtfdc k^<br />
ctfdng qud'c hai quan khae. Nhflng ctfdng ket tai London. Hiep tfdc gdm 6 die'u khoan,<br />
quo'c dd, xe'p theo td'ng trgng tai tau chie'n, la vdi cac ngi dung cd ban:<br />
Phap - 246.096 tan, Nga - 193.311 tan, Nhat 1. Hai ben cdng nhan n i n dgc lap cua<br />
- 129.715, Italia - 124.153 tan. My - 119.120 Trung Qud'e va Trieu Tien. Nhat Ban<br />
tan va Dflc 115.968 tan so vdi Anh la khdng xam pham lgi ich dac bidt cua -Anh 3<br />
561.900 tan (5). Tuy nhien, trong boi canh Trung Qud'e, ddi lai Anh cdng nhan ldi Ich<br />
Phdp vd Nga da ky ket hiep udc ddng minh ciia Nhat b Trung Quo'c va cac ldi ich dac<br />
nam 1892, Nga dang phai phin Idn ham dgi biet ve chinh tri, thudng mai va cdng<br />
tdi Ddng A de dga nghiem trgng Igi ieh cua nghiep cua Nhat d Triiu Tien. Hai ben cam<br />
Anh va boat dgng cua ham dgi Anh tai k i t se tie'n hanh cac bien phap cin thilt d^<br />
Trung Qud'c, quan he Anh - Dtfc cl the kinh bao ve ldi ich qud'c gia, sinh mang vd tai<br />
dich do nhflng xung dot ldi ich trudc nhtfng san eua eac t h i n dan ciia hg trtfdc hanh<br />
hanh dong tang ctfdng sflc manh quan stf va dgng hieu chie'n cua cac cfldng qud'c khae<br />
Uto minh Rhfit B&n - nnh...<br />
<br />
hay stf nhidu loan nay sinh b Trung Quoc cua chdu Au ra khdi Tay ban ciu, ddng thdi<br />
va Trieu Tien (Dieu 1). md rdng anh htfdng ra phia Thai Binh<br />
2. Cam ket gifl thai dd trung I^p doi vdi Dtfdng- coi do la "stf menh hien nhidn" ciia<br />
cudc chien tranh song phtfdng gifla ntfdc My. Tgi My Latinh, My tie'p tuc co' gdng lam<br />
kia vdi mgt ctfdng qud'c khae nham bao vd cho khau hieu Iy thuye't "chau My la cua<br />
c a c Idi ieh dtfdc d l cap b Dieu 1 va tid'n chau My" ma thtfc cha't la "chau My la cua<br />
ngtfdi My" trd thanh hien thtfc. Nhflng din<br />
hanh mgi nd ltfc c i n thiet d l ngan chan cac.<br />
chflng tieu bieu b day la thai do cufng r i n de<br />
ctfdng quoc khae tham gia nhflng hoat ddng<br />
huge Anh phai xet ly vu tranh chap gifla<br />
thu dich chdiig lgi lien minh Anh-Nhat<br />
Guyana thugc Anh va Venezuela nam 1895,<br />
(Dilu 2).<br />
cugc chie'n tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha nam<br />
3'. Cam ket ung hg lan nhau trong cac 1898, vy kenh dao Panama nam 1903, sfl ra<br />
cudc chien tranh giiSa mdt trong hai ntfdc ddi he luan Theodore Roosevelt va chie'n lUdc<br />
vdi hdn 1 ctfdng qud'c (Did'u 3). ngoai giao "chiec gay Idn". Tgi chdu A - Thdi<br />
4. Cam ket khdng ky ke't cac hiep udc Binh Duong, trong nhflng nam cuoi the ky<br />
rieng re vdi nhflng cfldng quo'c khdc gay tdn XIX, My da dflng vu ltfc chid'm dogt mgt so'<br />
hai cho lien minh Anh-Nhat (Dilu 4). dao, quin dao tren Thai Binh DUdng gdm<br />
5. Cam k i t do'i thoai diy du va t h i n g Samoa (nam 1878), Hawaii (nam 1893) dtfng<br />
thin nd'u cac Idi ich cua mdi bdn dugc quy nen ciu noi cho tuye'n dtfdng bien de'n Trung<br />
dinh trong hiep tfdc nay bj de doa (Did'u 5). Qud'c, ddng thdi tao cho minh nhflng ban<br />
dap de' trien khai cac boat dgng quan sU vl<br />
6. Hiep tfdc cd hidu ltfc trong 5 nam<br />
sau. Nam 1898, My chia mfli nhgn vao de<br />
(Dilu 6) (7).<br />
quo'c thtfc dan gia cdi Tay Ban Nha lam ddi<br />
Ddi vdi Nhat, viec ky hiep tfdc lien minh tugng cho cudc phan ehia lai the' gidi. Ben<br />
vdi Anh dtfdc xem nhtf mdt sU khang dinh canh vide dat dUdc muc tieu khdng dinh<br />
dia vj ciia Nhdt trong hang ngu cac cUdng quye'n ltfc tai My Latinh, My cdn chie'm dUdc<br />
qudc, tdng ctfdng uy tin qud'c gia va tao did'u Guam va Philippines. Sau dd, My dan dp<br />
kiln cho Nhat md rgng anh htfdng va quyen phong trao giai phdng dan tgc cua nhan<br />
ldi d phin lyc dia Ddng Bic A va Bic Thai dan Philippines va bUdc sang d i u the ky<br />
Binh Dtfdng. Hidp tfdc do dfldc ky ke't vao XX, bid'n Philippines thdnh thugc dia cua<br />
thdi diem quan he Nhat-My da chuyen tfl minh. Vdi viec chie'm Philippines, My da<br />
giai dogn hdp tac va ldi dung l i n nhau sang tao ra mgt ban dap chie'n lUdc de' vUdn tdi<br />
giai dogn ngay cang canh tranh vdi nhau. thi trtfdng vd tan Trung Quo'c va xay dflng<br />
Yeii td' quyd't dinh sfl thay ddi nay la nhflng tai day can cfl hai quan nham bao ve quye'n<br />
xung dot ldi ich trong viec md rdng quyin ldi eua My b thi trUdng nay, qua dd tao dieu<br />
Igi qud'c gia cl Viln Ddng. kidn cho vide md rgng xam lUdc chau A -<br />
2. Tac dpng cua lien m i n h N h a t - Anh td'i Thai Binh DUdng.<br />
quan he My - N h a t giai d o a n 1902-1923 Sau khi chiem Phihppines, My tim cdch<br />
Tfl nhtfng nam cud! the' ky XIX, tren cd sd xam nhap manh hdn vao Trung Quo'c.<br />
nhflng dgng ltfc manh me ca trong va ngoai Nhtfng tai thdi diem do, thj trtfdng rgng Idn<br />
nudc, chu nghia bdnh trudng din trd thanh ndy da phan chia xong, cdn My thi chtfa dii<br />
ngi dung thtfdng trtfc trong chinh sach ddi stfc de xac lap vj the ciia minh tgi day. Vi<br />
ngogi ciia My vdi nd Iflc loai trtf anh htfdng vay, ngay 6-9-1899, My da dtfa ra chinh<br />
Rghien euru Ljch siSr. stf 6.201*<br />
<br />
sach "md cuta" de duy tri "nguydn trang" kien. Stf phu thugc cua Nhat vao nhflng<br />
lanh thd Trung Qudc ddng thdi dtfa hang khoan vay nay la mdt trong nhiing nguyen<br />
hoa My xam nhap vao thi trtfdng rdng Idn nhan khien Nhat sau dd chd'p nhdn vai trd<br />
ndy (8). Vdi vide "hgc thuyd't Hay" dtfdc "trung gian hoa giai" cua My.<br />
Nga, Dtfc, Anh, Phap, Itaha va Nhdt Ban Ngay khi cugc chid'n t r a n h Nga - Nhgt<br />
cdng nhan, Mf tie'p tuc nd ltfc banh trtfdng nd ra, Td'ng thd'ng My T. Roosevelt da muon<br />
vd bao ve vide budn ban dang tang len b ddng vai trd hoa giai cudc chid'n ndy nhUng<br />
Trung Qud'e, trtfdc hd't la b vflng Ddng Bac. con chd thdi diem thich hdp. Trong btfc thtf<br />
Cbinh tgi day, My dung dau vdi Nhgt Ban- thang 3-1904, Roosevelt vie't rd dng hy vgng<br />
mot ntfdc de' qud'c cung mang nhieu tham rang: "Hai nfldc (Nga va Nhat) se danh<br />
vgng ddi vdi chau A - Thai Binh Dtfdng nhau de'n khi ca hai cung kiet que. Dd'n khi<br />
khong kem My. dd hoa binh se dtfgc xac ldp vdi nhflng dieu<br />
Ro rang vdi My, cac dilu khoan trong khoan dam bao khdng tao ra mdi hilm hga<br />
hiep tfdc lien minh Anh-Nhdt trai ngtfdc vdi da vang hay hiem hga Slave" (10). Tuy<br />
ddi hoi cua My trong "Chinh sach md cifa" va nhidn, gitfa Nhat va Nga, Roosevelt coi Nga<br />
cd the de dga tdi ldi ich ciia My b Trung la moi de dga Idn hdn Nhat. Dilu dd dfldc<br />
Quo'c. Tuy vdy, ca Anh va Nhat de'u khong phan anh qua ngi dung bflc thtf Roosevelt<br />
mud'n quan he vdi My trd nen thid'u than gid con trai T.Roosevelt, Jr: "Cba thtfc sfl<br />
thien va cd' gdng cam doan vdi My r i n g muc vui .vdi t h i n g lgi cua Nhat, vi vay hay de<br />
tieu cua hiep tfdc nay ehu yeu la ngan chan Nhat chdi trd chdi cua hg" (11).<br />
Nga (9). VI phia My, trong bdi canh chtfa cd<br />
Sau khi Nhat chap nhan dam phan ket<br />
diy dii sflc manh quan stf, do do mud'n tao stf<br />
thuc chie'n tranh, trong qua trinh dam<br />
can bing quyen Iflc ed ldi cho My, eu the la<br />
nhan vai trd hoa giai hoa binh T.Roosevelt<br />
tao ddi trgng vdi ddng minh Nga-Phap (theo<br />
dflng v l phia Nhat Ban. Ngoai ly do ke<br />
quy dinh tai hai hiep fldc ky nam 1892 va<br />
tren, cdn cd mgt nguyen nhan khic giai<br />
nam 1902) va Dflc (mud'n Nga dinh liu sau<br />
thich stf thien vi ciia My. Dd la, thdng 7-<br />
vao Viln Ddng qua dd lam yd'u di vai trd cua<br />
1905, My va Nhat ky thda tfdc bi mat Taft-<br />
lien minh nay d chau Au), My, tuy lo ngai,<br />
Katsura, theo do Nhat cam ke't tdn trgng<br />
nhtfng vin iing hg ddng minh Anh-Nhdt.<br />
quyen lgi cua My b Phihppines, ddi lai My<br />
Vdi stf ung hd cua Anh, ngudn tien vay cam kd't tdn trgng ldi ieh ciia Nhat d Trid'u<br />
dtfdc tfl thi trtfdng tiin td London va New Tien. Tuy nhidn, ddng cd thtfc stf cua My la<br />
York, trdn cd sd dilu kien tien quye't la chuyen htfdng chu y cua Nhat Ban khoi<br />
nhflng bfldc chuyen minh manh me vl kinh nhflng quyin ldi cila My b Trung Qud'c va<br />
te', thanh tflu btfdc dau trong eong cugc banh phia Tay Thai Binh Dtfdng.<br />
trfldng lanh thd, stf chuan bi ky cang va Mgt thang sau thdi diem My va Nhdt ky<br />
quyd't tam cao dd, Nhat Ban da gianh thing thda tfdc bi mat Taft-Katsura, ngay 12-8-<br />
ldi trong cugc chie'n tranh Nhat-Nga (1904- 1905, cung tflc la chi 3 ngdy sau khi hgi<br />
1905) va bugc Nga - mdt nfldc dd' qud'e b chau nghj ve k i t thuc chie'n tranh Nhdt-Nga<br />
Au phai thfla nhan that bai. Tuy nhien, can khai mac tai Portsmouth, vdi muc tidu<br />
khing dinh ring, nhflng khoan vay Idn ttf cung cd' nhflng t h i n g ldi mdi dgt dfldc,<br />
hai thi trtfdng tien td London va New York k h i n g dinh toan quyin hanh dgng 5 Trieu<br />
khong phai la nhflng khoan vay vd dilu Tien va cd Ie mud'n Idm lung lay y dinh tiin<br />
Lien minh Rhat B ^ - Hnh..<br />
<br />
hanh cdc trdn danh phyc thu cua Nga, chdu My" ma thtfc chat la "chau My la ciia<br />
Nhdt Ban ky Hidp fldc ddng minh l i n thtf ngtfdi My" ddng thdi md rgng anh htfdng<br />
hai vdi Anh, ntfdc mud'n hien thtfc hda tinh sang ben kia Thai Binh Dtfdng, thi chid'n<br />
toan phai md rgng pham vi cam ket bao ve thang nay khdng chi cilng cd' niem tin vl vi<br />
ldi ich eiia Anh-bao ham ca An Do (12). Ndi tri "trgi vtfdt" cua Nhat Ban trong tam<br />
dung hidp tfdc cho tha'y day khdng ehi la sfl ttfdng nhilu ngfldi Nhat ma cdn danh da'u<br />
si(a ddi ddn t h u i n hiep tfdc nam 1902 phai budc phat trien quan trgng trong vide xac<br />
ba nam nfla mdi he't han md edn chtfa dtfng lap ba quyen d khu vUc. Thang ldi dd khdng<br />
nhflng dilm hoan toan mdi nhfl sau: nhflng dtfa Nhat Ban len vi tri mgt trong<br />
1. Khi xay ra bat cfl cudc td'n cdng nao cac ctfdng quo'c the gidi, ma cdn lam thay<br />
vao vung lanh tho hoac pham vi lgi ich dtfdc ddi can can quyin lUc cl Vidn Ddng. Ba tuan<br />
quy dinh trong hidp tfdc ma mgt trong hai sau, ngay 27-9-1905, ngi dung chi tid't eua<br />
ntfdc tham gia ky k i t thi ngay lap ttfc qud'e ban hidp tfdc lien minh Nhat- -Anh lan tbfl<br />
gia nay se tham chid'n ben canh quo'c gia kia. hai dtfdc cong bo'.<br />
2. Khdng dl cap de'n nen dgc lap cua Rd rang la, trong bdi canh can can quyen<br />
Triiu Tien. Cdng nhan vi tri ciia Nhat Ban ltfc cl Vidn Dong da thay ddi theo htfdng uy<br />
cl Triiu Tidn, cu the la "nhflng ldi Ich kinh the' cua Nhat Ban tang len nhanh chong va<br />
te, quan stf, chinh trj tdi eao cua Nhat Ban" thUc sU dtfdc coi la mgt ctfdng quo'c hien dai,<br />
b Trieu Tien. trong khi de' qud'c Nga bj suy giam dang ke<br />
vj the tren trtfdng quo'c te do he qua cila vide<br />
3. Md rgng pham vi cam ke't ve dia ly, m i t gin nhtf toan bg ham dgi Vidn Ddng vd<br />
trong do c6 An Do thudc Anh. Baltic cung nhtf bi rung chuyen bdi tac dgng<br />
4. Kdo dai thdi gian thtfc thi ciia hiep cua cugc each mang nam 1905, chien thang<br />
ude ttf 5 nam len 10 nam. cua Nhat trtfdc Nga va sU khing dinh quan<br />
Hiep tfdc nay dfldc Anh va Nhat thda be ddng minh Nhat-Anh ndm 1905 tao ra<br />
thudn gifl kin cho de'n khi Hoa tfdc nhflng tac dgng Idn hdn nhie'u tren phtfdng<br />
Portsmouth dUdc ky k i t vao ngay 5-9-1905 dien quan he qud'c te. So vdi hiep fldc ndm<br />
(13). Ne'u t h i n g lgi trong cugc chien tranh 1902, tac dgng do khdng chi gidi ban b khu<br />
vdi Tdy Ban Nha nam 1898 ciing eo' niem vtfc Dong A ma cdn md rgng ra pham vi toan<br />
tin cua ngUdi My trong vide thtfc hidn "stf eiu, trong do co nhtfng xung dot Igi ich tang<br />
menb hiln nhien" "chau My cua ngtfdi din va lau dai vdi My.<br />
(Con nSa)<br />
<br />
CHU THICH<br />
(1). Tuyen chinh eua Difdng sat xuyen Siberia Ito Hirobumi la Thu tUdng Nhat cac nhiem ky<br />
bat d£u tfl Yaroslavsky Vokzal (Moscow), chay qua 12/1885-4/1888, 8/1892-8/1896, thang 1-6/1898 va<br />
Yaroslavl, Chelyabinsk. Omsk, Novosibirsk, 10/1900-5/1901. Vi cflu thu tUdng nay da nhan ldi<br />
Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita va Khabarovsk tdi mdi tdi Dai hoc Yale tfl ngay 23-10-1901<br />
Vladivostok qua mien Nam Siberia (3) A J.Balfour ve sau trd thanh Thii tudng Anh<br />
(2). Inoue Kaoru la mot trong nhflng chinh tfl 11-7-1902 den 05-12-1905,<br />
khach ca'p cao, Bd trudng Ngoai giao Nhat tfl (4), Balfour to Lansdowne, 12 Dec. 1901 in<br />
thang 12/1885- 9/1887, Bd trfldng Ndng nghiep va Balfour papers (British Museum), Add MSS<br />
ThUdng m^i tfl thang 7/1888-12/1898, Bp trudng 49727 Dan theo lan Nish, The Ftrsl Anglo-<br />
Npi vy tfl 8/1892 -10/1894, Bo trUdng Tai chinh tfl Japanese Alliance Treaty,<br />
thang 1-6/1898. http'//sticerd.lse.ac uk/dps/is/lS432 pdf.<br />
Rghien elhi Ljch sJr. s6 6.2014<br />
<br />
(5). Akiia Iriye, Pacific Enstrangement: n h i m chong lai cac h a n h dong hie'u chiS'n hay tfiii<br />
Japanese and American Expansion, 1897- cong vo cd cila mot hoSc nliilu ctfdng qud'c khae<br />
I 9 i 2, Cambridge, Mass: Hawaii University Press, n h i m bao vd quyen ldi trong vung lanh thd dupc<br />
1972, p.83. d l cap 5 dieu 1 thi nfldc cdn lgi phai ngay lap tiic<br />
(6). Dikn theo Ian Nish, The First Anglo- ho trd ddng minh (Dieu 2).<br />
Japanese Alliance Treaty, 3. N h a t Ban dang n i m nhflng ldi ich toi cao ve<br />
http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/is/IS432.pdf chmh tri, quan sU va kinh te b T r i i u Ti§n. Anh<br />
(7). DSn theo: Jonathan i:. DoUive, cdng n h a n NhSt Ban co quyen thUc thi cac bien<br />
Significance of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance,The phap ma N h a t thS^y can thiet va thich h ^ de chi<br />
North American Review, Vol. 174, No. 546 (May, dao va kiem soat Trieu Tien n h i m bao ve va tang<br />
1902), pp. 594-605, Published by: University of cfldng eac \r)\ Ich cila N h a t 6 nUdc nay (Dieu 3).<br />
Northern Iowa, Stable URL: 4. -Anh cd Ipi ich dSc biet lien quan d i n an toan<br />
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25119238. eua bien gidi An Do. N h a t Ban cdng n h | n Anh cd<br />
http ://e n. wikip edi a. org/wiki/Anglo - quye'n tiin h a n h cac bien phap ma Anh thS'y cin<br />
Japanese_Alliance thie't d viing giap r a n h bien gidi An Dd d l bao ve<br />
(8). Ngay 6-9-1899, dUde sU uy quyen cua Tdng An Dp thudc Anh. (Dilu 4),<br />
thd'ng McKinley, Ngoai trfldng My John Hay y§u 5. Cam k i t khdng ky k i t cac hiep fldc riSng r€<br />
cau dai sfl My b cac nfldc cd quan he thfldng mai, vdi nhflng cfldng qud'c khae gay tdn hai cho lien<br />
hidp fldc hoSc hdp ddng thue nhUdng dai han vdi minh Anh-Nhat (Dilu 5).<br />
Trung Qud'c de nghi thUc hien chinh sach "md 6. Anh se t i l p tuc thuc hien chinh sach trung<br />
eila". Theo do: lap ddi vdi cupc chien t r a n h Men tai gifla Nhat va<br />
1. Mpi nudc t h a m gia cac hoat ddng thuong mai Nga. Nhflng neu mot hoac mot so cUdng qud'c khae<br />
vdi Trung Quoc de'u cd quyin binh ding, khong cd tham gia vao hoat ddng chien su chong lai N h | t<br />
sU phan bift ve mflc thue quan hay ba't ky mdt Ban, Anh se ho trd N h a t Ban. fDieu 6).<br />
hinh thflc hgn che nao khae. 7. Trong trfldng hop can huy ddng lUc lUOng quan<br />
2. Chinh phu Trung Qudc thi hanh che do thue sfl de hd trd iSn nhau, cac quan chflc luc quan vA hai<br />
khda thd'ng nha't, ba't ke thflOng cang dd nam trong quan cua hai ben se cflng quyet dinh trdn cd sd bSn<br />
khu vflc anh hudng cila ba't cfl nUdc nao. thao ky Ifldng, than thien v l ta't ca cac va'n de c6 hen<br />
3. Khdng can thiep vao Ipi ich cua cac nUdc theo quan de'n ldi ieh song phflOng (Dilu 7).<br />
nhflng didm da ky. 8. Hiep udc cd hieu lUc ngay sau khi dflpc k^ vS<br />
(9). W.R. Nester, Power across the Pacific - A cd thdi han 10 nam (Dilu 8).<br />
Diplomatic History of American Relations with Ngudn: The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 •<br />
Japan, Macmillan Pres LTD, Hampshire and 1931), Thursday 28 September 1905, page 7, 8.<br />
London, 1996, p.77. National Library of Australia<br />
(10), (11). Nester, W.R, (1996), Power across the http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4965272.<br />
Pacific- A diplomatic historry of American relation (13). Ngay 5-9-1905, hoa Udc ke't thuc chiffn<br />
with Japan, Macmillan Press LTD, p.78. t r a n h Nga-Nhat dfldc ky tren t a u hai quSn My tai<br />
(12), Hiep Udc gdm 8 dieu khoan vdi ndi dung Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Theo dd, Nhat du^c<br />
chinh: hfldng moi q u y i n Ipi cua Nga cl Lieu Ddng, dfldc<br />
i. Chinh phu hai nfldc se ddi thoai day du va quyen kinh doanh tuyen dudng s i t tfl Lfl Thu|n<br />
than thien khi, theo quan diem cua Anh hay Nhat. den Trudng Xuan (dfldng s i t Nam Man ChSu),<br />
Ipi ich cila hp h Viln Dong bi de dpa (Dilu 1). vung Nam dao Sakhalin va dugc toan quyin hanh<br />
2, Khi mdt trong hai nUdc tien hanh chien tranh dpng ddi vdi Trieu Tien.<br />