Luận văn Thạc sĩ Ngữ văn: Vấn đề tính chất hiện thực và chủ nghĩa hiện thực trong văn học Việt Nam nửa cuối thế kỷ XVII - Nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX (Khảo sát qua truyện Kiều)

DAI HOC QUOC GI.\ HA NQI TRI/CING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN KHOA VAN HOC

CHU THIHONG LOAN

VAN DE TINH CHAT HIEN THlTC VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THl/C TRONG VAN HOC VIET NAM NLTA C U OI THE KY XVIII - NLTA DAU THE KY XIX (KHAO SAT QUA TRUYEN KIEV)

LUAN VAN THAC SI NGlT VAN

Chuyen nganh van hoc Viet Nam Ma so: 5.04.33 Giao vien hirong dan: PGS.TS: Tran Nho Thin

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Chirang 1: Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieii b^ng phirong phap tiep can Xa hoi hoc - Cong trinh Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hieu (hue ciia Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky. 1.1- Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu bang phirong phap tiep can Xa hoi hoc. 1.2- Truyen Kieu vd chu nglua hien ihifc cua Ni^uyen Du - Lich sir ciic y kien danh gia. 1.3- Phuxyng hudng giai quyet cho van de liep can mot tac phAm van hgc ,trung dai.

Chirang H: Nhung dac trirng nghe thuat quan trong cua Truyen Kieu. n . l- Vay mugn col truyen. 11.2- He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu. 11.2.1- Ngoai hinh nhan vat. 11.2.2- Ngdn ngfr nhan vat. 11.2.3- Ngi tarn nhan vat. 11.3- Yen id tam linh trong Truyen Kieu. 11.4- Kel cau Truyen Kieu. 11.5- Nhfrng yeu to edng ihiic, irdc le trong Truyen Kien. 11.6- Xa hoi trong Truyen Kieu. 32 32 37 44 52 60 70 15 S2 88

•

*

*•

95

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^

Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong boi canh xa hoi, van hgc Viet Nam cuoi the kv XVIII - dau the kv XIX. III. 1 - Sir tliay ddi quan niem tham my trong van hoc trung dai Viel Nam. III. 1.1 - Quan niem lliam my trong van hoc the ky X - XVII. Tieukci III. 1.2- Quan niem tham my trong van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX Tieuket III.2- Sir song dong. chiln thirc cua van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX. Tieu ket ^ ^ ' 95 95 ^^^^ 103 109 11 1 117

Kc( liiaii 119

Tai lion tham kluio 122

LCJi M6 DAU

Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc..

Nhieu thap ky qua. cac nha nghien ciiu van hgc trung dai Viet Nam da

to'n khong ft giay mirc ban ve phirang phap tiep can van hgc ihdi ky na\. Tu\

vay cung khong phai da hoan loan thong nhat trong each nhin nhan. danh gia

bdi day la mot thai ky van hgc ton tai trong khoang thai gian kha dai d nude la

(tir the ky X den the ky XIX). Ngay nay, nhieu ngirdi cd thdi quen dem nhung

khai niem hien dai de xem xet nen van hgc qua khir vdn cd nhfrng dac trirng

loai hinh rieng biet khac vdi thdi dai chung la. Va bat ky mot sir lap luan chira

chuan xac, diing d^n nao nao cung se lam cho each nhin nhan. danh giii van

de nghien ciiu trd nen phien dien. thieu khach quan va khong chfnh xac.

Trong cac van de van hgc can dirge nghien ciiu ciia thdi ky trung dai,

van de cd hay khong cd chii nghTa hien thge trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi

the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX la van de da dirge dem ra ban cai nhieu

song van chira thire sir cd mot hirdng giai quyet than dao. Tren thuc le van de

nay dirge de cap den chii yeu thong qua Truyen Kieu eiia NguycMi Du, b(Vi day

la icie pham Idn ciia thdi dai, cd le la tac phiim duy nhat da phan anh dirge sau

sdc va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan canh xa hoi nirdc la trong mot giai doan

lich sir nhat dinh.

Tir lau, cd le tir Hoiii Thanh vdi Qnyen song ciia con ngii'o'i trong Trnyen

Kien ciia Nguyen Dn (1949) va nhat la tir Le Dinh Ky vdi Trnyen Kien vd chii

nghia hien ihifc ciia Nguyen Du (1970) la bdt gap nhu'ng nhan dinh \'e chu

nghia hien thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam trung dai ndi chung cung nhu irong

Trnyen Kieu ndi riCMie. Tir 1945 den naw irons gidi nehien cfru a nude ta.

phan anh Inan da chi phdi sau siic 6cn phirang phap nghien ciru cung nhu he

ihdniz \'an de nghien ei'ru. Tromz linh hinh dd thi dat \'an de xem uia iri phan

anh hien llurc la gia iri cao nhat eiia \'an hgc tro' thanh de hieu. Tu\ nhien. \ lec

nghien ci'ru I ruyen Kien nhir mgl san pham cua phuxmg phap sang Uic hien

thuc chu imhia tren thire le dem lai nhieu nhfrng kien giai hat cap \a gap

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

khong It nhirng ban khoan phan doi. Khoang tir thap nien 80, 90 ciia the ky

XX, rai rac da xuat hien nhirng y kien mang tfnh chat trao ddi dieu chinh ve

each tiep can nay, cac nha nghien ciiu Tran Dinh Hugu, Dang Thanh Le. Tran

Dinh Sir, Tran Nggc Vuang, Tran Nho Thin, Dao Xuan Quy, Nguyen Hfru

San... khi ndi ve cac van de khac nhau ciia van hgc Viet Nam trung dai da de

xuat mot each liep can khac, dd la ''tiep can he thong - van hgc - lich sir ddi

tugng nghien ciru'' (42), nghia la xem xet cac hien tirgng van hgc bang thirde

do gia tri ciia chfnh thdi dai ma no ra ddi chii khong phai tir each giai ma cua

chung ta ngay hdm nay. Trdn Nho Thin cho rang "viec dira nhfrng tieu ehf

hien thuc - mot trao lu'u van hgc phuang Tay d giua the ky XIX vdn cd nhfrng

dac trirng loai hinh rat khac so vdi van hgc trung dai Vict Nam d cudi nira the

ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de md la Truyen Kieu la mot viec kha mao

hiem va thire te da bgc Id nhieu bat cap" (55,tr48).

Tuy vay, cho tdi nay van thieu mgl cdng trinh nghien ciiu mang tfnh

chat long kel va de xuat hirdng giai quyet mot each he thong, loan dien ve van

dd nay. Thirc hien luan van Cao hgc chiing tdi mong mudn gdp mot phan nh(')

bo xung cho sir thieu hut dd.

6 day, vdi muc dfch dira ra mot each nhin long quat ve qua Irinh tiep

can van hgc trung dai tren ca sd phirang phap sang uic hien thirc chii nghia,

V chi ra nhfrng ddng gdp cung nhu nhfrng han che ciia phirang phap tiep can xa

hoi hgc va de ra mot hirdng giai quyet cii the" ap dung cho Truyen Kieu chiing

tdi lien hanh thirc hien de tai: "Van de tfnh chat hien thire va chu nghTa hien

thire trong van hgc Vict Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX

(khao sat qua Truyen Kieuy\

Thirc ra. van de ehii nghia hien thire (cd hay khong ed) ciia Truyen Kieu

khong phai la van de cd y nghia lir than ma no cd lien quan 6cn phu'(^ng phap

doe, phirang phap liep can mgl tac pham \'an hoc Irung dai ndi chung. Mdi

'each doe deii cd gia iri liep can rieng." song \eu can dai ra la phai phan anh

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

trung thanh dac trimg ciia ddi tugng. Hien nay. dang ton lai bdn each dgc

Truyen Kieu khac nhau.

Cach doc xa hoi hgc.

Cach dgc phong each hgc.

Cach dgc thi phap hgc.

Cach dgc van hoa hgc.

Dgc Truyen Kieu bang phuang phap tiep can xa hoi hgc lieu bieu la Le

Dinh Ky, vai chuyen luan Truyen Kieu va ehii nghTa hien thii'e ciia Nguyen

Du. Vdi each dgc xa hoi hgc dng da nhin thay trong uic pham nhfrng gia tri

chong phong kien, phan phong, phai bay mat trai eiia xa hoi dirang thdi... do

vay ngay eang bgc Id nhieu ban khoan. thac mac. Thirc ra, van de khong phai

la han che ciia ban than each dgc, cung nhu phuang phap nghien ciiu xa hdi

hgc ma do sir van dung may mdc ciia ngirdi sir dung nd.

Thuc hien dC lai lien chiing tdi mudn gdp phan chi ra nhfrng bat cap cua

vice van dung khai niem chii nghia hien thuc cho van hgc nude ta niia cudi the

ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX, vach ra tinh trang dan gian hoa cac van de cua

van hgc giai doan nay. Bdi thuc chat hien nay khong ft ngirdi ddng nhat phan

anh hien thire (id khd, mat trai ciia che do phong kien) vdi chu nghia hien

thuc. Dong thdi, cung gdp phan chi ra viec hieu biet khong day dii ddi tirgng

nghien eiiii trung dai (eu the d day la rngt tac pham van hgc trung dai) se dan

den nhfrng lam lac, khien cudng, cd tfnh chat chii quan trong nghien ciiu khoa

hoc.

Ban luan van dirge lien hanh chii yeu dua tren cac phuang phap phan

ifch, so sanh, thdn" ke, de thay dirae dac trims riens biet ciia ddi tuaniz nshien

cfai van hgc trung dai. Ddi khi dC^ lam rd them yixn de quan niem ha\ lam rd

nhfrng dac irirng mang tfnh quy luat cua sir phai iricMi chiing idi so sanh \di

Ciic lac pham eimg thdi, hoac so sanh \di cac tac pham cua chu nghia hicMi

ihuc eiia \'an hgc phuang Tay the ky XIX \an hoe Viel Nam giai doan 1930-

1945 de lam rd \im de neu ra.

•

7

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc..

Van ban ma luan van se dua vao la cudn Truyen Kieu - Ngu\en Du do

Nguydn Quang Tuan (khao dfnh va chii giai), in Ian thii tu, Nha xuat ban khoa

hgc xa hoi 1997.

Chung tdi xin chan thanh cam an PGS. TS Tran Nho Tliin da tan tinh

giup dd chung tdi hoan thanh luan van nay. Tren ca sd tiep thu y kien cua

nhirng ngudi di trudc, lien hanh tim hieu nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan

trong ciia Truyen Kieu dudi gdc do loai hinh van hoa de tim ra gia iri ma

Nguyen Du de lai cho chiing ta qua kiet tac Truyen Kieu. chiing tdi h\' vgng se

ddng gdp dugc mot phan nho cho viec nghien ciru tac phalm tam ed nay eiia

van hgc trung dai.

Luan van, chile chan khd tranh khdi nhirng sai sdt, mong dugc y kien

gdp y eiia cac thay cd va sir ddng gdp chan thanh ciia cac ban ddng nghiep.

Ban luan van dugc trinh bay theo bd cue sau:

Phiin ma dau

Chuang I: Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu bang phucrng phap

tiep can xa hoi hoc - cdng trinh Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien ihifc cua

Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky.

Chirang II: Nhfrng dac trung nghe thuat quan trgng ciia Truyen Kieu.

Chirang III: Truyen Kieu trong bdi canh xa hdi, van hgc Viet Nam nira

cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX.

Phan ket luan.

8

Chuong I

NHAN DANG VIEC NGHIEN CLfU TRUYEN KIEU B A NG PHL/ONG PHAP TIEP CAN XA HOI HOC - CONG TRINH TRUYEN KIEU

VA CHU NGHIA HIEN THUC CUA NGUYEN DU - LE DINH Ky.

LI- Nhan dang viec nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu b^ng phuong

phap tiep can xa hoi hoc.

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

Phuang phap tiep can xa hdi hgc bat nguon chii yeu tir my hgc Maexft.

mot thii ly luan nghe thuat. "dac biet la ly luan xa hdi hgc nghe ihual"

(2(),lr29). PhU(mg phap nay dat ra van de tiep nhan mot tac pham xan hgc dua

tren hoan canh lich sir xa hdi tac pham ay ra ddi de tir dd cat nghia cac tang

giii tri ciia nd, hay ndi each khac gia tri ciia mot tac pha'm van hgc dugc dinh

gia, lap luan tren ca sd moi quan he ciia nd vdi xa hdi ma nd xuat hien. Mac

•va Angghen ciing da xem xet cac hien tugng \'an hgc trong quan he cua no \a\

nhfrng dieu kien xa hdi ma lac pham phan anh. xan dung quan dieni dau Iranh

giai cap, phan ifch lap trudng quan diem cua ngirdi viel. de tim ra nhfrng uic

dung true tiep va gian tiep, nhfrng anh hirdng nhieu rnat eiia dieu kien xa hdi

den cac hien tugng van hgc. Do vay. hien tugng \'an hgc thudng dugc Mac -

Angghen dan 66 chung minh cho cac quan diem chfnh tri. khi ndi ve vai lid

ciia dong lien trong xa hdi tu ban Mac ca nggi nhfrng doan van cua Gcrt \a

Sechxpia viel xe xan de nay. khi nhae den tinh trang mat tir do trong sang lac

Mac nhac den Beranggie...

Xiiai phat tir quan niem xem xan hgc la mot hinh thai y thiie xa hdi.

phan anh va gdp phan ciu tao hien thire.' Mac da lirng nhan xet ve eae lac pham

eiia Dicken. Thaeetyray, Brdnli ... "Trudng phai hien dai \o\ lac nhfrng nha lieu

thuvel Anh ma nhfrng trang tieu hieu \a himg hdn da phai hien cho ihe guVi

thav nhieu sir that chfnh iri va xa hdi hon la uii ca nhfrng nha chinh iri chu\en

nghiep. nhfrng nha chfnh luan va nhfrng nha Uuin ly hoc gop lai" (5.ir362). Sau

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

nay khi nhan xet v6 Bandac va lac phalm Tan trd c////. Angghen cung cho rang

vdi hinh ihiirc mieu ta cd tfnh chat bien nien sir lir nhirng nam 1816 den 1848.

Bandac da cung cap cho ngudi dgc hien thuc diein hinh ciia xa hdi Phap:

"Xung quanh cai bii'c tranh trung tam nay, Bandac tap trung tat ca lich su cua

xa hdi Phap, d day tdi da biet dugc, ngay ca theo y nghia kinh te hoc. nhieu

chi tict (chang han vd su phan phdi lai ddng san va bat ddng san sau cude each

mang) han d cac quyen sach ciia tat c^ cac nha chuyen mdn: cac su gia. cac

nha kinh te hgc, cac nha thong ke ciia thdi ky nay gdp lai" (5,tr385). Nhu the,

ca Mac va Angghen deu danh gia cao khfa canh phan anh xa hoi, id cao xa hdi

va coi nd nhu mot thudc do quan trgng gia tri eiia tac pham van hgc.

Ly Traeh Hau trong Bon hdi gidng my hoc. cho rang "Ly luan nghe

thuat ciia my hgc Maexft cd mgl dac sac ca ban nhat quan la lay tac dung xa

hdi eiia nghe thuat lam hat nhan va chii de. Tac dung xa hdi nay lai ihuimg

xuyen lien he vdi sir nghiep each mang ciia giai cap vd san ma chu nghia Mae

de xudng vdi tinh than phe phan ma suy xet, do lirdng danh gia \i\ binh luan"

(20,tr 30). Rd rang, dng mudn khang dinh chii nghia Mae ludn dat ra yeu can

.cho mot uic pham nghe thuat ciia giai .cap \'d san la nd phai mieu la lai hien

thuc iheo tinh than phe phan cai tao lai hien thirc, dap ung duac nhfrng d()i hoi

ciia eugc dau tranh each mang trong xa hdi.

Chfnh vi coi trgng cao do va tap trung chii yeu vao tac dung thuc le cua

mzhe thuat ddi \di cude sdn*z hien thuc \'a dau tranh each mans ma viec nhan

manh vai trd cua nghe thuat la mieu ta, phan anh. nhan ihi're phe phan eugc

song hien ihire da trd thanh ly luan my hgc ca ban. Dieu nay anh huang manh

me den nen van hoc. ly luan phe binh van hgc ciia nhdm cac nude xa hdi chu

nuhia. Cho nen la dt} dans nhan thav lir Mae, Ansshen den Lenin, Mao Trach

Ddng \a nga> ca \a\ Ho Chi Minh nhan thuc luan cua phan anh luan da \xa

ihanh ly luan eo" han de danh gia g-ia tri cua \an hoc nghe ihual. .Mae.

Angghen da cd mot sir gap gd kha ly ihii khi n(')i \e uic dung nhan llurc cua

Ciic tieu lIuiN'et Anh xa Phap, Angghen eon nhan manh tam quan irons cua

10

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

nhirng 'Hfnh each dien hinh" trong "nhirng hoan canh dien hinh". Lenin thi cd

hang loai bai viet ve Tdnxtdi bgc 16 nhu'ng quan diem ly luan \c tfnh Dang,

tinh nhan dan va coi Tdnxtdi nhu la mot tam guang ciia each mang Nga

(5,tr204). Mao Trach Ddng thi neu cao "yeu cau" van chirang phai "vi edng

ndng binh, viel v6 cdng ndng binh". 0 Trung Qude dau thap ky 50 den cudi

thap ky 70 (ciia the ky XX) khau hieu luu hanh trong gidi van nghe la "\'an

nghe phiic vii chfnh tri", ''van nghe tdng thudc chfnh tri". Mai cudi thap ky 70,

xuat phat tir nhirng bai hgc thdi "van each" (Cach mang van hoa), dudi sir chi

dao ciia phuang cham "giai phdng tu tirdng, thuc sir can thi", de xuat viec tir

nay ve sau khdng nhac den nhirng khau hieu tren nfra ma ddi ihanh "xan nghe

phiic VII nhan dan, van nghe phiic vii XHCN" (45). Tai Viel Nam. Ho Chf

Minh trong dai hdi van hoa van nghe 1948 cung dan dd eae nhii sang uic:

"Van hoa nghe thuat la mgl mat Iran, anh chi em nghe si hi chicMi si tren mat

tran ay".

Chiins ta khdns phii nhan vai trd ciia nhan ihiic. eiins nhu nhan ihi'rc

luan trong cude song, nhung nghicMi ciiu van hgc coi nhan ihiic luan lii each

tiep can duy nhat lai la thieu sdt. Nhan thiic luan ludn dugc coi la c(y sd iriet

hgc ciia hgc thuyet Mac, ma rdng ap dung trong nghien ciiu van hgc, trd thanh

xuat phat diem eiia ly luan van hgc Macxit. Vii nhieu nam qua nd da trd thanh

ca sd iriet hgc duy nhat ciia ly luan van hgc. hinh thanh van nghe hgc nhan

Ihiic luan, my hgc nhan thiie luan. Nhu vay, trong sir phat tri&n hudng tdi da

dang hoa ciia quan niem van hgc. tat se khien nhan thire luan bi hoai nghi.

Tiep nhan phan anh luan nhu la "hdn da uing eiia My hoc Macxfl"

(2(),tr^3) irons nshien cfru van hoc xuat hien a nude la \i\o khoans nhfrns nam

60 - 70 cua the ky XX, cac nha nhien eiiu dong nhat chu nghia hien ihue \di

\iee phe phan hien thire. nham miie lieu lai dd che do xa hoi ap bi're hoe lot

theo chu irirang ciia each mang dan tgc dan chu.Tir da\ gi(')i nghien ciiu \an

hgc trung dai Viel Nam dac biet hi gidi "Kieu hoc" da \an clung pluro'ng phap

tiep can hien ihire chu nghia de danh gia Truyen Kien. Tham ehi co nhirng uic

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

gia con coi "chii nghia hien thuc hay van hgc hien thuc tu nd la mot gia tri"

•(42). Cd mot thdi sir phan chia mgi hien tugng trong sudt lien irinh \an hgc

nhan loai thanh "hien thuc chii nghia" va "phi hien thuc chii nghia" da ed

nguy ca trd thanh quan niem phd bien. Su phan chia nay bat nguon tir quan

niem cho rang, chii nghia hien thuc la dinh cao nhat ciia van hgc. vay thi phai

chu'ng minh rang van hgc truyen thong nude ta cung da cd chii nghia hien thuc

rdi. Do dd mdi cd viec tim tdi ehii'ng minh Truyen Kieu eiing cd chu nghia

hien thuc. Mdi loat cac bai viet, cac cdng trinh nghien cii'u nii rac trong nhfrng

nam 60 - 70, tham chf sang ca nhung nam 80 ciia the ky XX, da di vao tim

hieu, van dung cac thao Uic khac nhau de di den ket luan cd chii nghia hien

thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX va

'trong 1 ruyen Kieu.

Nghien ciru Truyen Kieu theo lieu chf phan anh hien Ihirc dien ra lir sau

each mang ihang Tam 1945. Md dau la Hoai Thanh dat van de ve Quyen song

ciia con ngu'd'i trong Truyen Kieu (1949). Theo dng "cai chfnh cua nghe ihiuit

Nguyen Du la d chd da nhao nan lai, sang lao ra ca mot the gidi cd that va dng

ludn ludn nhan manh cho tfnh ed that nay: "Tii Ba, Ma Giam Sinh, Sd

Khanh... cai nhin ciia Nguyen Du khdng phai la cai nhin be ngoai. Nguyen Du

da nhin than tan trong rugt nhfrng eon ngudi ay. Han nfra Nguyt^n Du da sdng

han cude sdng ciia nhfrng con ngudi ay. Dang dieu. eir chi. ngdn ngfr eiia

nhfrng con ngirdi ay khdng cd tfnh chat cdp nhat chap va ma dfiu bieu hien

mot sir sdns ben irons" (13.tr80). Tir dd dns di den nhan dinh: "irons Truyen

KieiL NguycMi Du da \'e ra dugc cai hinh anh ciia moi xa hdi d ue, da dung len

dirge mgl nhan xat anh himg nd la giac mong thoal ly ciia nhfrng con ngirdi

mudn viran minh ra ngoai cai khudn khd phong kien \a mgl nhan xai than the

long dong. nd hi lieng oan hdn. lieng ken ihirang cua nhfrng eon ngirdi hi day

doa. bi sia\ \o irons cai khudn phons kien" (13.lrK)5). Va dns dira ra mdi

each liep nhan "hgp ly" Nguyen Du xa Truyen Kieu trong iho'i dai ha\ gi(y lii

2

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

"trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat phai cd con ngirdi ay" xa "chiing la mdi

Nguyen Du vao hdi Lien Viet" (13.tr42).

Dang Thai Mai trong Dgc sac ciia vdn hoc co dien Viet Nam c/ua noi

.dung Truyen Kieu da de cap nhieu den cai ggi la "biit phap ui thuc" xa "linh

than ta thuc". Dang Thai Mai cd miic do han. dng liai y bdi Truyen Kieu hi tac

pham mugn cot truyen nen di tim chi tiet "chan that ciia xa hdi Viet Nam qua

tap tha dd cung la cau chuyen ma mang" hay viec "di tim hinh linh ciia xa hdi

Viet Nam" d day thi "tranh sao khdi Idi lap luan khien cudng. ep udng sir

thuc" (9,tr526). Tuy nhien khi di vao tim hie^u Truyen Kieu cd phan anh ft

nhieu gi xa hdi Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIll - nira dau the ky XIX hay

khdng, dng lai cho rang Nguyen Du da "trinh bay" dugc "bd mat thuc cua mgl

xa hdi", di den khang dinh dgc Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du la xan nhin thay

"nhfrng mdi mau thufin eiia xa hdi phong kien tren con dudng phan hoa"

•(9,tr527). Ong nhan manh: "Ngdi biifui thuc ciia Nguydn Du cfing hel sue

trung thanh khi ui nhfrng canh sdng hang ngay ciia cac hang ngirdi trong xa

hdi. Biie canh cd Kieu sdng trong gia dinh em am ngay nwi cap ke la hien

thuc. Bao nhieu man canh trong may Ian gap gd gifra Kim Trgng va Kieu van

la hien thuc. Hien thuc khi thi si chop canh quan nha bat bd va xet eiia nha dan

lirang ihien. Hien thuc, tu the, Idi le, eir chi ciia Ma Giam Sinh cua mii Tii Ba

va tat Cii cude ddi cd Kieu trong sudt mirdi lam nam luu lac, "Thanh lau hai

lugt thanh y hai Ian", qua mgl iha\ gian liim le ciia Thiic Sinh. lam xa eiia Tir

Hai, xan la nhfrng canh hien thuc..." (9.tr529) xa theo dng ngudi dgc khi tiep

nhan Truyen Kieu nhan thay ca "tinh than ui thire" va "tinh than phe phan"

qua nhung hien thuc ay.

Ngirdi nghien ei'rii Truyen Kieu nhir mgl tac pham ihude xe phu'crng

phap sang Uic hien thire ehii nghia. ndi each khac ngirdi khang dinh thuc sir cd

mot chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu. mot each cd he thdng la Le Dinh

K>' trong chuxen liuin Truyen Kieu \d chu w^hla hien thia < na \'.^nycn Du.

Mac dii dng eimg da dat dieu kien "chu nghia hien thuc cua Trnyen Kieu la

13

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

mot chii nghia hien thuc trong hinh thai phat trien dau lien cua nd khi nd vira

thoal thai tir chu nghia quy pham, tir tfnh each dieu va udc le ciia my hgc

1.2- Truyen Kieu vd chu nghia hien thuc ciia Nguyen Du -

phong kien, tir xu hudng ly tudng hoa va chu nghia giao huan" (I6.tr 388).

Le Dinh Ky - Ljch sucac y kien danh gia.

Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du da ra ddi trong bdi

canh nghien cii'u van hgc trong quan he vdi hien thuc ddi sdng xa hdi theo

quan diem my hgc Maexft. Nghia la tac pham van hgc dugc nhin nhan nhu la

su phan anh ddi sdng xa hdi va bgc Id thai do ciia nha van ddi xdi hien ihire

dd. 6 chuyen luan nay Le Dinh Ky da quan tam den nhfrng van de tu ludng

chii quan eiia ngirdi sang tac: tu tirdng xa hdi, tu tudng nghe thuat ciia Nguyen

Du, iriet ly trong Truyen Kieu... ndi bat han ca la van de tim hieu phuang phap

sang lac eiia NguyCn Du trong Truyen Kieu. Lan lirgi khao sat co' sd' iw fiffhig

tham my ciia Truyen Kieu va van de dien hinh hod irong Truyen Kieu, rd rang

'dng mudn diing nhfrng cdng thiie eiia phuang phap sang Uic hien ihirc chu

nghia de nghien ciiii Truyen Kieu. Ong hirdng vao nghien ciiu cac nhan vat

trong Truyen Kieic va day la mot thanh edng ciia dng so xdi cac giai doan

Irirde Irong linh vire tim hieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da phan ifch

Vii phat hien trong Truyen Kieu ed nhfrng nhan vat dugc mieu la bang "nhfrng

ngdn tir lay thang tir eugc sdng", do vay dng da di den ket luan "cd mgl xa hdi

'Truyen Kieir (16,lr284), xa hdi ay bat dau xdi bo may cai tri. lir ihang ban M

den ifMig dde Ho Ton HitMi va dang sau Ho Ton Hien lii ca mgl irieu dinh

phong kien thdi nat. Ong ghi nhan the lire cua dong lien irong Truyen Kieu

"the lire ciia dong tien da dugc Id cao mgl each true liep xa sau sac irons uic

pham ciia Nguxen Du. xa xe mat nay. Truyen Kieu xung dang duoc xap xep

x'ao nhfms sia tri \I dai nhat eiia nen xan hoe the sidf" ( I6.ir292j. Tux nhien

Le Dinh Kv khdns chii v rans su bdc Idi irons xa hdi xa the lire cua dons lien

14

^ Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

khdng phai la dac thii rieng ciia nha nude phong kien. Ngoai ra dng da danh

han mot chuang de tim hieu Dien hinh hod theo hitdmg hien thifc chu nglua,

trong dd dng da van dung nhirng cdng thuc ciia chii nghia hien thire de xem

xet tac phalm nay va khang dinh "cd the ndi Truyen Kieu da dat tdi mgl chu

nghia hien thuc tam ly cao nhat trong nen van hgc dan tgc qua khii"

(I6,tr387). Khang dinh the song Le Dinh Ky lai khdng khdi lung King khi liep

can nhfrng yeu id udc le tugng trung trong tac pham, nhfrng quan niem, nhu'ng

each cam nhan xa hdi khdng gidng vdi each hieu, each cam nhan ciia chiing ta

.ngay nay va dng liet tat ca nhirng cai -khae dd vao nlulng rdng hiioc ciia my

hoc di((fng ttun. Tir day dng di vao phan tfch va coi nd nhu hi nhfrng han che

ciia NguyCn Du cung nhu ciia thdi dai dng, coi chii nghia hien thuc ciia

Nguyen Du "thieu nhat quan va day mau ihuSn" (16,tr389).

Ndi chung each tiep can van hgc theo hudng xa hdi hgc de dan cac nha

nghien cuu den be Uic, va dan den nhfrng nhan dinh mang tfnh chii quan. Cac

lac gia, dac biet la cac tac gia Idn hg ludn mang trong minh sir nhai qiuin

nhfrng thanh liru van hoa, van hgc ciia thdi ddi minh chu khdng gidng nhir

each danh gia ciia Le Dinh Ky "cac nha van qua khii thudng la mang nhfrng

mau thuiin Idn trong ngirdi va lac pham ciia hg cung phan anh linh irang mau

•lhuandd"(16,tr485).

Tuy nhien, phai ghi nhan Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua

Nguyen Du la mot tac phalm dai, cdng phu trong dd Le Dinh Ky da dua tren

lieu ehf ciia chu nshia hien thuc de' danh sia. nhan dinh xe cac van de trong

Truyen Kieu. De khang dinh "Nguyen Du da birde xiio ngudng cua cua chu

nghia hien thuc", dng di viio md xe '^nhfrng mat lien bd trong lu liuyng xa hdi".

eiins nhu "nhfrns mat han che be tac eiia Nsuven Du". Ben canh viec ly giai

CO' SO" tu luons tham mv cua Nguxen Du. dns dims ban 2/3 duns luans ciia

cudn sach de ban xe xan de dien hinh hoa trong 'Truyen Kicu theo huVrng hien

thuc ehii nshla. Ons cho rans "\' thi're trims thanh xdi cude sdns da khien

Nsiivdn Du, xe ca ban da gifr dugc tfnh each khach quan, chan thuc cua su

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

mieu ta". va "cd the ndi den mot chii nghia hien thuc cua NguycMi Du. nhirng

la mgl each cd dieu kien". Nhung mot mat dng cho Nguyin Du da cd y thuc

ve su khach quan trong mieu ta, mot mat dng nhan dinh nhan xai Kim Trgng

"tuy van chan thuc. nhung lai thieu mot cai gi nhu la gan cot xa xirang sdng".

dng lai tiep "Nguyen Du cung da sdp xep bd trf tat ca cho ddi liia dugc gap gd

gan bd nhau: tir can nha gan k6 cd ten la Lam Thuy chi chd dgi Kim Trgng

den thue, den chiee kim ihoa Thuy Kidu da may man danh rai - khdng phai rai

lam dat ma mac vao canh dao - va tham nshiem kfn cons cao tuirns cfms

khdng ngan can Kim Trgng nhat dirge". Tir nhan dinh dd dng di vao mgl ket

luan rat nude ddi: "a Truyen Kieu cd tinh hinh la: udc le ma van hon nhicMi

chan thuc van chii'a chan tinh tii va cam_ xiic" (16,tr406)

'Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du la mgl trong nhung

chuyen luan hay viet ve Truyen Kieu. Le Dinh Ky da tiep nhan lac pham nay

vdi mot sir Iran trgng va kha nang nhay ben ciia cam xiic, sac sao trong sir the

hien ngdn tir. Ong binh luan Truyen Kieu bang nhfrng cau chu rat tinh te de di

vao Idng ngudi dgc. vf dii nhu nhfrng doan:

"Sue mitnh eiia cau tha Kieu khdng phiii la d chd kham pha ra nhfrng

hinh tirgng ehira ai hinh dung nhfrng y nghl. ehua ai ngd tdi ma la cai linh din

tinh nguiri tham tham ma Nguydn Du dua vao cai nhin, cai nghe. cai nghl eiia

minh. vao mgl virng trang. mot ddng sudi. mot ngan dau. mgl licMig chim. mot

nson la. Den da irirde nsdi biit Nsuv(!n.Du eiins phai mem di irude nhfrns dau

khd ciia con ngirdi:

- Le ro'i tham dd to'chia ru tdm

- Ddu Id dd Cling ndt gan lo ngu'd'i...

Cling theo Idng ngiriii ma rao rue sa>' dam:

Tff phcn dd biet tuoi vdng. (16,trl70)

"Da I Da I Da .... Nguyen Du nhu keu len \o\ chiing ta: "Cude sdng Irdi

qua !". Khdng [^hai hi chuxen quan am iham thoal. chuxen ngira eha\ qua cua

sd. ma la cai biroe di nhir sir. nlur m(') diioe cua ihoi gian. eai dau \el cua no da

16

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

han len tren nhirng hy vgng, chd mong, dau thuang. khd nhuc cua con ngm>i

va bang bae khap nai khap chdn" (16.trl71).

Doan viet vi ngdn tir Nguyen Du danh de mieu la mdi tinh Kim - Ki^u

'dng viet: "Truyen Ki6u la lieng reo vui khi hy vgng yeu duang trim la lieng

hat khai hoan ciia tinh yeu chien thang, la ban ai ca ciia tinh cam khi bi irac

trd, viii dap. Bang khuang riio rue, dat dao, nhd thuang. dgi chd khac khoai.

trai tim con ngudi da id rd quyen sdng ciia nd ma bao nhieu cam doan rang

huge cudi ciing cung khdng chdn viii bdp nghet dugc" (16,trl65).

Nhung cd the ndi diem dac sac nhat eiia Le Dinh Ky la "dng da van

dung mgl each nhuan nhuy6n cac khai niem ve tfnh each, ca tfnh. hoan eiinh.

chi liet de phan tfch tfnh loan ven sinh ddng eae nhan vat Truyen Kieu'^

(53,trl 8). Cho den nay chua cd ai viet ve dien hinh hoa eiia Truyen Kieu thii vi

nhu Le Dinh Ky, sau han 40 nam edng trinh ciia dng xuat hien. Nhfrng nhan

vat phan dien Tii Bii, Ma Giam Sinh. Sd Khanh... dugc dng xem xet. phan tfch

de cho thay day hi nhfrng nhan vat thuc sir dirge diic ket tir cude sdng llurc

phong phii, sdi ddng. Phan viet ve ly tudng thiim my ciia Nguyen Du qua nhan

vat Thuy Kieu cung cd nhung kham pha mdi. thii vj.

Tuy nhien, viec nha nghien ciru tim hieu phuang phap sang uic cua

NguycMi Du d Truyen Kieu trong tirang quan vdi phuang phap sang Uic ciia

ehii nghia hien thuc khien nhieu ngirdi chua ddng tinh, nhat la khi dng lay cac

nguyen Uic, lieu ehuain ciia ehii nghia hien thuc de xem xet cac phuang dien

sang Uic ciia Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu - mot uic phalm van hgc trung dai

phuong Ddng (nhfrng ndi dung xa hdi. ndi dung phan anh, tfnh each xii hoan

canh dien hinh. nhfrng ehi lie! hien thue chu nghia. ngdn ngfr da dang phong

phii an khdp xdi sir that ddi sdng...). Cung chfnh viec van dung cac khai nieni

phirang phap sang lac hien thuc ehii nghia xao Truyen Kieu da lam cho lac gia

king uing. khi nhung nhan xai chfnh - nhan xat ehinh dien cua tac pham nhu

Thuy Kieu. Tir Hai, Kim Trgng dcu la nhfrng nhan vat numg dam tfnh chai

udc le. Ix lirdns hoa. Rdi cude chi cd nhfrns nhan vat phan i.\\cn la nhan xai

y-ill

C51-

Vifn de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

hien thuc chii nghia, nhu Ma Giam Sinh. So Khanh. Tii Ba "mang nhieu net

lay thang tir eugc sdng". Thuc te cdng trinh ciia Le Dinh Ky cho thay eae

nguyen tac phan tfch hien thue chii nghia chi phii hgp vdi nhan xat phan dien

chiir khdng phii hgp vdi cac nhan vat chfnh dien. Day la mot thir thach Idn ddi

vdi phuang phap nghien cii'u nay khi dem ap dung cho van hgc trung dai. Do

'vay, mot mat Le Dinh Ky phat hien nhfrng yeu to dien hinh hod theo hu'o'ng

hien thifc chu nghTa nhung mat khac van nhan thay sir ton tai nhu'ng rdng huoc

ciia my hoc ducmg thcri. Qua nhirng nhan vat, nhfrng yeu to nghe thuat ining

khft vdi cdng thiic eiia ehii nghia hien thuc dng ghi nhan Nguyen Du hi mgl

tac gia lieu bieu ciia phuang phap sang lac hien thue ehii nghia. cdn nhfrng

nhan vat, yeu to nao khdng triing khft thi dng cho dd khdng chi la han che cua

NguyCn Du ma la han che chung eiia ea thdi dai Nguyen Du. Nhu vay, vd hinh

chung uic giii da diinh giii thap Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieic a day tu luirng cua

NguyCn Du cung nhvtTruyen Kieu bi nhin nhan nhu mgl khdi nuiu ihuan. tua

khdng dugc xem xet nhu mot ehinh the thdng nhat. Chfnh xi the tir khi i ruvcn

Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du ra ddi den nay da c() khdng ft

nhfrng y kien trao ddi tranh luan xung quanh viin de niiy.

Nguy(!n Lgc khi di vao tim hieu lich sir van de nghien cfru 'Trnyen Kieu

khiing dinh nhfrng ddng gdp eiia Le Dinh Ky trong quii trinh nghien cfru mdi

dd hi nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu trong mdi tuang quan vdi phuang phiip sang tiic

ciia nha tha. Ons shi nhan "vdi nsdi biit sac sao eiia mdi nha phe binh" lir sdc

dd phuang phiip siing uic Le Dinh Ky da ed nhfrng "phai hien mdi" xe Truyen

Kieu ma gidi nghien ciiu ve Truyen Kieu giai doiin trudc "ehua cd". Nguxen

L(>c cdn chi ra dugc nhfrng ddng gdp diing ke ciia Le Dinh Ky xe ly iiahig

tham my ciia Nguyen Du irong Truyen Kieu, x'e mot so nhan vai Truyen Kieu

Cling nlur \e irici /v Truyen Kicu. Tir do dng di den ket luan "iruycn Kicu vd

chu nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du giiip ngucri dgc hieu sau ho'n nhfrng gui iri

doc diio ciia mot nhii tha ihien uii" (28.ir465). Dii khii gan giii \o\ quan diem

ciia Le Dinh Kv. nghia hi ciing chgn ciieh tiep can Truyen Kicu tu phuong

18

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

phap sang tac, tir nguyen idc dien hinh hoa nhung Nguyen Lgc nhiin dinh

"irong cdng trinh nghien eiiu ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng duoc chat

che. Va mac dii l

Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhirng thanh edng eiia dng lai hi nhiing kham

pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tac ehii chua phai

nhu'ng ket luan vd biin than phuang phap sang tac trong Truyen Kieif

(28,tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot lieu chuan cd siin nao dd

.ve chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu", "so siinh" vdi

'Truyen Kieu chii d day tac gia chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc

xuat phat tir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan tgc de nghien cfru. Tuy

nhien biin than Nguydn Lgc trong phan viet ve dien hinh hod 'Truyen Kieu

Cling chia phucrng phiip siing Uic ciia Nguyen Du thanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa,

"ly tudng hoii", "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thue". "dicMi hinh hoii

iruyCm thdng theo ly tudng hoii den Idi dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thue"

(28.lr396) ciing hi ehua hgp ly.

Tran Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh cu the xe

Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c ciia Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan

•dinh ehuns "Nsuyen Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu iruyen de dien Ndm Uic la ed

tim dugc d trong dd ciii ma dng mudn tim". Triin Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma

Nguyen Du tim dirge nhiit quyei khdng phiii la do hien thuc a irong dd gidng

x'di hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam, bai dng nhan ihay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrng

ehi liet cii lhC\ mil theo nha Nho thi ta dam xe ndi dung, rirdm ra, kem trang

nha X'e nghe thuat. d mgl mat niio dd dieu niiy lai "xa cai thuc cua van hoc".

Theo dng "Nguxen Du Ira thiinh hieu ddi, thiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng

khdng |")hai theo ciieh cua nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phat lir thue

le. di tim ciie ludi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban chat, ciii

diem hinh trong llurc liii cd trudc nuit. Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi ihuc lai

rdns ho'n irucVc nlumg la mdi thue lai irini lirong ma dng S(M la cdi nguoi ta

(50,tr468). O phuang dien miy cho tha> Tran Dinh Hirou dii \em ,\et I rmen

19

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

phap sang tiic, tir nguyen lac didn hinh hoa nhung Nguxen Lgc nhan dinh

"trong cdng trinh nghien ciru ciia Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng dugc chiii

che. Va mac dii tac gia cd dung y giai quyei van de phuang phap siing uic cua

Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhung thanh cdng ciia dng \d\ la nhfrng kham

pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tiic ehii ehua phai

nhCrng ket luan ve ban than phuang phap sang tiic trong Truyen Kieir

(28.tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot tieu chuan cd siin niio dd

.v6 chii nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu". "so sanh" xdi

Truyen Kieu ehii' d day tiic giii chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc

xuai phat lir quy luat van ddng ngi tai ciia van hgc dan toe de nghien ei'ru. Tuy

nhien biin than Nguyfin Lgc trong phiin viei ve dien hinh hod Truyen Kieu

Cling chia phuang phap sang uic ciia Nguyen Du ihanh ba Idi dien hinh hoa.

"ly tudng hoii". "dien hinh hoii eiia chii nghia hien thuc", "dien hinh hoa

truycm thdng theo ly tirdng hoa deii Idi dien hinh hoii ciia chii nghia hien thue"

(28,tr396) ciing la chua hgp ly.

Triin Dinh Hugu mac dii khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh eu the xe

Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du song liii ed nhfrng nhan

•dinh ehuns "NsuycMi Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu truyen de dien Ndm liie la ed

tim dugc d trong dd cai ma dng mudn tim". Tran Dinh Hugu cho rang ciii ma

Nguyen Du tim dugc nhiii quyet khdng phai lii do hien thue d trong dd gidng

X'di hien thue xa hdi Viet Nam. bdi dng nhan thay tiic giii da luge bo di nhfrns

ehi tiet cu thd. ma theo nha Nho thi la dam xe ndi dung, nwm ra. kem irang

nha xe nghe thuiit. d mot mat niio dd dieu nay Icii "xa Ciii thue eiia van hgc".

Theo dns "Nsuven Du ird thiinh hieu diu. ihiiy ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn Idng

khdng phiii theo each ciia nhfrng nghe si hien thuc chii nghia xuiii phai lir thuc

te. di tim ciic mdi lien he xa hdi de phiit hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban chat, eai

dieni hinh trong thuc lai ed trudc mat. Ong quan Uim den thuc lai mdi iluie lai

"rdns ho'n iriiiVe nhimg hi mot thue lai iriru tuang ma dng goi la edi nguo'i la

(50,tr468). 0 phuang dien niiy cho thiiy Tran Dinh Hirou da xem \el Trnyen

19

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

Kieu (truyen Ndm ndi chung), trong bdi canh van hoa. xan hoe trung dai. han

nu'a dng da cd y thu'c chii y den dac trung cua thi phap trung di^ii. Ong khang

dinh "trong van hgc Viel Nam trung can dai" khdng ed "phong trao xan hgc

hien thuc chii nghia". Va ket luan "neu eai dep la sir da diing eiia nhfrng ciii

dgc dao, la vd sd thi van hgc Viet Nam trung can dai cung khdng nhiit thiol

phai cd khuynh hudng hien thuc, va cd nhieu yeii td hien thue mdi la mot nen

van hgc phat trien" (50,tr498).

Trong bai Lai hdn ve chii nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu cua

Nguyen Du in trong Tcip chf van hgc sd 9 - 2000 dng Dao Xuan Quy lai cd

mgl Ciieh diinh giii va giiii quyet khac. Ong dat van de "mot tiic phimi phan iinh

dugc hien ihuc ciia mgl xa hdi ed phiii liic nao ciing la mgl tac pham viei theo

phucyng phap hien thue ehii nghia khdng?". Va dng dua ra nhfrng bai tha cua

Bach Cu Di, Dd Phii phiin anh dugc "sau siic den lirng chi tiet" hien thue xa

hdi Trung Qude dt^i nha DuiTng. roi tu hdi "cd the ket limn rang chii nghia

hien thuc da xuiii hien d Trung Qude ciich day han mgl nghin nam khdng?"

Dao Xuan Quy cdn dua ra nhfrng ly le vii di\n chiing de khang dinh rang tir giii

tri hien thuc den chii nghia hien thuc la mgl quang dudng dai. Ong neu ra yeu

Ciiu cot yeu ciia chii nghia hien thue lit van de dien hinh vii cho rang "cd the

ndi trong Truyen Kieu khdng ed nhfrng "nhan vat dien hinh trong hoan canh

dien hinh" xa ciii chfnh hi dng khdng thira nhan cd chu nghia hien thue irong

Truyen Kieu. Diio Xuan Quy viei: "Thien tai eiia Nguyen Du da thdi ha\ sdng

viio nhfrng nhan viit xdn binh thudng trong cudn lieu thuyet cua Trung Qude

Vii da dem lai cho hg mgl tam hon mot cude ddi. mot sd phiin. Nhu the la du

rdi. chiing la khdng nen giin cho Nguyen Du nhfrng di6u khdng the cd dirae".

Va dng de nghi ludt hudng nghicMi cuu Nguyen Du cung nhu Truyen Kieu la

phiii hieu sau viio uii Cii ciic nuit trong liim trang cua Uic gia chii khdng the de

dai giiin don duoc.

Trim Dinh Su trong 'I'hi phdp Truyen Kieu khi di xiio lim hieu nhiing

^

t_

*-

1

1

--

ehan^^ dudns nshien cfru thi phap iruyen Kieu da ghi nhan Trnyen Kicu va

^0

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

chu nghia hien thifc ciia Nguyen Du - Le Dinh Ky "ed the ndi dd la sir nghien

ciru thi phap Truyen Kieu theo thi phiip ciia chii nghia hien thue" (53.lrl8).

Tuy nhien dng ciing chi ra nhiing king tiing ciia Le Dinh Ky khi xan dung khiii

niem phuang phap sang tac hien thuc chu nghia vao tac pham nay. Trong khi

tuyen nhan vat chfnh Kim Trgng. Tir Hai va ca Thuy Kieu dcni mang dam tfnh

chat ly tudng hoa, thi tuyen nhan vat phiin dien trong dd nhfrng Ma Giam

Sinh, Sd Khanh, Tii Ba d^u "mang nhieu net lay thang tir cude sdng". Tran

Dinh Sir nhan dinh neu ndi "udc le mil viin hdn nhien, chan thuc xan chi'ra

chan "tinh tir va cam xiic", eae hinh anh dien cd cd siin ma nhan xai van sinh

ddng, mdi ngudi mot ve khdng lan Idn vao nhau" thi tren thue te. khai niem

ehii nghia hien thue da bi thay the" (53.tr 19). Ong kei luan '^y niem chu nghia

hien thuc thdi niiy cdn giiin dan, ngucii ta chua thiiy tfnh chu quan eiia chu

• nghia hien thue eiing nhu tfnh udc le cua nd. Riii nhieu ngiriyi vien cau "nhfrng

dieu trdng thiiy" ciia NguyCn Du nhirng ft nguc^i xem xet Nguyen Du thiiy theo

eai nhin niio, eon mat nao." (53,trl9)

Trong Ciic biii viei eiia Trim Nho Thin ciing ed xu hirdng |:)hu nhan sir

hien dien ciia chii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieic dng da ehi ra khuynh

hudng nghicMi eiiu Truyen Kieu iheo phuang phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia

dien ra x'iio khoiing nhfrng nam 60 - 70 eiia the ky XX, la mgl thuc le va phd

bien. Theo dng. mac dii cac nha nghien cii'u nay da ed mgl "nd lire mdi nham

khoa hoe hoa cdng xiee nghien cfru" nham dai xan hoii Viet Nam xiio bdi canh

phat trien chung cua van hgc the gidi xa "nhin nhiin xan hoc Viet Nam nhu

nuit bd phiin khdng uich vai cua xan hoc the gidi". nhung thue le tren the gidi

nhiing nam 60. 70 "da va dang dien ra ciic khuynh hudng van hoc khiic nhau".

dac biet lii chu nghia huyen Ihoiii xdi nhfrng ICMI tudi Idn nhu T.Mann. J.Joyce.

F.Kafka... va da thax the chu nghia hiLMi ihirc cua ihe ky XIX. Nhung \i

"nluins Ix do khiic nhiui" nen sidi nshien cfru xii \an hoc nii'(ic la "dmh hu'iing

siii tri" xiin chu xeii "khoanh xiins irons chu nshIa hien llurc" bao gom hien

thue phe phiin xii hien thuc xa hdi chu nshla. Ons cho riing xiee ap clung

21

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

nhu'ng lieu chf ciia chii nghia hien thuc ciia van hgc phuang Tax' khoang the ky

XIX, vdn cd nhirng dac trung ve loai hinh rat khac vdi xan hgc trung diii Viet

Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de tim hieu Truyen Kieu la

"mot viec khii mao hiem va thuc te da bgc Id nhirng bai cap" (55.tr48). Tran

Nho Thin neu ra nhirng bai cap khi ap dung chii nghia hien thuc xiio Truyen

Kieu, dng cho rang "each tiep can nay thuc chat da bien Truyen Kieu tir mdi

chinh the nghe thuat thanh mot thue the dity mau thuiln. ihieii thdng nhiii. no\

ehura dung nhfrng phuang phiip khiic nhau" (55,tr48). Va ciin thiei phiii ed mot

phuang phap nghien ciru khac bd xung cho sir thieii hut dd. chfnh la phuang

phap nghien cii'u loai hinh hgc van hoa

Nhu the, ta thay rd rang sau khi Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c

ciia Nguyen Du ra dai ben canh nhfrng y kien Uin ddng thi eiing xuiit hien

hiing loiil nhfrng ban khoan phiin ddi d khfa ciinh niiy khfa ciinh kia. a mo\

ehirng muc nhiit dinh. Nhin chung cac y kien phiin ddi deu thdng nhiii cho

rang khdng the coi trong 1 ruyen Kieu dd cd chii nghia hien fhii'c. Tuy nhicMi,

viec dira ra cac each tiep ciin 'Truyen Kieu the niio liii rat khiic nhau hay ncii cu

the han vice dua ra phuang hirdng giiii quyei lap di khoiing trdng do phu nhan

Ciieh tiep can ciia Le Dinh Ky liii rai khiic nhau. Cd ngudi de nghi tiep can

Truyen Kieu theo hirdng phong Ciieh nhu Phan Nggc trong Phong cdch nghe

thiuit Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu. Cd ngudi de nghi cac tiep can thi phiip

hgc nhu Triin Dinh Sir trong 7/// phdp Truyen Kieu. Ngudi thi de nghi ciieh

tiep can theo hirdng van hoii hgc nhu Tran Dinh Hugu, Trim Nho Thin. Dao

L3- Phuong huong giai quyet cho van de tiep can mot tac

pham van hgc trung dai.

Xiuin Quy...

Tro" liii xan de chu nghiii hien thuc trong 'Truyen Kicu. chiing la lha\

ihd'i sian siin dax hau nhir cac nhii "Kieu hoc" tranh khons su duns thuat ngir

22

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc...

chu nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu va cung khdng ft ngirdi da lo thai do

phan ddi rd ret. Thuc te khi dgc Truyen Kieu chiing ta khdng phu nhiin tfnh

chai hien thuc ciia tac phalm bdi nd chfnh la "tac phalm duy nhai da phan iinh

dugc sau sac, va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan ciinh xa hdi nude ta trong mot

giai doan lich sir nhai dinh" (8). Nhung cai phai xac dinh mgl ciich rd rimg la

van de ////// chat hien thifc va chii nghia hien thifc, khdng phiii la nhfrng khai

niem trung kbit nhau.

Phan anh hien thue la dac quy6n ciia nghe thuat ndi chung chii khdng

rieng mot phuang phiip sang tac nao hay mot mdn nghe thuat niio. Ngay cii

khi ngudi nghe si siing tito ra nhfrng hinh iinh ben ngoai bien gidi cua thuc liii

hay ndi ciich khac lii khdng ed trong hien thue thi ihirc chiii dd chi hi each

nhiio nan liti nhfrng bd phan nhfrng ciii da ed eiia thue tiii ma thdi. Theo

B.Xusedp, nhu'ng sir vat ky quai nhai tudng khdng cd d tren ddi nay. thue ra la

nd vdn dirae xay dung theo nhfrng hinh iinh ed siin ciia eugc sdng (qui qiuii riit

ky di nhung vim cd mat. mfii, mieng, tay chan... chi ed dieu duoc xe dieh \a

cudng dieu nhfrng ti le thdng thuiyng ciia chiing). Day chfnh lii nguyen ly van

hgc biit nguon tir hien thue. Do vay. nhfrng lac phiim thudc ciie trudng phai

• tuang trung. an tugng. trim tirgng... chang qua eiing ehi hi sir nhao niin cac

hinh anh hien thuc. Nhu the ciing cd nghia la phan iinh hien thire khdng the la

thudc do giii tri ciia mot Uic phiim van hgc liii ciing khdng the la biit phiip diic

trung ciia phuang phap siing tac hien thue ehii nghia. Khdng cd ly gi khang

dinh van hgc hien thuc "cd giii tri" han nhfrng ddng van hgc khiic.

Han nfra chu nghia hien thue xdi tu ciieh la mgl phuang phap sang uic la

mdi hien tuang lich sir ehi phiit sinh d mgl giai doan phiit trien nhiii dinh cua

tu duy eon ngirc)i. xao thdi ma trudc con ngirdi niiy sinh sir tai yeu khdng tranh

khoi phai v thfre ban chiii xa khuynh hirdng viin ddng cua xa hdi. xao thcri ma

nhfrng hanh ddng xii tinh cam cua eon ngudi (di tir tu phiii den tu giiic) khdng

phai hi hc:^ qua cua nhfrng say mc. hoac x dd cua than linh ma chiing diKre

quyet dinh bai nhfrng nguycMi nhan thue lai ndi each khac la nhfrng nguxen

'^^

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

nhan bat nguon tir trong chfnh xa hdi loai ngudi. Thuc ra. do biin xem sir ra da\

cLia chii nghia hien thue xuat hien vao thdi diem nao cung cd mot vai y kien

khac nhau, nhung cung khdng phai la ddi nghich nhau. Loai y kien ma Kdniiil

la dai dien tieu bieu chii truang, chii nghia hien thue chi cd d xan hgc the ky

XIX, trong khi dd lai ed mot loiii y kien khac nhu B.Xusedp diii dien. liii ma

rdng gidi hiin len tan the ky XV - XVI, thdi ky phiie hung. Song xe ca ban hai

y kien tren cung khdng khac nhau v6 nguyen tac, tun chung nd deu dugc xac

dinh la tir khi xuat hien giai cap tu san thi liie ay cd sir ra dc^i ciia chu nghia

hien thue. Kdnriit yeu eiiu "can phai hidu tinh thiin phe phiin eiia ehii nghia

hien thuc Phap nhu la mgl phuang phap kham pha hien thuc trong loan bd tfnh •

phue tiip va mau thuan ciia ciie lire krgng hoiit ddng d hien thue ay" (ehuycMi

dan 55,trl72). Rd riing phuang phap kham phii hien thuc nay ehi bieu hiclm

gay gat khi cd sir phat trien d miic do niio dd eiia y thi're xa h()i xa su xam nhiip

quyei \\c\ ciia khoa hgc tu nhien viio tim hieu bim chiii ciia thuc lai. Xuskdp

cho rang tinh thiin nghicMi cfru khdng ehi la iru the ciia ricMig van hgc nghe:

thuat mil cdn eiia cii triei hgc va khoa hgc tu nhien da bat diiii lir thcri dai [")luic

hung - thiii did giai eiip tu siin bat diiu hucie ICMI vii dai chfnh tri. Nghia la cV

nhfrng nude Chau Au sir phat sinh va hinh thimh chu nghia hien thue nhir la

mgl triio luu nghe Ihuiil doe lap gan lien vdi nhfrng sir bien ddi to Idn - sir xdi

Id Ciiu triic Ciie quan he phong kien quyei dinh xi trf ciia eon ngirdi trong xa

hdi. Cho dii ed the ndi liie nay ehua phiii lii ehii nghia hic;n thue theo nghia

di'eh thue eiia lir niiy, dd xnai chi la nhfrng birdc tiep can chu nghia hiclMi thue

mil thdi. Do dd, chu nghia hien thue chi cd the hinh thiinh xii phat irien khi cd

sir xiiiit hien ciia giai ciip tu siin xii khoa hgc da phiit trien a mcii irinh dd nao

dd Xii liei") theo nd liii veil bi thax' the bcVi mcit phuang phiip sang Uic khiic phii

hop x'cVi ihivi chu hon.

Nhu the khi deni soi xiio xa hcii Vic}i Nam nira cudi the} kx XVIII - nira

diiu the ky XIX la thiiy rd rang cc) riii nhieu khac biet. Xa hdi nuoc lit liic hax

sid' xan hi mot \a hdi phons kic^Mi. khdns cci biii cfr mdi cude each mans \a hoi

24

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

kieu tu san nao, khdng cd mot cude Ciich miing khoa hgc ky thuat nao hax mot

phat minh nao theo dung nghia la khoa hgc. Cac nha bae hgc thdi ky nax nhu

•Le Quy Ddn. Le Hfru Trae... chi dugc hi^u theo nghia riii hiin che bai hg xan

mang the gidi quan duy tam vdi "menh trdi", "nhan qua", "bao frng"... Trong

khi dd chii nghia hien thuc ra ddi d phuang Tay dugc xac dinh lii tir khi cd sir

ra ddi ciia giai cap tu san. Nghia la xa hdi d mot khfa canh nao dd da thoiit ra

khdi tu tudng tdn giao thdng tri sudt han ngiin nam trung ed xii tu tudng xiio

liie nay nhin chung la kha cdi md. Chfnh do vay van hgc hay nghe ihuiit liic

nay lay con ngudi liim ddi tugng trung tam. ca nggi ve dep cua con ngirdi ea

ve dep hinh the lan ve dc:p tam hdn hay cdn ggi la "phiic hung" liii gia tri nhan

ban ciia eon ngudi. Trong khi dd d xa hdi Viet Nam th(>i NguycMi Du hoim

loan chua ed nhfrng yeii id tuang tu nhu a phircmg Tay. ma van ehiu sir chi

•phdi eiia y ihfre he phong kien thdng tr'i. lam cho thci'gidi quan cua eon ngiriri

vim bi khudn hc;p trong nhfrng circrng thucrng diio ly, ve dc;p cua eon ngiicri

dvtac nhin thdng qua king kinh dito diic hi chii yeu nfMi khdng the nay sinh

nhfrng uic phiim hien thue chii nghia theo lieu ehf eiia phu'crng Tay ducye. Cci

chang dd chi hi liim Idng iru iii ciia uic giii khi ducrc chiing kien nhfrng ciinh.

nhii'ng con ngirdi diing thuang, da mic^u tii dugc mgl hoiin canh nao dd cua xa

hdi duang \\\ai.

Dieu niix ly giiii xe ngiiytMi Uic khdng the diii ra viin de chu nghia hiC-n

thue trong van hgc Viet Nam Irung diii. Do dd. trong eae y kien phan ddi

Truyen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thu'c cua Nguyen Du ed mgl quan dic:m chung

"duac khang dinh: khdng cd clui nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu ndi rieng

cung nhw trong van hoc \ iet Nam nu'a cuoi the ky X\ III - ni'fa dau ihe ky XIX

ndi chung neii xet clui nghia hien thuc nhu nd vdn tai d phuang Tax gifra the

ky XIX. Cdn ec) clui nghia hien thuc phuang Ddng hax khdng lai la nuit xan

de khiic xii eim dinre liep Uic bim liuin nghic}n cfru. Tux nhien o dax lai dat ra

?S

Viin de cluiiin hoa khai niem, da la chu nghia hien llurc trc;alisme) thi phiii hic^'u

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

gidng nhu each hidu ciia the gidi chii khdng the tuy lien hieu iheo each cua

rieng ta.

Trong thuc te nghien curu van hgc nhung nam gan day ngirdi la hiiu nhu

khdng cdn nhac den ehii nghia hien thuc trong Truyen Kieu. mot mill do

"tranh voi chang xau mat nao", mat kl^ac do khd chap nhan cum tir niiy trong

xu hudng nghien cfru van hgc hien nay. Day khdng ehi dan thuiin lit each thi're

mdi trong viec nghien cii'u Truyen Kieu, ma nd la sir thay ddi quan niem trong

gidi ly luan, phe binh van hgc nude ta. Ngudi ta khdng cdn coi "he thdng tri

thiirc ly luan ndi chung vii ly luan van hgc ndi rieng, thdng qua sir du nhiip ciia

cac giao trinh Dili hgc cd nguon gdc trudc het d Lien Xd. phiin nao hi tir eae

nude XHCN Ddng Au (efing da dugc Lien Xd hoa)" (59) la dirirng huc'^ng chu

diio, ma da cd sir nhin nhan khach quan, phong phii han tir eae ngudn tu lieu

khac nhau. Cd the ndi, khdng khf ddi mdi nghicMi cfru van hgc khoang hem

ehiie nam trd kii day da ed nhieu sir thay ddi xe ehiil. ciie nha nghic}n cfru da iij")

dung nhieu phuang phiip nghicMi cfru khac nhau de tim ra gia tri euii mdi uic

phiim van hoc, song song vdi phuang phiip phe binh Maexft. Thcri ky nay

nhfrng iim iinh ve chii nghia hicin thue nhu lii giii tri cao nhiit khdng ec)n nuii

hoac md nhiit diin, bat diiu cd ciic phuang phiip nghicJn cfru khac nhau xuiii

hien. Xuiii hien mot sd eae nhii nghien eiiu khdng nhfrng phan ddi phucrng

phap ap dung chii nghia hien thuc \l\o van hgc trung dai Viet Nam vii 'Truyen

Kieu mil cdn de ra Ciic Ciich giiii quyei khac nhau tuang ddi da ditng.

Hirdng tiep can loiii hinh hgc tac gia xan hgc ma eu the d dax' la loai

hinh hgc lac gia x'an hgc nhii Nho - lire lugng sang uie chu yeii giai doan nax'.

Hai dai dien tieu bieu hi Triin Dinh Hugu xa Trim Nggc Vuc^ng. Trong khi

Triin Dinh Hirou cho rang xan hgc trung diii nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau

the ky XIX numg diim tfnh chiii nluin diio ehdng phong kieii la sang lao cua

nhii Nho tai tu thi Tran Nggc Vucrng da di sau hern dc ly giai can nguxen cua

Viin de niiy trong cudn Nhd Nho tdi tif va van hoc \'iet Nam. Theo dng dc^'ii

khoiins the kv XVI - XVll ircr di do linh hinh Xii hdi rdi ren hwn tucrns thax

26

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

ddi ngoi vua xay ra ciing vdi hien tugng cd ca vua ca chua da lam cho cac nha

Nho "ban khoan vd tfnh chai chfnh thdng". Va rdi "tuy theo hoan canh cu the

rieng ciia mdi ngudi" ma cd sir lua chgn khac nhau dan den nhfrng sd phan

khac nhau, cudi ciing lii nhirng kei qua khac nhau. Xuat hien mgl md hinh nha

Nho mdi dd la nhii'ng nha Nho tai tir, nhu'ng ngudi nay "thi tai xa da tinh" lire

la da mang hai yeu id phi truyen thdng. Nha Nho truy6n thdng sdng theo md

thiire: hanh hay tang, xuat hay xir, "coi van chuang chi lii phuang lien" de "diit

tdi nhirng muc dfch khac trong cude ddi". Trong khi dd nha Nho uii tii coi "Uii

nang van hgc la thudc do quan trgng", la "lieu chf dac trirng". Mot ciieh tu

nhicin, van chuang ngay eang ed sii'c hap diin miinh me va dc}'n mcit thdi diem

nao dd nd se la mot linh vire boat ddng dgc lap trong ddi sdng tinh thiin, se

"tuyci'n lira" dugc nhfrng "vat hien sinh" cho minh. Triin Nggc Vucrng x iei tiep

Ciii thue sir quan trgng ddi vdi nhii Nho tai tu khdng phiii hi "bang vimg bia da,

ao mii vinh quy" ma la "sireiim nhim nhfrng gi hi hiinh phiic eua eiuie sdng the

tiic, hien thuc mang dam tfnh cam tfnh" (58,trl34). Ong cho rang Nguyen Du

va Cao Ba Quiit lii hai tac gia tieu bieu nhiit phat trien theo dinh huc'rng nay.

Thuc ra day cfmg hi mgl phuang phap tiep ciin nen van hgc trung dai riii khoa

hgc va hieu quii bdi thue ehiii dng da dung tir quan diem thdi diii. lich sii de

nhin nhan, soi xet diinh gia viin de nen da dua lai nhfrng ki(:n giai hgp ly.

Phan Nggc trong Tim hieu phong cdch Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu,

da di Viio phan tfch nghe thuat dde diio ciia Nguyen Du. ciii kim nen phong

Ciich dgc dao ciia tiic giii. Ong tim hifui phong Ciich tu sir cua Nguyen Du. each

bd cue chiit che theo yeu ciiu ciia kich ciia tiic phiim. ngfr phap Nguyen Du...

Dac biet dng di viio phan tfch ngdn ngfr tac gia. cho rang day lii xeu id dgc diio

ciia NsuyOn Du "trong Truyen Kieu ngdn ngfr Uic gia xuiii hien khap ncri ihay

ddi tiit Cii Id ehfrc kii uil ca" (39,irl42) - mgl yeu id khac xdi "iruxen thcing

nskc thiKil lir sir" (Trung Qucie. Vic}t Nam) xdn "khdng cd pham trii goi la

n^'on nsu tac sia". Phan Ngoc phiit hic}n irons iruyen Kieu "Uim Ix nhan xat

da ducj'e khao siil theo quan diclMU Ihuo'ng lluie... do dc'). irong ciich tu su da

27

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

chu:a dung ngam ngdn ngti' Uic gia" (39,trl08). Han nira dng cdn tim hieu

ngdn ngir nhan vat, phuang phap phan tfch tam ly tan nhan. ngdn ngfr ihitMi

nhien... de khai quat Truyen Kieu la mgl "tieu thuyet phan tfch tam ly"

(39,tri06), cho rang day chfnh la dac sac ciia Nguyin Du x'a cung chfnh la gia

tri dfch thue eiia Truyen Kieu. Rd rang Phan Nggc khdng khang dinh chii

nghia hien thue ma nhan miinh phong each, dd la tfnh dgc diio ciia nhfrng thao

tac trong sang Uic Truyen Kieu eiia Nguyen Du. Bang each lam nay dng dii

cho thay van dung phuang phap sang tac hien thue ehii nghia khdng phai lii

Ciich duy nhai de diinh gia. tiep can mot tac phalm van hgc. Ong luu y "cd the

'yeu Nguyen Du nhieu each, tuy theo sd thfch ciia minh".

Ciing trong xu huc'rng di tim hinh thiic nghe thuat eiia Truyen Kieu de

kim bat len ndi dung tu tudng eiia nd cdn cd chuyen luan Thi phdp truyen

Kieu ciia Triin Dinh Sir. Day la cudn sach dang dugc ehii y bdi thuc te nd da

diii ra dugc riii nhieu vim de mdi lit khii hap diin. Tran Dinh Sir trong qua trinh

nghicMi cii'ii eiia minh da tranh tdi da sir suy di6n gan ghep ciia phuang phap xa

h()i hgc, do viiy dng khdng dimg eae khai niem hicin dai, ma ed gang md tii su

vice bang ngdn tir eiia chfnh uic phalm, phiit hien sir ain chira nhirng quan niem

ciia thdi diii, eiia tiic gia ben dudi nhfrng ngdn tir dd. Theo dng trong Truyen

Kieu xa hdi nhu chiing ta hieu ngiiy nay dugc Nguyen Du hinh dung qua cac

khiii nic}m nhu "edi ngirdi ta", "mien nhan gian", "que ngudi", "dai khach que

ngudi". 'Vhan trdi gdc be"... lire la nhung gi ddi lap vdi "gia dinh". Nhirng

khdng gian ay ludn fin ehua nhirng hie'm hoa, lo au, bat trae, de doa va than

phan ciia eon ngirdi trong khdng gian ay x'd ciing nho be, beo bgt, mong manh,

x'd nghia. Qua nhfrng tir ngfr mieu tii khdng gian ciia chinh tac pham ngudi dgc

diicrng nlur thiix ducre liim Idng lai ai, lo toan, cam thdng ciia tac gia ddi theo

cucie phiclni luu cua nhan vat chfnh trong cdi "dat khach que ngudi" nay. Tran

Dinh Sir cho rang, viec can cfr vao ngdn tir va nhu'ng thdng diep khac ciia tac

pham. khdng ehi diim biio tfnh cu the lich sir ciia tu tudng tac giii, ma cdn giiip

ta hieu dugc con ngirdi cung nhu xa hdi thdi ky tac gia tirng sdn^^, cfms nhu

28

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

nhu'ng dac sk rieng biet eiia mdi tac gia. tac pham. Thuc chat thi phap a khfa

^canh nao dd cung chfnh la van hoa hgc.

Chiing ta ghi nhan dudi gdc nhin hinh thire hay ndi each khiic thdng qua

viec giai ma cac hinh thiic nghe thuat de lam ndi bat len gia tri ncii dung eua

tac phalm la mot hudng nghien eim cd gia tri bd xung. Bdi nd quan tiim true

tiep den eae yeu td ben trong cau true lac pham. khdng ciin de y den nhfrng

yeu td ben ngoai nd. Qua viec tim hieu nhiifng yeu td nghc^ thuat thiim gia xiio

sir tao thanh the gidi nghe thuat eiia lac gia, an tugng tham my chieu sau phan

anh ciia sang tac nghe thuat de thiiy dugc ciii hay ciii dep eiia mgl liie phiim ed

gia tri nhu 7'/7/y^^// Kieu. Tuy nhien, chi quan Uim den ban than uic pluim van

hgc eae tiic giii da ehua chii trgng dugc day dii cac yfm td khac Uie dcing den

^su hinh thanh tiic phalm nhat la nhin tac.phiim tir gdc do lich sir van hoii, khdng

bao quat vii neu len dirofe quy luiU tiit yeu ciing nhu nhfrng ke thira hax gia tri

ricMig biet ciia Uic pham. Ve triei ly 'Truyen Kieu Phan Ngoe ed gan xc'ri thcri

dai lich sir song dng liii chii quan, phien dien trong khi quan sat nen da chin

den nhfrng nhan dinh vdi vimg...

Do dd mil nhu cau phiii ed mgl phuang phap liep can khiic bd xung vao

nhfrng thieii hut do nhfrng phucrng phap nghien cfru khiic nhau mang kti.

Chiing tdi mudn ndi den quan diem nhin nhan nen xan hoe trung dai va

Truyen Kieu theo phuang phiip nghien eiiu loiii hinh hgc van hoa ma Trim Nho

Tliin da de nghi. Nghia la dat tac phiim van hgc viio trong chfnh hoan ciinh van

, hoa xa hdi ra da\ ciia nd de danh giii. Chiing tdi khdng coi day ki phucrng phap

duy nhiit de tic^p ciin van hgc qua khfr, cung nhu khdng cho rang ciie phuang

phiip nghicMi cfru, liep can mil Ciic tiic gia da sir dung lii khdng diing. nhung

xem "Ciieh tiep can loai hinh hgc van hoa nhu lit mot sir bd xung can thiei cho

cdng Xic}e nghic;Mi eiiii xan hgc trung diii ndi chung xa Truyen Kieu ndi ric^Mig"

(55,lr51).

Phuong phiip tiep Ciin loiii hinh hoe xan hoa da ducre nhieu nha nghien

cim xan duns, cd dieu xan duns lu phiit hax iir siiic la mot xan dc^\ Riii rac a

29

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

mot sd bai viet trong Tap chf Nghien cuu xan hgc nhfrng nam 90 eua the ky

XX da cd ngudi de cap den phuang phap nghien cfru nay. song Trim Nho

Thin, Dao Xuan Quy la nhimg ngudi cd quan di^m true tiep han. Diio Xuan

Quy trong Lai hdn ve chii nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du

'da phii nhan cd mgl chii nghia hien thire trong Truyen Kieu, dng dat ra hang

loat cac cau hdi: "Cd that cd mdt ehii nshla hien thuc phuans Ddns khdns?

Vii neu cd ihi hinh thai ciia nd ra sao, chd khac biet gifra nd va ehii nshla hien

thuc phuang Tay nhu the nao? Nhfrng dieu kicin nao, phuang thi're san xuiii nao

da Siin sinh ra nd? Vii nd da xuat hien trong giai doiin nao eua nhfrng nen xan

hgc niio d Chau A? Rieng d Viet Nam ihi nd edn xuiii hiclm d giai doiin nao

nira khdng hay chi den thiri Nguydn Du mdi ed?..." (8) day cfmg chfnh la

nhfrng can hdi niiy sinh trong qiui trinh chiing la lic;p can vcri nen xan hoe

trung diii ndi chung. Va cudi eimg dng dua ra each nghi "chiing ta ngay nay

hieu Truyen Kieu vii hieu Nguyen Du hi phiii hic'U sau vao uil ca ciic nuit trong

'tam tiiing ciia Uie giii ehfr khdng the de dai gian dcrn dinrc". Ma iiuicin hieu

ducre nhu the khdng cd each nao khac ki chiing la phiii tham nhap dinrc xiio

khdng gian van hoa thdi did Nguyen Du sdng. de hieu. cam. ly giai ciic tiic

phiim van chuang eiia dng.

Tuy nhien, ciich tiep can loai hinh hgc van hoii ed the} xem cac y kicMi

eiia Triin Nho Thin cho tdi nay mang tfnh he thdng hern ca. Tran Nho Thin

cfmg chu truang hgc tiip. xan dung nhfrng phuo'ng phiip nghien cfru khac ihanh

cdng. nhiii ki thi phap hgc ciia Triin Dinh Su. Vi the} dng tiep lue irien khai

huc'rng nghicMi cfai cua Triin Dinh Sir ed dieu la nhan nuinh yeii id x an hoii hern.

Ong cho rang ciin phai dat tiic phiim xiio mdi trudng nd sinh ra dc ly giai xii •

'dua Xiio nhimg tram lich van hoii eua ehinh thdi ky dd de giai nui Uie pham.

Khdng xan dung nhirng khai nic;m. ly luim cua thiri diii nga> nax dc iip dai cho

xan hoe trung dai xon la hai ihiri ky cd nhfrng diic trung loai hinh khiic \a

nhau. Trong ciic biii nghiCMi cfru eua minh dng da su dung mot loat nhfrns khiii

nic>m ihdi d;ii Nguxen Du dc dien dat suciun nhan \e \ii hdi. \e the sic'vi quan

30

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

ciia Nguydn Du nhu "mi6n nhan gian", "cdi ngudi ta". "dai khach que ngirdi".

"chan trdi gdc be"... Ong cdn danh giii dugc kha nang to Idn cua each liep can

hinh thiirc neu hinh thiic ay dugc dat irong "nhfrng quan niem mang tfnh xan

hoii ciia mdt thdi dcii nhai dinh ve the gidi. xe con ngucri. xe xa hdi. xe ihic:n

nhien" (55,Lr50). Ong viei tiep, "nghien cuu thi phap mil khdng Uuim nhiip

dugc vao ndn tang van hoa ciia mdt thdi diii van hgc dugc nghien cfru thi se

khdng the' giiii thfch hoac giiii thfch sai nidt hien tirgng nghe; thuat ducre md la"

(55,lr50). Vi the, Triin Nho Thin da chgn viec ke thira thi phap hoe xa di sau

vao ea sd van hoa ciia tirng tac phalm cu the.

Trong luan van nay chiing tdi tren ca sd tiep thu nhfrng y kien ciia Triin

Nho Thin va nhfrng ngudi di trudc. di viio giai ma mcit xiii dac trung nghe:

thuat tieu bieu eiia Truyen Kieu. Muc dfch la kim sang lo tfnh ehiu \\\cn thue,

miiu Siic hien thuc ciia Truyen Kieu, mat khac chi ra tfnh ehiil thieu ecr sd euii

viec khang dinh phuang phap hien thuc chii nghia d uie phiim nay. Tir dc') cfmg

gdp phiin nhd vao vice neu len mdt sd biit cap ed the ec) neu xan dung phucrng

phiip xa hdi hgc trong nghicMi ciiu van hgc ma khdng linh den eae xeu to qium

trgng khiic nhu: loiii hinh tac giii. hinh ihfre nghe thuat cua tiic pham. nen tang

van hoii eiia van hgc irung diii... cfmg lire lii sir ciin thiei phai trang hi in ihfre

van hoii. cho nhfrns nsudi dgc, nghien cfru xan hgc trung dai.

31

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Chuang II

N H I T NG D AC T R U NG N G HE THUAT QUAN TRONG CUA

TRUYEN KIEV.

I I . l- V ay m u on c ot t r u y e n.

De cap den van de cot truyen nhin chung khdng cdn tranh kuin bdi

thue te Nguyen Du da dua tren lici'u thuyet chuang hdi Kim Win Kieu

Iruyen cua Thanh Tam Tiii Nhan (Trung Qude) de" siing tac iruyen Kieu.

Da ed rat nhifiu nha nghien cfru so siinh hai siing tiic va nhin chung dc:u ea

nggi 7 ruyen Kieu eiia Nguyem Du mil ha thiip tac phiim eiia Thanh Tam

Tai Nhan. Ngucre kii, phfa eae nhii nghien eiiu Trung Qude lai cho rang

Truyen Kieu llurc ehiil chi la ban dieh Kim Win Kieu truyen \i\ nhat ihiel

trong Truyen Kieu khi dc: ten uie giii phiii de ca Thanh Tam Tai Nhan -

Nguyen Du (12). Tuy nhien giin day, trong gidi nghicMi eiiu bat dau nhin

nhan diinh giii Truyen Kieu vii Kim Win Kieu truyen thdng ciiui lieu ehi

the loai. chfnh xi the bat diiu khoa hoc hoii xic:e xiie dinh \ i iri. sui In thuc

sir ciia hai uic pham van hgc niiy (31). Trucic day ngucri nghien eiru khdng

diing lrc:n lieu chf cu the niio de so siinh. phiim nhfrng gi lii eua dan Uie

minh deu tot deu dc:p deu hay han. Do dd da dan den nhfrng kien giai

khdng hgp ly xe cii hai siing tiic ciui Ngu\en Du va Thanh Tam Tai Nhan.

TrcV lai x'iin de x'ay mucrn edi truyen. thuc ra day khdng phai lii mdi

hien lucrng hiem thiiy neu nhu khdng mudn ndi ki khii phd bien. TrcMi the

gic'ri cfmg nlur trong nucre chiing la cung thudng xuyen giip hic:n lugng xay

mu'crn cot iriixdMi xii ec) mcil nghich ly Xii> ki ckrirng nlur khi edi iruxen

ducrc nurcrn dc: ehu\c:n lai mcit quan nic:m. nuit lluii di), nuit uim irang luc'ri

thi tiic pham nu'ri kii cd lieng xang hern nguxen nuiu. Nhu iruerng herp Ge'ri

viei PhaoAt(>' hd\ Secxpia viet Romeo va Juliet. Ilanilcl. Otcnio. hoac Luu

32

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

Quang Vu viet Hon TrKcfng Ba da hdng thit... va ta bat gap e^' dax I ruyen

'Kieu ciia Nguyen Du. Chung tdi khdng dua ra nhan xet nhfrng nguxcMi uic

dugc "che bien" bdi nhirng nghe si tdi nen nd khdng ed siie hap dan.

chiing tdi chi nhan thay nhOng cot truyen tren edn luu iruyen den nax ki

do da dugc nhao nan liii dudi ban tay nhfrng ngudi den sau. R(>meo vd

Juliet chi thuc su cd meSt sure sdng ky lii la qua vd kich cua Secxpia chu

khdng phiii truyen tha ciia Bruc. hay Otenlo ehi cd the la bifui tucrng cua

su ghen tudng mil quang khap nhan loai lii qua sang uic eua Secxpia clui

khdng phai cudn truyen ciia Ecalommli... 'Truyen Kieu cfmg the: nd ducre

uu ai, dugc biet den, dugc ca nhan dan Viet Nam mgi the he ca nggi trong

khi Kim Vdn Kieu truyen ciia Thanh Tam Tiii Nhan khdng duere liet viio

*sd Ciic tiiiu thuyet chucrng hdi ducre ea ngai a Trung Queic. Nhu the:, la cd

the ket luan vay mugn ceii iruyen khdng phiii la hien luerng hy hfru eua

rieng Nguydn Du, cfing khdng phiii lii viec sao ehe:p liii uie pham eua

ngirdi khac ma dd chfnh la mot quii trinh lao dcing nghe: thuat dfch thue

eiia nghe si gin gfim tam hdn minh cho hau the thdng qua nhfrng cot

iruyen ma hg thay cd sir ddng dieu va cd the bay td tam su cua minh.

6 trudng hgp Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu chung ta thiiy rd rimg

Nguyen Du mugn cot truyen eiia Thanh Tam Tiii Nhan vi dng thiiy ddng

ciim ddng dieu vdi than phan nimg Kieu. mot ngirdi liii sdc mil long dong,

,lan dan trong ddi, ndi nhu Tran Dinh Hugu. Nguydn Du da "tim dugc

trong dd Ciii dng mudn tim", cu the a day Nguyen Du da tim thay chfnh

than phan ciia minh thdng qua nhan vat Thuy Kieu. Do vay, tiic pham nay

so vdi Kim Win Kieu triiyeu cd nhieu didm khiic biet Idn. Kun Win Kieu

truyen kd liti chuyen eugc ddi Thuy Kieu mot Ciich khiich quan trong khi

Nguye}n Du Idng viio cot truyen ay mot tam triing, moi tiim long ngdn

ngang ndi niem ciin biiy to, nen nd khdng dimg dung ma day da. dau dau

khdn ngudi. Vi the khi dat van de day lii mot tiic phiim dugc siing Uic theo

phucrng phiip hien ihuc chii nghia da bat diiu niiy sinh nhieu ban khoan.

33

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

R5 rang Nguydn Du mugn cot truyen nay la de bay td tam su eua minh ve

eugc ddi, ve con ngudi chu khdng phiii ve xa hdi. Bdi d thdi dai eua dng

ngudi ta chua the dat ra nhu'ng va'n dd ve mau thuSn xa hdi hay giai ciip.

dau tranh giai cap trong xa hdi nhu chiing ta ngay nay, han nfra Nguyen

Du la mot nha Nho, dau la nha Nho trong giai doan khiing hoiing chang

nua thi sang tac ciia dng van chfnh la de bay td thai do. quan didm ciia

minh vd eugc ddi ve con ngudi theo y thuc he phong kien. Vii liii cai cueie

sdng ma bay lau nay chiing ta phan tfch, md xe thuc ra lai ki hien thue

CLia xa hoi Trung Qude chir khdng phiii ciia Viet Nam?

Rdng ndm Gia Tinh trien Minh

Bdn phif(yng phdng Idng hai kinh vTi'ng vdng

Vdi nhirng Bae Kinh, Lam Truy, Lieu Duang, Vd Tfch, Tien

Dudng... do la nhirng dia danh cd thuc ciia Trung Qude va hiein thuc

trong Truyen Kieu ki hien thuc da ducre nhin nhan diinh giii qua king kinh

ciia meit ngudi khac chu khdng phiii ciia chfnh Nguydn Du. Neu xet cho

eiing thi Nguyen Du nghl ve xa hdi, con ngudi, song Truyen Kieu da viel

ve xa hoi Viet Nam lgc qua cot truyen cua Trung Qude nen hit^n thuc xa

hdi dd khdng the thuiin tuy la xa hoi Viet Nam.

Dd la mot trong nhfrng ly do khdng the coi trong Truyen Kieu da cd

chii nghia hien thuc. Cdn mdt nguydn nhan nira dd chfnh la khi liep thu

cot truyen cua Thanh Tam Tai Nhan (vdn la mcDt tieu thuyet chuang hdi)

de viet Truyen Kieu (dugc viet bang the tha lue biit ciia dan tgc - truyen

• tha) Nguyen Du da luge bo rat nhieu chi tiet hien thuc do dac trung the

loai ciia liic phiim khdng dung niip het dugc nhfrng chi liei quii cu the.

Theo Phan Nggc "bien phiip nit ggn sir viec xudng tdi thieu giit bd chi tiei

khdng phai cua rieng Nguyen Du nui ki eua phong ciich iruxen Ndni Vic:i

Nam ndi chung" (39,tr83). Tidu thuyet chuerng hdi ihucic uic pham lu sir

diii, ehiu anh hirdng kei ciiu thoiii ban nen ndi dung cau truyen ducre the

34

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

hien chii yeu qua hanh d(3ng va ngdn ngir nhan vat. han la qua su mieu la

ve tam ly tfnh each, trong khi dd tha thien xe bidu hien cam xiie la hinh

thurc sang tac van hgc phiin anh cude sdng. the hien nhirng tam trang.

nhirng cam xiie manh me, bang ngdn tir ham siic. giau hinh anh... Chfnh

VI vay cd the thay dung ve mat chi tiet Kim Vdn Kieu Truyen edn mang

nhieu tfnh chai hien thuc ban trong Truyen Kieu.

Nguydn Du luge bd nhung chi tiet eu the ddi khi kim cho nhan vat

thieu tfnh ti mi, cu the can thiet. Khi ndi ve tai hoii eiia gia dinh Thuy

Kieu, nguydn nhan daly nang viio quang ddi mirdi kim nam luu liie trong

Kim Vdn Kieu truyen dugc ghi lai bang mot doiin khii diii vii diiy dii thdng

tin qua Idi cua Vuang vien ngoai: "Con a! Nguy kim rdi, ehdng di con

cho hai ngudi khach ban ta d nhd. Khdng ngd hg la ke eirdp, liic biin \a bi

ngudi miil ciia nhiin ra, td giiic vdi quan, nd cfr ndi ehdng di con la oa

tiing. Ta eimg hg du may bira ticie chi sg bgn chiing cfmg Idi minh viio de

kim hiii" (46,tr74). Truyen Kieu cua Nguydn Du chi cdn hai ddng lue bat:

Hdi ra san nu'/i hiet rdng

Phdi ten xifng xudt tcji thdng hdn to'

Ly do a day rat td md khdng rd ret, dd khdng phai dac trung but

phap ciia chii nghia hien thuc. Nguyen nhan gay ra tai hoii cho gia dinh

Thuy Kieu, trong nguyen tac la do chii niing da vd tinh cho bgn cudp d

nhd Vii khi bi phiit hi£;n chiing vu oan ludn cho chii nha chu khdng phiii do

thiing biin ta chung chung nhu trong Truyen Kieu. Ridng ehi tiei niiy ndi

ve tfnh hic:n thuc thi trong Kim Vdn Kieu truyen thue ban, giin vdi cac

thao tiic ciia chii nghia hien thue ban Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyen Du.

Ndi cluing, nhfrng chi liel xdn mang hai den tfnh ciich cua Thux'

Kieu, Kim Trgng. Tir Hai - ba nhan viil ly lucrng ducre Nguxen Du uu iii

nhieu nhiit deu bi luge bd di, vd hinh chung Nguxen Du da lam hai den su

hoim chinh vii ihdns nhiii vc: tfnh ciieh cua nhfrng nhan xat iix cr nuie do

- 1 -^

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

nhat dinh. Nhu Idi Thuy Van ndi vd Kim Trgng trong cude ndi chuye:n vdi

Kidu, trong Kim Vdn Kieu truyen :

"Thuy Kieu ndi vdi Thiiy Van :

- Anh chang hg Kim ke cung da tinh, sao ma cfmg biei di xieng

Dam Tidn.

Thuy Van dap :

- E rang khdng phai di vieng Dam Tien, ma ehi lii di ngam hai ed

^gai"(45,tr38).

Ta thiiy Kim Trgng khdng ehi ki me)t trang nho nha ma cdn lii cdng

tir phong luu, ddi thudng. Thiiy Van khdng ehi ki ed giii hien limh dcrn

giiin mil cdn la ngirdi ed nhan xet kha sac siio. Hay vic:e Thuy Kieu an

nam vdi Sd Khanh vi nghl minh trudc sau eiing da miii irinh rdi hoac chi

tiet cfmg vi mcit chiit ham ho bae vang nen da khuyen Tir Hiii ra hiing...

trong tiic phiim ciia Nguyen Du khdng he dugc nhfie den.

Cd nhiCui chi liei ma khi mieu ui nhan vat Tir Hiii. Nguyen Du da

khdng dua vao, vii chfnh nhirng chi tiet niiy neu ed se lam cho nhan vai Tir

Hiii ciia Nguydn Du gan gQi vdi con ngirdi thue han. Trong Kim Vdn Kieu

'truyen Tir Hai cd nhfrng y nghl tham chf cd the coi lii rai ddi thudng nhu

diinh thimh chiem dai. bat cdc dim bii... hay vf du nhu Idi Tir diip Lgi Sinh

thuyet khach ciia Ho Tdn Hien:

"Ddi an lien sinh ed nha y dem phii quy den cho, cd ha lai khdng

vui Idng nghe Idi lien sinh ehi giiio" (45,tr316).

Lucre bo nhfrng chi tiet vdn bi cho lii anh hirdng den hinh lugng

nhan viil theo quan didm thiim my Nho giiio eua Nguyen Du khien cho

nhan vat Truyen Kieu bi nhin nhan phien die:n. nu^l chieu khdng siil ihue

vdi cude sciiig vii khdng da dang, nhieu nuit. Cd the ndi khi xay nui'crn col

.lruve:n. NsuxdMi Du chi gifr kii nhfrng xeu to ihien xe mieu ta tam trang.

36

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

cam xiic ma luge bd di nhirng chi tiet mieu ta cd tfnh chai cu the cua

•nguyen tac. Ndi each khac Nguydn Du da tang tfnh chai trfr linh xii bo bdt

di nhii'ng yeu td tu su trong cot truyen Kim Van Kieu truyen

Nhu the', diing ve phuang dien sang tao cot truyen mii ndi chiing la

khd cd the tim tha'y cd mdt ehii nghia hien thuc niio trong Truyen Kieu,

cho dii la mgl chii nghia hien thue so khai nhiit. Bdi ceil trux'en e^' day ki

cot truyeSn dugc vay mugn tir mot cot truyen da cd lai ki a nueie kluic, hifui

thuc dugc the hien trong tac phiim do vay la hien thue giiin tiep. thdng

qua hien thue ve mot xa hdi khiic chu khdng phiii lii xa hdi Nguydn Du

dang sdng. Rd rang cho rang xa hdi. hien thue trong 'Truyen Kieu ki xa

hdi, lii hien thuc ciia nude la nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira diiu the ky XIX

Vii 'Truyen Kieu la biin Ciio triing eiia xa hdi iiy, ki suy dien xii giin ghep

theo y mudn chii quan eiia nhii nghien cfru.

II.2- He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu.

Ve he thdng nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu ed the ndi tir irircrc tdi nay

chua ai viet hay han Le Dinh Ky. Tuy nhien sir diing dim khoa hgc den

dau liii ki chuyen khiic. Khi ndi xe he: ihdng nhan vat ciia Truyen Kieu Le

Dinh Ky khdng ly giai dugc vi sao lai ed sir phan biet trong nghe thuat

xay dung he thdng nhan vat dd. Ong cho rang "trong Truyen Kieu, Tii Ba,

•

Mil Giiim Sinh. Sd Khanh khdng chi gfin lidn nhau bdi ciii ngdi hiing budn

thit biin ngudi, hap thimh mdt tuyen nhan vat khdng lan Ion dugc. nhu

diic ket ngay tir cueie sdng" (16,tr229) day ki mot nhan dinh riit diing. rii't

Xiic diing cho nhfrng nhan vat niiy. Ong da siic Xiio khi nhan ra nhfrng Tii

Bii, Ma Giiim Sinh, Sd Khanh... dirge diie ket len tir cucic sdng trim tiic.

ehfr khdng phai nhfrng con Iran linh. diii bang dcie iic... trong iri luong

tirerng cua ciic iruyen ed lich. Day ihire su la nhfrng con ngudi hang xiicrng

bans ibit dirge kix la tir cueie sdng thue. cucie sdng pham Iran eua eon

37

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

ngudi va a mdt khfa ciinh nao dd nhirng nhan vai niiy efing ed the coi ki

nhirng nhan vat dugc khac hoa kha dien hinh. Le Dinh Ky da di vao lim

hieu phan tfch cac nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu dudi gdc do phucrng phap

sang tiic ciia chii nghia hien thuc. 6n^ khang dinh "Nhan vat Truyen Kieu

khdng phai la nhirng con rdi, nhirng hinh nhan. ma la nhfrng con ngudi

sdng thue, trong mcit xa hdi cd thue" (16.tr228). Tuy nhien khi di sau xao

tim hieu lirng nhan vat thi dng lai td ra lung tiing vii khdng nhiii quiin. Vdi

nhirng nhan vat phiin dien nhu Tii Ba, Ma Giam Sinh.Sd Khanh. Ho Tdn

Hien, Hoan Thu. Thiic Sinh (nhan vat niiy lam coi ki nhan xiit phan dic:n

theo Le Dinh Ky) dng da nhanh ehdng khang dinh dd lii nhfrng nhan xiii

eiia chii nghia hicin thuc. Nhung van de: nay sinh d chd, day lai khdng phiii

la nhung nhan vat chfnh eiia tiic phalm, cdn nhirng nhan vat chfnh, nhfrng

nhan vat chfnh die}n ducre Nguyen Du diinh nhieu sir uu ai lai khdng duere

Siing uie bang nhfrng ehi tiet hien thue nhu Thuy Kieu. Kim Trgng, Tir

Hiii... Chfnh dng cfmg nhim thiiy "trong tinh yeu ciia Kim Trgng. ciii

diing dap tiii hoa cd khi dugc td dam den miil ca tu nhien" vii khang dinh

"nhan vat Kim Trgng khdng phai lii mot nhan vat hic:n thuc chu nghia".

Nhan vat Tir Hiii ihi dugc dng khoac cho bd iio ciia nhan vai "king man

Ciich mang". "Tir Hiii viit Idn tren xa hoi cfi nhu con chim dai bang kieu

hanh" vii Le Dinh Ky da khdng dinh d dd ed ehii nghia nhan dao vi "Tir

Hiii vimg Idn dd pha tan mgi bai edng d ddi", nhirng rdi dng liii thay chu

nghia nhan diio la triru tugng vii ed mat Irfii eua nd dd lii Tir Hai "anh

hung ca nhan" anh himg de mil anh hiing chii khdng giai quyei dugc dieu

gi. Trong suy nghl ciia Tir Hid mudn.tu do mudn sdng day dii nen Tir ciin

ed Ciii Irieu dinh ridng song Tir liii '^Nghe Idi KiCui ndi man ma" mil ra

himg lric:u dinh. dng Le Dinh Ky cho rdng khdng "niiich lac dau dudi gi

ea", "that lii nuiu ihuim" dng khdng dinh nuiu ihuan cua Tir Hai cfmg ki

mau thudn cua Nguyen Du, eiia thdi dai Nguye:n Du. Do do dng to ra king

38

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chii nghia hien thirc.

tung trong each xac dinh phirang phap sang tac cua Nguyen Du o nhfrng

nhan vat nhir Thuy Kieu. Kim Trong. Tii Hai...

Den v0i nhan vat Thuy Kicu - nhan vat chfnh cung la nhan vat

trung tam cua Trnyen Kien. Le Dinh Ky cho rang khac voi Tir Hai \a Kim

Trong deu "la liing tren khong" Kieu la "cai thirac do. la sir kiem nghicm

cho cai tfnh thirc tai" ciia hai nhan vat tren va truac mat chung ta hien len

mot Thuy Kieu "nhieu miiu nhieu ve va xiei bao sinh ddng"... Trong ba

nhan vat mil NguyCm Du td ra uu iii thi nhan xat Thuy Kieu ed nhie:u ehi

liet tii Ihuc han cii vd tam trang va ngdn tir, "Kieu ndi vii Idi Kieu riii giin

gui di thdng vao Idng ngudi". Ong nhan dinh d nhan vat Thuy Kieu chiing

ta gap lai nhirng "khai vgng tinh cam", '^ciii hy sinh quen minh". "eai dam

dang hien thue" eiia ngirdi phu nfr Viet Nam ma ta da tirng bat gap qua ea

dao vii Ciic iruycin cd dan gian thcri xua. Tuy nhien con ngudi iiy. eai sue

sdng chira dung trong eon ngudi iiy khdng ducre xa hdi phong kien dung

nap, liii bi Le Dinh Ky quy vao "thuc chai ki ehuye:n hdng nhan biie

menh, tiii nuJnh ghel nhau". Nhu the sir phat tridn tfnh ciieh eua Thuy

Kieu khdng phai sir phiit trien cd tfnh ehiii lu than, vii nhan vai nay efmg

vi If dd ma mat di tfnh chan thuc, tfnh hien thuc. Rot cueie, ta nhim thiiy

Le Dinh Ky liii nhin nhan nhan vat Thuy Kieu nhu ki dirge xay dung len

di chung minh cho nhfrng luan de cd sdn, han nfra dng cdn chua di vao

tim hieu Thuy Kieu mgl each toim dien nhu ngoai hinh. hanh ddng. ngdn

ngfr, ngi tam... ciia nhan vat de thay dien hinh nghe thuat dugc the hiein

nhu the niio qua nhan vat nay.

Thuc te, cho thiiy vice van dung lieu chf eiia chii nghia hien thue dd

xem xet tiic pham cua Nguyen Du rieng a he: thdng nhan xai da bc3c \o

nhieu x'an de ciin triinh liiiin. Chiing la thiiy d da>' Le Dinh Ky dii iip dung

ly luiin cua chu nghia hie:n Ihire de xem xet diinh giii 'Truyen Kicu eua

Nguydn Du, nhirng hau nhu khdng mang lai nhfrng kien giiu ihiixet phue.

Nhfrng nhan xat trimg khft vdi cdng thue cua chu nghia hu'n thirc ihi dng

^^9

, Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

khdng djnh Nguydn Du da sang tac bang phuang phap hien thue chu

nghia, cdn nhirng nhan vat khdng triing khft vdi cdng thue iiy dng cho

rdng dd la han che ciia Nguydn Du, hiin che do thdi diii Nguyen Du mang

lai. Mac dii, Ld Dinh Ky da rat sdc sao trong phan tfch danh giii eae nhan

vat Truyen Kieu song dng l

van hoa Irung diii Vict Nam - vdi nhirng dac trung khdng nhfrng khac xa

vdi Ihdi dai ngay nay ma cdn khac so vdi eae nude khiic tren the gidi

cung thdi ky - de danh gia, ma liii can eii vao nhfrng ly kuin xd phuang

.phiip sang tac ben ngoai nd de nghidn cfru . Chfnh vi the nd mdi mang kii

nhieu bai cap, gay tranh eai vii vd hinh chung Le Dinh Ky da hit thiip

Nguyen Du va Truyen Kieu.

Trudc het mudn hieu Truyen Kieu, mudn hieu Nguydn Du chiing la

phiii liim sei'ng lai nhirng khdng gian van hoii thiri ky trung dai, nghl theo

Idi nghl ciia eon ngudi thdi trung diii. nhin theo ciieh nhin eiia con ngucri

trung dai. Ta thiiy nhan vat trong truyen Ndm ducre trinh biiy theo lieu ehf

diio due chu khdng phai theo tieu chf giai ciip, do vay con ngucri duere

hinh dung theo hai loai thien - ae, tot - xau. Hieu nhu the chiing ta ludi ly

giai dugc mot thue te xay ra trong eae truyen Ndm khuyel danh efing nhu

'trong 'Truyen Kieu ki nhan vat nam cudi truyen thudng hoac dugc kim vua

hoac dd dcit liim quan nhu hoac cdng thanh danh loai ca nha xum hgp

"Mot cay cu mge mot san que hoe" Pham Tai {Pham Tdi - Ngoc Hoa),

Phuang Chau {Hoa tieu), Luc Van Tidn {Luc Vdn Tien - Kieu Nguyet

Nga) VircTng Quan. Kim Trgng {Truyen Kieu)... Neu cho rang ciic tiic gia

trung did da nhin nhan vat ciia minh theo quan didm giai ciip. thi khi dd

cho Ciic nhan viit chfnh trd thiinh tang lap thdng tri vdn bi coi lit Uin iic biit

lucrng, Ciic uic gia da hoim toim mau thuan. Ldi xay dung nhan xat ihiinh

he: theing theo quan diem diio diic ki dac sac rieng ciia xan hoii trung did.

van hgc trung did chin anh hiieVng cua Nho giiio. Phat giao xii Dao giiio.

•

Chiins la khdn^ the ^siai thfch nhfrng udc le. tuang trung, khdng hien llurc

40

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

eiia truyen Ndm la do han che ciia my hoc dirc/tw tluyi xi rd rimo Nsuven

Du va eae lac giii van hgc thdi ay chua the y thire vd eae giai cap nhu thdi

dai chung ta ngay nay, vi chfnh didu kien xa hdi va van hoa nude ta liie

dd chua the lam nay sinh van dd gai cap.

Khi hieu he thdng nhan vat dugc bgc Id chii yeu qua hai loai nhan

vat tot, Ihien va xau, ae chung ta thay cd su gap gd cua quan diem cua

nhan dan lao de^ng trong cac truyen ed tfch Thach Sanh, Tdm Cdm,

Chdfig so di(a... va trong cac truyen Ndm binh dan. Khi xem xet toim hg

nen van hgc trung dai dieu quan trgng la dirng nuie phai sai kim dem giin

ghep nhirng tac phdm ciia nd vdi nhirng pham trii nghien cfru van hgc

.quen thudc vdi chung ta. Hay ndi each khac, khdng gian van hoa trung

diii da cho ciie tiic gia mdt each hinh dung rieng de tiio nen nhfrng nhan

vat cd dac trung ca ban khac vdi Ciic nhan vat ta bat gap trong lieu thuyet

hay truyen ngdn thdi nay. Rd riing quan didm bao quiit thdi trung diii

khdng phai ki quan didm giai ciip ma la "thie:n gia thien lai", "ae gia iie

biio". Trong Thach Sanh va Tam Cdm chiing la bdt gap didu niiy rd nhiii.

Nhfrng ngirdi Kit nhu Thach Sanh, cd Tiim a hien thi ludn gap kinh sau tro

thiinh vua va hoang hau; Ly Thdng vii me: con Ciim Ihi mac dii dimg moi

thu doiin de che day ldi ldi eiia minh, de gianh giat song van ehdng ed

mot ke cue gi hay ho ea. Rd rang, ed Tam, Thach Sanh... da dugc cac uie

-gia dan gian diic Idn tir udc ma thiinh'thien ciia ngudi dan lao dcing ve eon

ngirdi, ve eugc sdng; edn nhfrng Ly Thdng, me eon Cam... chfnh ki nhfrng

thdi hu tat xiiu ciia con ngirdi trong cueSe ddi thuc khiii quiit ma thanh.

nhfrng ghen ghet. vi ky, gia ddi... va d cii hai truyen cd tfch Tatn Cdm va

Tluuh Sanh chiing la cung khdng thiiy cd dng vua. dng quan niio gian iic

liin nhan ca. Tiit nhien x ie:e dem so ciic siing tiic dan gian xdi van hgc viet

hi mcit dieu kluip khieng song chiing tdi mudn khang dinh each nhin nhan

diinh giii ve con ngUcTi thi^i trudc (ca irong xan hoc dan gian xa xan hoe

biie hgc) ndi chung la khiic vdi ngiiy nay. Trong truxc:n Ndm binh dan

41

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thirc...

cung nhu trong Truyen Kieu khdng phai dng quan nao cfmg la ngudi xau.

khdng phiii ngudi dan nao cung tot dd chfnh la mau ehdt dd chiing ta dat

van de tim hieu lai he thdng nhan vat eua van hgc thdi ky niiy. Va efmg

•chfnh la giai dap cho cau hdi vi sao trong Ciic tac phdm xan hgc xiet dac

biet la Truyen Kieu, cd nhirng nhan vat dugc xay dung nen hang nhfrng

chi tiet cd thuc ngoai eugc sdng, liii ed nhirng nhan vat duc^e mieu ta mdt

each udc le tugng irung.

Doe Truyen Kieu khdng ft ngirdi da ngc) nhan day ki liie phdm hien

thuc khi ehi nhin vao he thdng nhan vat phan dic:n. Thue ra day ki nuit

quan diem phan biet trong phuang thuc the hien dimh cho mdi loiii nhan

vat khiic nhau, ciia nha Nho xua, bdt ngudn tir quan nie:m ed tfnh ehiu triei

hgc - tdn giao ve nhan each nha Nho. "Vi la ngudn gde de ra nhan Ciieh

cao quy ndn theo quan nicim nho gia, thien nhien ki man mire, la ly luerng.

ki Ciii dep, ciii hoim my. Mat khiic chi ed nhfrng eon ngucri ciio quy nu'ri

xung diing siinh ciing thidn nhien, ddi dien vcri thien nhien. Nhfrng ke dde

iic, Xiiu xa vInh vien bi cam tii, luu day trong phiim xi cueie sdng xil hdi,

trong Ciii himg ngiiy, Iran lue bui bam. diing khinh diing ghet" (55.lr249).

Chfnh dieu niiy da anh hirdng riii manh me den he theing ciie phuang thiie

nghe: thuat vdi ifnh each la eae bieu tirgng nghe thuat ngdn tir danh rieng

cho mdi loiii nhan x'at. Nhfrng nhan vat bi coi ki phan dien. ki nhan vai

xau, iic tiic gia thudng mieu ta bdng nhfrng ngdn tir lay tir eugc sdng hien

thue hdng ngiiy di lot ta dugc gidng thue nhat. dua chiing vao dia hiit

eii()e sdng hdng ngiiy de ed gdng mieu ta sao cho that sinh dcing xa hiip

ddn. Do do chiing la mdi bdt gap mot Tii Bii, mcit Mil Giiim Sinh hien len

sinh dcing ve ngoiii hinh ludi liic vii trang phue. tham ehf qua dd cdn ndi

len ca tfnh each nghe nghiep eiia chiing. BcVi ihuc te d Ciic nhan vat phan

dien Nguyen Du da ed gang ggi su vat bang diing cai ten cua nd. Cdn xdi

nhan xat chfnh dien thi kii khiic. xdn coi thien nhien ki cao quy, ki dai

dien cho nhan Ciich cua minh. do viiy khi mieu la loiii nhan \i\{ nay xeu td

42

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Ihien nhien dugc sir dung nhieu. Trong Truyen Kieu dd lii khi Ngux en Du

mieu ta Thuy Kidu, Thuy Van, Kim Trgng. Tir Hai... nhfrng nhan xai the

hien ly ludng Ihdm my eiia tac gia. dugc tac gia khdng dinh nhu ki eai

dep, eai cao Cii, cai hoan thien. cai ly tudng va rd riing han ki de ddi lap

vdi loiii nhan vat phan dien eiia cu(3c sdng Iran lue. Do dd a nhfrng nhan

vat ly tudng Nguydn Du thudng sir dung nhieu yeu td ucie le:. lucmg trung

va edng thire.

Chfnh vi ed su xuiit hien ciia mdt loai nhan vat duc^e xax' dung len

lir nhirng yeu td gidng nhu thuc cua cude sdng ddi thuerng. nen khdng ft

ngudi nhan dinh dd la nhfrng nhan vat ducre xay dung heri phue^ng phiip

sang uic hien thue ehii nghia. Nhirng thue ehiii xie:e mieu ta gieing nhu

that Ciic nhan vat phan die:n hoim toim khdng phai vi miie dfch phan tfch.

nhan thue ban chiit ciia nhan vat ma ndi len "quan niem tham my hei sue

dgc diio ciia ciic nhii Nho xua" (55.lr249). Sir irere le: trong mieu lii nhan

vat lii mot dac trung rieng eiia van hgc. nghe: thuiit trung diii. khdng ehi

^xuii'l hien trong van hgc mil cdn thiiy trong ciic trd dien dan gian. san

khaii... Ta bdt gap trong eheo nhfrng trang phue diie trung nui ehi nhin la

efing hinh dung ra dd ki loai nhan vat niio. xf du he ao ngan. he ao dai...

ed nhiem vu gi trong ket cau cau chuyen. Dae biet lii trong san khau

tudng. Ciich phim biet nhan vat ehii yeu can cfr viio hoii trang: mat do -

trung than, mat trdng - ninh than, mat den - nghich tac... Rd rimg phucrng

phiip ddfih dau nhan vat bdng cac bien phap nghe thuat khac nhau khdng

phai biit phiip cua chit nghia hien thuc. nui ki mgl udc le nghe thual. yeu

id cd tfnh chiit thdi diii. Do vay, ldi mieu ta udc \t a day hoim loan khdng

phai ki han che cua Nguyen Du hay eua thiri diii dng. mil chiing la phai

, thiiy ducre dd lii ciich hinh dung, ciich quan niem ciia con ngudi thdi trung

dai, xan hgc thiri trung diii.

43

• Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

IL2.1- Ngoai hinh cua cac nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu.

Bat ky nen van hgc nao cung deu ehiu su ehi phdi eua he: tu tuang

thdng tri va van chuang trung dai Viet Nam eung khdng thoal ra khoi quy

luat thdng thudng ay. Nhirng quan niem Nho giao ehi phdi numh me lue

lugng sang lac nha Nho dii de tao ra nhfrng dac trirng cer ban rieng bie:i

khdng the hoa lan nd vdi bat ky giai doiin van hgc niio khiic. Chia ngdn tir

'thanh eae he: theing khac nhau, dimg de mieu la ciie loiii nhan xiii kluie

nhau la mgl trong nhirng dac diem ecr ban. Nhu tren da ndi Nguyen Du

khdng chia nhan vat eiia minh theo he: thdng giai ciip mil dua tren lieu chf

dao dire phan bicit thiinh hai loai nhan vat tot vii nhan vat xiiii dimg hai

hinh Ihiic bieu diil khiic nhau de dien ui chiing. Dieu niiy chiing la ec) the

thiiy rd nhiit ki trerng mieu ui ngoai hinh ciia ciie nhan xiii.

Trudc het, di viio tim hieu nhfrng nhan vat de gay cho ngirdi Ui sir kim

tudng Nguyen Du da sang tiic Truyen Kieu bang phucrng phap hie:n thue ehu

nghia - nhan vat phan dien nhu Tii Bii. Ma Giiim Sinh, Sa Khanh... Tuy

khdng mieu ui that chi li, chi tiet, toim die:n ngoiii hinh eae nhan vat nay

'nhung Nguyen Du da di theo hudng mieu ta cu the', gieing nhu that. Cho dii

Bit:

chi bdng ft tir ngfr nhirng la efmg de dimg hinh dung ra "dung nhan" cua Tii

Thodt trdng nhd'n nho't mdn da

An chi cao Urn ddy dd Idm sao?

Nao lii miiu da '^nhdn nhgt" niio la Ciii than hinh to Idn day dii... tiii

ea dc:u en the deu dugc die:n ui bdng nhfrng ngdn tir khii chfnh xiic. Tham

ehf lir ciich mieu ta dd chiing ta cdn lien tudng den nghe nghiep biii luerng

eiia mil. Bdi chfnh lir "nhcrn nhot" da td ciio con ngirdi nay. "Ciii miiu da

.trans nhim nhat biio cho ta biet mii Tii Bii thudng seing xd dem nhieu hern

44

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

v6 ban ngay. Cdn cai vde dang day to cao nghe nghiep hoc ldi than xac

phu nir eua mu dang phat dat" (55.tr245).

Vdi Ma Giam Sinh. Nguyen Du edn sir dung nhfrng can ehfr dat hem

de mieu tii hinh diing eiia y.

Qud nien trae ngoai td tudn

Mdy rdu nhdn nhiii do c/iidn hdnh hao

1 rif('/( thdy sau to'.xon xao...

Nguydn Du da td ra tinh tudng, sdc siio trc^ng quan siii. vii the hie:n

bdng mot vai chi liet that lieu bieu cho ban chai eiia nhan viit. Chfnh ciii xe

. banh bao. miiy rau nhiin nhiii dat trong tucmg quan tudi uie "trae ngoai ifr

luan" da td ciio ban ehiil eua Ma Giam Sinh. thue chiit ehi la ten chuyen hip

bcrm, leri dung hoim canh dd lira mua eon gai nhii lucrng ihiclMi day xiio lau

xanh. Vdi chiing ta ngity nay hem bei'n chue tudi thue ra van ehua kiy gi kim

gia kim, nhung vdi ngucri xua tudi nay da bi coi ki gia gan den ludi "in thien

menh" rdi. Hay xem Ciieh Hoang Nggc Phiieh eV viio dau the ky XIX tiuan

nit:m the niio ki giii. Trong lieu thuyet To Tdm (1925) dng Ui Dam Thuy kin

dau lien den chai nha To Tam nhin thiiy me ciia Td Tam "mcit ba eu ehirng

bdn muai tiim, bdn mirai chin tudi". Chiins ta that khd hinh duns ra ducre.

chiing ta chi coi mgl ngucri la gia khi hg dfi siiu miroi. bay mucri tham chf

'hem nfra ehfr quyet khdng the ggi mcit ngucri khoang bei'n mireri tiim. bdn ehfn

ludi lii bii CII dirc;c. Mdi thdi diii ed each quan nie:m ve tudi tiic rieng cua nd

chiing ta khdng biin d day. Didu mil chiing ta khdng dinh lii Nkl Giiim Sinh

da giii nui cdn nuicin to ra ki trai la, mudn phd truang sir trang irgng mii niio

le'r niio thay xdn kio nhiio d hcip khdng ra dau xiio dau ca xii dau sao chang

nfi'ii xdn khdng thd che dim ducic sir xd hgc the hien ra ben ngoiii.

Rd rimg cr hai nhan viii niiy yCui lei ihirc ducre xan dung khii linh hoiil

Xii seing dcing. Ngiriri Ui ed the hera lai duoe chan dung eua Ma Giam Sinh

Xii Tii Bii thdng qua nhii'ng ddng mieu la eua Nguxen Du. Ben eluil lu'u de

45

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

Nguydn Du xay dung len hai nhan vat nay dugc lay tir manh dai cude

sdng tran the va hidn nhien chung ta hoan loan khdng he bat giip ludt lir

nao thudc ve thidn nhien. Nhirng nhan vat nay vdn bi coi ki nhfrng nhan

'vat tdm thudng xau xa do vay nd miing day dii nhiJng ne:t cua cucie sdng

pham lue chu khdng dugc dien ta bdng nhirng tir ngir mang dim hie:u eua

thidn nhien. Dae biet tai nang ciia Nguyen Du edn dugc the hie:n a chd

dng cd kha nang "giet chet" nhan vat chi bdng mot viii tir ngfr chfnh xiic

mieu tii ngOiii hinh nhan vat. Ta nhan vat Hd Tdn Hien:

La cho mat sdt cung ngdy vi tinh

Chi bdng cum tir '^mal sdt", '^ngay xi tinh" ma doan gic'ri thieu eua

Nguyen Du vd Hd Tdn Hien "Cc; cpian long doc trong thdn, Td lid idn

Hien kinh ludn gom tdi. Day xe vdng chi dac sai, Tien nghi hdt tieu vice

ngodi dong nhung''' trudc dd chi nhu mcit sir mia luai diia ecrt. Qua thue

Nguyc:n Du da riii tiii nang khi de cho ngoiii hinh ciia nhan xat tu lo ciio

nd, nhan vat tu be) Id ban chiit ciia minh thdng qua ngoai hinh vii ehiu su

diinh giii khiich quan, true tiep lir ngudi dgc.

Tat nhien, chiing la khdng the dem so mieu la ngoai hinh eua ciie

nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu vdi mieu ta ngoiii hinh eua ehu nghia hic:n

thue. Ngoiii hinh eiia Ciie nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu chi cd nhfrng yeu id.

nhfrng chi tiet ed tfnh hien thue ehfr ehua phai ki ngoiii hinh eua nhan lieu

bieu eiia chii nghia hien t h uc Liii ndi ve Td Tam eua Hoiing Nggc Phiieh

d mot khfa Ciinh niio dd vdn cdn mang hai hirdng ciia tu duy trung dai

.song da bat dau mang sir khac hoii nhan vai cua thdi hien dai nen ve mieu

ta ngoiii hinh da cd sir khac biet riit Idn. 6 day nhan vat dugc khac hoa riii

ehi tiet, cu the ve ngOiii hinh, khi mieu ta vd Td Tam: ' T di nom khudn

nuit ngirdi thieu nfr xdi ciiu Tan thi hiel ngay la chi em rudi. cfmg mdt

nirfre da rid nho. ciing mdt khudn nuit irai xoan, nhung er nguiri ehi la nfr

nhi nen tay thg tao cd phan sac sao nui dm dimg hem mdt ehiil: ciii duerng

46

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

mui hai cao cao nhd thang xudng eai mieng xinh xinh. xien hai dudng

moi mgng ma tham ihdm, tiic ra eai ve rat thanh tao tinh xao. nhung iren

khudn mat dao ta man mdn dd ed moi ve budn cao kfn dao bai a ddi eon

mdt trong ma lai Id dd, tire la thii eon mdt ciia ngucii ed tu tucrng hay ma

mang nhu:ng chuyen vien vdng. Cai khudn mat thien nhien dd de tren mcit

tam than manh khanh cao lam cho tdi bay gid mdi trdng thiiy thu de:p

thanh tii tinh mac ed eai ve thieng lieng" (14.tr37). Ve de:p cua Td Tam

rat thuc cung rat ehi liet, thdng qua ngoiii hinh tac gia da kit la ducre phan

nao tam triing va tfnh each nhan vat. Td Tam hie:n len ki ngirdi con gai

yeu dt, ma mgng va khdng cd kha nang dim tranh, ke ca de bao xe cho

linh yeu hanh phue eiia ddi minh. Chiing ta mdi chi diem qua. so sanh

mot each sa lucre mieu ta nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu vdi mcil lac phdm

khdng phai lii ciia phucrng phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia ihdi ky hien

diii ma da bdt giip nhic:u sir khac nhau. Tuy nhien sir so siinh nay dau sao

vdn khap khieng, nhiil ki khi diing neu diing tren quan diem lieu ehi the

loiii de so sanh.

6 nhung nhiin vat phan dien neu Nguyen Du da co gang di vao

nhung chi tiet, ngon tu cua cuoc sdng pham trim de mieu ta ngoai hinh,

thi a nhung nhan vat chfnh dien ong lai van dung but phap udc le. tirong

trirng. ly tirdng hoa de mieu ta. Day chfnh la diem lam cho cac nha

nghien ciru Tinven Kicu theo phirang phap sang tac hien thuc chu nghTa

td ra bdi rdi. lung tung. Nguyen Du mieu ta ngoai hinh Thuy Kieu, Thuy

Van:

Vdn .xem ti-cnii^ trong klidc v^//

Khnon Irani.; chiv dun net n^^di //<-/ nan;^

lloa cii'dl ngoc tho'l doan irang

Mdy thiia nud'c tdc tuyet nhu'ifng mdu da

Kieu cdng sdc sao man md

So he tdi sdc lai Id phan ho'n

AI

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghih hien thuc.

Ldn thu thuy net xudn sdn

Hoa ghen thua tham lieu //r/// kem xanh

Tat nhien, ve dep eiia hai nhan vat niiy ed didm khac nhau. Thuy

v an de:p mot Ciich hicJn lanh, ve de:p duerng nhu em a binh yen. ludl ve

dep phue hau va khdng gay ra sdng gid gi. Cdn ve ckp eiia Kieu thi lo ra

sac sao va dudng an chu:a nhirng mam mong eiia biii hiinh. 0 Thuy Van

vdi khudn mat day dan iron ehinh nhu mat trang la mcit xe dc:p ly tuang,

khudn mdu trong xa hdi phong kien xua. May phai ehiu thua ea xe dep

"dng mucrt ciia kin tdc mem. luyet da trang mil efmg phai ehiu kem nuiu

trdng eiia lan da min mang nhu nggc ngii eiia nimg. Tiit ca nhu nuicin la

Ciii ve dep tu nhien ciia Thuy Van nhung ciii ve dep dd khdng den nuie

liim cho thien nhien phai ghen ly cd xe gi dd yen binh. "an phan Uui

thuerng" hoa quyen vcri thien nhien. Cdn Kieu eai "kieu dep" "km thu

thuy net xuan scrn", than tdm ea ve dep sdng mii ihi qua thue khdng edn

but niio la ducic, cd ciii gi dd nhu thiich thfre. nhu Ireu nguen tao hoii. Mat

trong nhu nucre miia thu. long may plum phe'ri xanh nhu mii nuui xiuin. xe

dep ciia Kieu nhu bao hiim ca diii trdi non nucre. ciii dc:p eua ke eki tinh...

Nd liio ra ciii ve '^nghieng nude nghieng thimh" eiia nang nui efmg chfnh

"vi the "hoa ghen" vi khdng thdm ducre nhu nimg va cay lidu efmg "hern" vi

khdng bang nimg. Phai chang chfnh ve dep gay dd ki ca vdi thien nhien

dd da dn chira nhfrng biit hanh se trdi qua trong ddi Kieu? Dau sao chang

nfra ta cfmg phai ghi nhan d Thuy Van. Thuy Kieu. ngoai hinh khdng

ducre mieu ta bdng nhfrng tir ngfr hien ihue mil nd dirge su dung nhfrng

ngdn tir ihucic ve ihien nhien mgl each ucre le.

Trong ddi Kieu da tirng cd nhieu kin nimg khde. khde thuerng cho

ngudi. nhung chu yeu ki khde thuerng minh. Va nhfrng giot nucre nuit cua

nimg Cling duc;c Nguyen Du vf vcri chau nggc xdn la nhfrng ihu quy gia

dep de cua lir nhien:

48

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

- Nhin cdng Id chd giot hdng

Ri tai ndng mdfi gidi long thap ( ao...

- Ndng cdng giot ngoc nhir c han

Ndi long luong nhiing hdn hodn miem tdy...

- Giot chdu thdnh thdt c/uen hdo

MiYfig tninig tui tui xiet hao Id tinh...

Den ndi budn eiia Thuy Kieu efmg ducre Nguxen Du xf xdi hoa.

cung ma hd la lii khac vdi each hinh dung ciia chiing la ngiix nax :

Lai cdng u dot net hoa

Sdu tudn di(t ndi, chdu sa vdn ddi

Vdi Nguyen Du, Thuy Kieu dcip ngoiii hinh, dc:p ea trcMig ndi huon

Vii tham chf den nhfrng gigt nucre mat cfmg la chau ki nggc chu dau phai

tam thuerng. Nhu the tiit yeu mdi lieng khde ciia Kieu cfmg se la mdt eu

ehi de:p, cho dii ki dep den dau long

6 nhan vat Kim Trgng sir dung eae yeu td ihien nhien khdng chi de

hinh dung vd dien miio mil edn ducre buy ddng mdt each rcmg rai de hinh

dung ca quan iio, vat dung tu trang, ca eir ehi himh vi. mdi irudng hoai

dcing eiia nhan vat nfra.

Diuig ddng nii'a d nu'a ve

Nhac vdng ddu dd tieng nghe gdn gdn

Trdng chicug thay mdt van nhdn

Long hudng tay khau hifdc Idn dam hdng

De hue lu'ng tui gid trdng

Sau chdn theo mot vdi thdng con am

Tuyet in sdc ngu'a cdn gidn

Co pha mdu do nhudm non da trd'i

Mdi bire're di cua Kim Trgng nhu ner ra mudn van hoa ki. chi liet nay

duerng nhu cfmg ndi len diic^e cai ehiu phong luu tai tu cua Kim Trong:

Hdi vdn Idn hu'd'c dam xanh

49

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Mdt vung nhir the cay quynh cdnh dao

R6 rang, nhirng ngdn tir mieu ta ngoai hinh eua Kim Trong la ueVe

le, tir nhirng cdng thuc ed sdn Nguyen Du da ap dung de mieu la nhan vai.

Mam cho nhan vat dep nhung khdng t'hue. khdng ed su eu the xe Uio hinh.

Ddi khi dng edn sir dung ea nhfrng dien ed de mieu ta ngoai hinh nen

chung ta lai eang khdng the nao ndm bdt ducre eai die:n lUiio iiy:

... Trdm lied dung (/nang

Chdng sdn ngoc hdi cung phu'd'ng kim mon

Den vdi Tir Hai su ucre le: niiy eiing ducre thd hie:n rd nel.

Rdu hum hdm en mdy ngdi

Vai ndm tac rdng thdn mir

Neu thue te ed mcil ngudi gidng nhu Tir Hai "vai nam Uie rdng than

mueri thucre cao" thi qua la nuit ngucri khdng can ddi, nhirng dat no trong

ngdn ngfr van hgc trung diii thi su vd ly nay kii ed the ehiip nhan ducre.

Kieu vf von vcii rdng. hiie, phirgng, loan... x'cin ki nhfrng eon xat thieng

lieng ed siie miinh ducre coi nhir chuan mire eua xe dc:p iluri trung diii,

eimg vci^i sir ehi phdi ciia tu tucrng Nho giiio xdn eoi nhfrng ciii gi ehinh

nghia ki thuge vd the gidi thieng lieng, than linh, chan dung eua Tir Hai

hie:n len vcii Rdu hum hdm eti mdy figdi^' edn ggi mcit ciii gi xira uy nghi

vira da tinh.

i

Ve phuang die:n mieu ta ngOiii hinh nhan vat ta khang dinh Nguxen

' DU khdng ihe siing tiic 'Truyen Kieu dua tren phuong phap eua ehu nghia

hie:n llurc. BcVi nhu chiing ldi da phan tfch. trong Truyen Kieu ehi ed mdt

sd nhan x'at ducre mieu Ui ngoiti hinh bang nhfrng chi liet kix tu cude sdng

cdn nhfrng nhan xat khac kii ducre mieu Ui bang nhfrng ehi liei duoe lay ra

tir quan nie:m. tir ly lUcVng ihdm my ciia lac gia. Nhu la da biei eon nguiri

trong tiic pham cua ehu nghia hien thue phiii la nhfrng eon ngucri "quen

50

Van detinh chat hien thurc va chii nghia hien thirc.

ma la" nd mang nhung dau an chung cua thdi dai song cung cd nhfrng dac

trung rieng khdng the trdn lan. Cdn nhirng ve mat "chim sa ca lan".

"nghieng nude nghieng thanh" dudng nhu da tro thanh nhung cong thuc

mieu ta ngudi dep thdi van hoc truna dai khonii chi nenc N«zu\en Du \a

cung khdng chi rieng van hoc trung dai Viet Nam. Ndi the boi khong chi

bat gap ldi sir dung thien nhien Nguyen Du dimg de mieu ta Thu\ Kieu

ma ta edn gap each midu ta nay trong Cung odn ngam khuc. khi Nguxen

Gia Thieu mieu ta ve de:p eiia nguiri eung nfr:

Md hdng khdng I huoc md say

Nird/c kia muon do, thdnh nay muon l

Man md chim sa vdi nhan

Khi Nguye:n Huy Tu mieu la ngoai hinh eua Dao Tien:

Nguyet ghen gu'o'ng khep, hoa ho'n thdm hay

'I hien nhien sdn diic ddy ddy

Bui trdn chdfig ho'n dinh dinh

Cdng tu'o'i tinh net cdng say sii'a tinh

Va han Nguyen Huy Tu efing cd y thfre xe sir dci'i lap gifra nhfrng

dep de cao quy eua thien nhien xcri nhfrng gi xcin bi eoi la ihiide \e the

gieri hdng Iran khi ndi "Bui trdn chdng ho'n dinh dinh ".

Phai chang khi xay dung ngoiii hinh nhan x'at x'an hoc trung dai neii

chung x'ii 'Truyen Kieu ndi rieng ludn cd mcil edng thfre sdn ducre qux

chieu clue'ri quan niem cua ciic nhii Nho de iip dung cho ciic loai nhan xat

kluic nhiiu Irons Uic pluim ciui ho. Nhfrns nhan xai xdn duere uie sia uu iii. •

ki Ue're nur |\ lucrng. ki nhan xiii chfnh dien, ehinh nshla thi dirae uie giii

sir dung nhung yeii id xcin uac \c de mieu la. Di\ la anh hung thi phiii oai

phong kim Idm. "Ran luim ham en nui> nsai. \'ai luini tac thuVve than

51

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

mudi thudc cao". Cdn van nhan nho nha. hao hoa thi "Dc: hue lung iiii gid

trang... cd pha mau ao nhudm non da trdi". Day chfnh la dac diem quan

trgng de khd ma khdng dinh ducre da ed mdt ehu nghia hien thue trong

van hoc Vie:t Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nua diiu the ky XIX noi ehung

va trong Truyen Kieu nc)i ridng. Do vay. khd ed the khang dmh a dax

Nguyen Du ed sir dung phuang phiip sang uie hien ihue ehu nghia nhu

each hieu eua chiing ta ngay nay ve ehu nghia hien thue. Cd chang ehi la

nhirng mdu nhd eiia cnqc sdng ddi thudng dirc^e eae Uie gia su dung ehe^

nhu'ng nhan vat ed dinh. theo nhfriig quan nie:m rieng eua ho xe ee^n

ngucri.

IL2.2- Ngon ngu nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu.

Ngdn ngir nhan vai ki tap hcrp "leri ndi eiia nhan viit trong ciie uie

phdm thiicie loiii hinh tu sir va kich" (36.tr I 83). Thdng thuerng trong mdi

liic phdm van hge ngdn ngfr van hgc ki mcit trong eae phucrng iien cpum

trgng dugc nhii van sir dung nhdm thd hien cueie sdng va ea tfnh nhan vat.

Tuy nhien, can phai hidu ngdn ngfr nhan xat nhu ki mdt phiim irii lich su.

'Vc'ri ehii nghia hic:n thue ngdn ngfr nhan xat ducre eoi ki nuit phucrng lien

nham Cii tfnh hoa nhan vat. Cdn van hge trung dai nuere ta nua eudi the ky

XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX ngdn ngfr nhan vat da ducre dat ra a mfre dc)

ay ehua? Thue te cho thiiy trong van hge thdi ky nay do y niem ea nhan

chua phiit trien. mac dii bueic ddu da xuiii hien nhfrng tac pham ddi hoi

quyen scing cho eon ngiriri, ea ngeri tinh yeu hiinh phiie ddi lira, song dau

sao liie giii euii nd xan chua thoal ra khoi eai khudn siio eua tu lucrng

irung diii. Do xiix. ngdn ngfr nhan xiit ehua duoe cii the hoii sau sac. ma

ehii yeii ngdn ngfr nhan x'at x'an la luri ma qua dci uie giii the hien ly tucrng

57

xa qiiiin n\cm tham mi cuii minh xii efmg ehuii ee') sU phan bu't tnet de xe'n

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

ngdn ngir liie gia. Trong Truyen Kieu ta rai thuerng bat gap nhfrng cau kh

o

xac dinh la ldi ciia nhan vat hay leri eua tae gia. kieu nhu:

- Dau ddfn thay phan ddn hd

Lr/i rdng hac menh cung Id Id'i chung...

- Anh hoa phdt tie) ra ngoai.

Nghin thu hac menh mdt JcV/ tdi h oa

- Phan sao hac chdng vira thdi

Khdng khdng huoc mdi Idy ngu'd'i hong nhan...

Ngdn ngu" nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu khdng ducre mieu la nuil

each khiich quan nd da duere chat lgc qua king kinh ehu quan eua uie gui

de mang mdt giii tri thdm ml me'ri. Hern nfra Nguyen Du da dimg nhfrng lu-

thfing ngdn ngfr khac nhau eho tirng loiii nhan xat khac nluiu. Su ea the

hoii ngdn ngir nhan vat chi cd d mdt sd nhan viit nhiii dinh khdng the ki

ngdn ngfr eiia nhan vat Irong tae phdm cua chii nghia hie:n thue. ben biin

than vice phan bie:t mieu ta thanh hai loiii nhan viil phan die^-n xii nhan xat

chfnh die:n da ki nuit su ucre le: Idn. Nd da "xi phiim" ludl trong nhfrng

nguydn tdc sang tac cc^' ban ciia phuang phap sang uie hien thue ehu nshla

dd la nguydn tdc "vd nga", la "hoa than", nghe si khdng can thiep vao su

vat mil de cho sir vat lU ndi ldn toim be) ban chiit eiia nd. Nghe: si ehi la

ngudi "thu kv trung thimh cua thiri diii". Vii eimg khdng the nhan dinh

chii quan rang "nhfrng uic gid ldn ft khi tu thu minh vao mcit biil phap. du

ki hiip dan eten dau di nfra. Dieu nay Irueic hel ki diing vdi uic gia hien

thue chii nghia km" nhu Le Dinh Ky nhiin dinh.

Tii Bii. Mil Giiim Sinh x'cin mans han chiit con budn nen trong ciieh an

ndi numg nhieu lir ngfr budn ban nhu: ldi lai, ihu'i hon, xon lieng. Con "lam

bimh" cua mu Tii Bii ndi len that ki khung khiep vira ea> nghiel, xira ehcr

53

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

biia, vira la eiia mgl eon budn liie niio trong dau efmg ifnh uxin hern ihiei.

vira tan nhan, liinh liing:

Nay ndy sir dd cpid nhien.

Thdi da cu'd/p song (hong nun di roi

Bdo rdng : ^^Di dao lay ngu'd'i

Detn ve rird/c khdch kiem Id'i md diT

ludng vd ughJa d hdt nhan

Budn minh tru'd'c dd tdn mdn thii' cho'i

Mdu hd dd mat di rdi

Thdi thdi vdn tieng di ddi nhd ma

''Con kia dd hdn (ho ta.

Nhdp gia phdi cu'phep nhd lao day.

Lao kia cd gid hdi hay

Cluing vdng vdo mat md mdy lai nghe

Cd sao chin tot nu'n /;c.

Gdi to' md dd ngi'ra nghe sdm sao"^

Rdi khi Kieu dimg dao dinh quyen sinh. dung irirere nguy ecr mdn

himg urn nhieu king bite, ed thd nuit nang mu lai gid nhung ldi le ngon

nggt ra dd dimh Kieu, nghe that gia ddi ihd la vii efmg phii hap xdi than

•the cua mil : "Lau xanh cd mu Tii Ba*. Lirng chai da tra ve gia hei dux en":

Tu Bd trii'c .\dn hen mdn

Lira hyi khuyen giai mo'n man gd dan

Mdt U'^ud'i de cd may thdn

lloii .\uan diCo'ng nhiiy //;'f/v .\//(/// ( i'U dai

M

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Cung Id Id mdt Idm hai

Dd vdng sao, nd ep ndi mu'a may

Ld (han da chdt vd(^ day

Khoa hudng xudn d(^''do'i ngdy ddo mm.

Ngirdi cdn thi ciia hd\ cdn

/ //// //('//' xu'ng ddng Id (on ( di nhd

Ldm chi t('>i hdo oan gia.

Thiet minh hai deii ta lu/y gi

Nhung liie dii bude ehiil Thuy Kieu bang chfnh muu lud giiin Ira do

mil Vii ScV Khanh bay ra. gigng liredi eua mu kii khac. Liie nax giong nui ec)

vc ke ea be tren nui ban an eho Thuy Kieu.

Tu Bd glie tai thong dong ddn do

•

'^Nghe cho'i cung Idm c('mg phu...^^

Chi bdng iiy ki leri ndi trong nhfrng hoim canh khae nhau Ui lluix cpui

thuc Nguyen Du tiii tinh khi khac hoii ngdn ngfr nhan xiit Tii Ba. Thdng

qua leri ndi mil nhan xat hien len ddx' dii ban ehiil mcil con nguiri Uuio nuii.

gian giao vii luu manh, phii herp xeri nghe nghiep eua mu. Nguxen Du da

cd gang md td ngdn ngfr nhan vat Tii Bii hang chiii lielui dng quan sal dugc

ngoai cueie scing thue. nen nhan viit sdng dcing. chan ihue nhu ed that.

Chfnh x'i the nui la thiiy nhan vat loiii nay sdng dcing chan ihue va linh

boat gidng xc'ri nhan x'iil eiia ciie uie phani hien thue ehu nshla. \'('ri eae

nhan Viit phan die:n khac Nguyen Du cfmg diing nhfrng dac trung luieu tii

nsdn nsu nhu the. nhu nsdn nsu' cua Sa Khanh kic ddng xai anh hung

Miiep khiich sdn simg ra tay te dd eho'Kieu xii khi tu kit nuil na. tro' lai ga>

sir xdi Kic:u. Ic) nguxen hinh ki nuit ke hen ha. de lien. Ha> \ ki Giam smh

rd rimg ki mcit ke d troe khi lu hiio xe ciii tnet ly an cho\ ihi \o\ noi hoa

55

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

my eQng "ve nggc" eung "qude sac thien huang" xii khi bde Id lam Ix eon

budn ihi gigng liii ed ke, dong dem nhu mdt eon budn ihue su...

Trong khi dd, nhan vat chfnh dien irong Truven Kieu ed nhfrng

nhan vat thudng sir dung ngdn ngir ucre le, "chuan muc" khd ed ihe \ae

dinh tfnh ciich nhan vat neu khdng thdng qua diem lien eua cot iruyen hay

ldi diinh giii eiia tae gia. Hay kiy nhan vat Thuy Kieu khao sat ta se thay

rd didu dd. Mae dii eung cd mcit vai ldn Nguyen Du de cho Kieu cd ngdn

ngir danh giii khii chfnh Xiie vd nhiin vat khiic hay su viec, the hien Kieu ki

ngudi sdc sao va thdng thdn trong nhan dinh. Khi Vucrng Quan edn xdng

vo dimg nhfrng lir hoa my de ndi xe than phim. cude ddi eua Diim Tien ihi

Kidu da ndi trdng ra eai sir that ve cueie ddi mot ky nfr:

S('>ng Idm vo' khdp ngu'(yi ta

lied thay ihdc xudng Idm ma khdng chong

Khi nimg ndi vcri Sd Khanh cfmg diio de ghd germ, dao de md ehiui

chiit, riu thuc:

Ndng rdng : '7i7// nhe cd hay

Quyen anh ru yen sir ndy tai ai

Dem ngirdi day xiunig gicng iho'i

Ndi rdi, rdi hii dn /dv dir(/c ngay

Rdi khi ke ca veii Tii Bii:

Ldiig nghe ngam nghi got ddu

Thua rdng : '^4/ cd miuni ddu the ndy

Du'o'c ldi nhw the Id nav

lldn rdna, mai cd nhw ray (ho (haw.:

^6

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thirc.

Nhung thue ra nhfrng Idi ndi kieu nay eua Thuy Kieu khong tham

,du vao qua irinh phat trien tfnh each, nd ehi ki nhfrng Idi doi diip thong

thudng. Cdn nhin ehung trong ngdn ngfr eua Thuy Kieu. Nguxen Du

thudng sir dung nhieu yeu td ueic le:. nhieu dien ed xii nhin ehung khc^

danh giii tfnh each. Nguydn Du dd eho Thuy Kieu phai ngdn nhfrng dien

cd, dien tfch trong lich sir, van hge Trung Qude nhu "bang luxei phi

phong", "hdng dicip xfeh thang"..., de hinh dung nhan xiit ed tri thfre uxen

bae de phan biet vcri ngdn ngfr hang ngay. ehg biia. He: thdng ngdn ngfr

nhiciu didn tieh. dien ed eho chiing la thiix dax ki nhan xai ehinh dien. nuil

nhan vat tci't, duere Uie gia giri gam mcit thdng diep nao dd. Thire ra dax ki

ldi diinh diiu nhan vat theo quan nieim xua.

- Ngai ngdn ndng mdi ihii'a rdng

:

"Ihdi

nhd hdng tuyet chat hdng phi phong

- Ndng rdng

: ^'I long diep xich

thdng ^

Mot

Idi cung dd tieng rdng

tii'o'ng

Iri

Khi Kidu ndi chuyen vdi Kim Trgng :

Ca khi Thuy Kieu ngan can thai do "Xem trong au yeiu ed chieu ki

kri" ciia Kim Trgng. cfmg khdng cd miiy dac diem rieng biet. Ndi ve hoan

canh ciia minh song cfr ehung ehung nhu xe biii eu mcit ed gai nao irong

xa heii phong phai cd trinh liei. nghia liel. Kieu nhu khdng phai ndi xe

minh. nui ndi ve: uii ed ciie truerng hgp chung cho nhfrng lh(')i muon di

ngucre kii yeu cau trinh liei due hanh ddi vdi ngudi phu nfr. Nghia ki su

khircrc lir ciia Kieu khdng phai ki ehuye:n tu y minh. mil ki do vice Nguyen

Du da liel Kiim xao mdt hang phu nfr the nay... the kia. Ly le dc') ki ed sdn

Thu'a rdng

: ^T)frng lav lam cho'i

De cho thu'a hel nud li>'l dd nao

57

cV ben nsoai Kieu :

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Ve chi mdt dod ycnt ddo

Virdn hdng chi ddm ngdn rdo chim xanh

Dd cho vdo hd( ho kinh

Dao tdng phu Idy chd Irinh Idm dau

Ra tudng tren Bdc trong ddu

Llii con ngirdi dy ai can Idm chi

Phdi dieu dn xdi d thi

Tie) trdm ndm nd hd di mdt ngdy

Ngdm duycdi ki' ngd xii'a nay

Liia ddi ai Uii dep tdy ihoi Trii'o'ng

Mdy mu'a ddnli ddi dd vdng

Qud cliic'U nen dd (hdn chii'dng yen anh

Vdi chi Tu'u ep hoa ndi

Cdn thdn dt lai den hoi cd khi

ddi:

Khi tir chdi chimg Kim khi gap lai thai dc;) efmg khdng cd gi ihay

Ndng rdng : " Gia that duyen hdi

Chut Idng dn di, ai ai cung Idng

«

Nghl rdng tr(>ng dao vo' chong

Hoa tho'ni phong nhi, trdng vdng iron gu'o'ng

Chu' irinh daw..: '^id w^hin vdng

Duoc hoa chdw^ then iv// dian-^ mai xua....

58

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

Ta cd cam giac ngdn lir niiX' dat xao ldi nhan xat Thuy Kieu efmg

dugc, ma khi dat viio ldi mdt nhan xat khiic efmg khdng ed gi thax doi cii.

Bcri eu nhu ldi phiit ngdn ehung ehung ran dii\' diio lam xg xua nax xa

khdng cd gia tri eho su khde hoii Uim ly eua nhan vat Thuy Kieu. vcri iinh

each mgl cd the dgc dao.

Mac du chiing ta ghi nhan tai nang cua Nguyelm Du iremg vice mieu

'la ngdn ngir ciia Thuy Kidu ddi vdi Kim Trgng. Thiic Sinh va Tir Hai la

rat khac nhau. Cfing ki ldi cay nhd trao gui than phan nhung vcn Kim

Trgng, Kieu ndi hoa ml van chuang nui te nhi thdm kfn. e le eua moi eo

gai mdi km. cfmg ki de phii herp vdi ve "de hue lung liii gid trang" cua

ehirng:

Ndng rdng : '"Trinn lice dung (/nang

Cluing sdn ng(H- h(ji cung phu'dug Kim Mon

Nghl minh phan numg (dnii (huon

Khudn xanh hie't cd vuong trdn md had"

•

Vdi Thiic Sinh. eon ngirdi ed xe ihue dung nhiii. say nu^ Kieu ehi vi

sac dep thi Kieu phai ndi thdng. ndi trang ra nhd eay:

Ndng rdng : ''Mudn d(}i o'u Idng

Chut e hen thu hen long de dau

Binh khang nau nd hay lau

Yeu hoa, yen diiV'c nu>l mdu diem irang

Rdi ra hit phan phai hiro'ng

Tdw^ kia giu'du'i/c thirdw^ thudng mdi chdng^

Cdn vdi nu)i dans anh hung nhu Tu Hai ldi Kieu lai nhu su gm

gdm, dua ddm. day tin eiiy.:

59

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc..

Thira rdng : ''lir(/ng cd hao dong

Tan Dirr/ng dirr/c thdy mdy rdng cd phen

Rdng tliir(/ng cd noi hoa hen

Chut thdn heo hot ddm phien mai .said'

Mac dii ldi le eua Kieu ndi vdi Kim Trong. Thiie Sinh hay Tir Hai

cd khac nhau song ngdn lir van day uac le bdi NguyelMi Du da su dung

^dien cd, dien tfch, nhfrng hinh anh, nhfrng dn du ed sdn. Nhfrng "phan

mong canh ehudn" "khudn xanh", "liit phiin phai hucrng", "eo ndi hoa

hen", "chut than beo bgt"... la nhfrng edng thfre ed sdn ducre Nguyelm Du

van dung trong ngdn ngfr eiia Thuy Kieu nen nd khdng ed ifnh dae trung

eu the Cii bie^l dd kit la nhan vat trong nhfrng hoan canh eu the.

Do vay, khdng the khdng dinh, nhu Le Dinh Ky rang "ucre le: nui

vdn hdn nhien chan thue", va chan thue d day eung khdng the hieu ki sir

chan thue thecr nghia ki eu the cii bie:t eua clui nghia h\cn thue.

II.2.3- Noi tam nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu

The hie:n, pheri bay cude sdng ndi Uim eiia nhan xiii ki nuit irong

nhfrng van de cot yeu ciia van hgc hie:n thue chu nghia. Den nua sau the ky

XIX van hgc hien thue d Chau Au khdng ehi dat xiin de phan anh trung

thuc, xay dirng va phe phiin nhfrng mat irai eua xa hdi tu san nfra. ma nguiri

ta bat ddu quan Uim nhieu hern deii viin de neii Uim va dien bien ndi tam eiia

nhan vat. The sie'ri kic nav hei sue cans ihans cV trang thai sa siii. khuns

hoilng Xii trucrc nhfrng cam xiic Uim ly phue tiip ciia ciie nhan xai nhfrng xung

dcit thue tiii trong cucie scing duerng nhu miii y nghia. Vf du nhir nhfrng nhan

vat Anna Karenina eua Liep Tdnxtdi xa Emma eua Flobe... Xuskop eho

rdns: "nhfms eiuim siii uim Iv" xa "sir nshien euu linh each" dii trcr Uumh net

ceil yen ciui chu nghlii hic:n thuc mia sau the k> XIX, da lan at su mieu lii uie

60

Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc

.ddng qua lai giiJa tfnh each va mdi trirdn<2 xii da dan tdi vice tach mni irudne

ra khdi tfnh each" (l,tr279). Do vay xao khoang dau the ky XIX ihdi diem

7V//y^// Kieu ciia Nguydn Du ra ddi trong xan hge chiing ta khd ed the eoi ki

da cd sir khac hoa nhan vat thdng qua ndi tam nhan vat. Cac nhan x at trong

cac lac pham truyein tha Ndm trong thcri gian niiy cfr na na nhau. nuie dii la

khdng the phii nhan su dae sdc vucrt trcii eua Truyen Kieu song tren thue le

nhan vat Truyen Kieu eung ehua thoal ra khoi nhfrng quan nie:m ehung eua

van hoa Irung diii.

Nguyen ly ea ban eiia ehii nghia hie:n thue ki eai dien hinh. eai

ehung, Ciii phd bien nhirng phai thdng qua eai rieng. eai eu the. ea biet,

'thieu mcit trong hai mat ndi tren deu khdng the ed ehu nghia hien thue.

R5 riing triing thai tam ly eiia Thuy Kieu khdng duere mieu ta theo nguyen

tdc ca the herd, nghia ki khi mieu ui tam ly eiia Kieu Nguyc:n Du efmg

chua thoal ra khdi eae cdng thfre ehung. itdc \C\ ehua ihoiit ra khoi eae

dien tfch didn cci, vein la mcit tinh triing phd bien eua iher ea trung dai. Vi

the mieu td tam ly bang cac edng thuc ucre le:, tire la the hien nuil triing

Ihiii lam ly ehung ehung, mudn dcri, dp dung eho lirng loai nguiri, ehfr

khdng duac ca bie:t hoa.

Di vao tim hieu neii tam eiia hai nhan xiit chfnh eua tae pham la Thuy

•

Kidu Vii Kim Trgng ta se thiiy rd dieu dd. Thue ra ddi xcri tam triing Thuy

Kieu va eae nhan xiil trong Truyen Kieu eae nha nghien cfru da ed nhieu

phat hie:n xa xd ecr han dCui cho rang d eae nhan x in luix Ngux en Du da thoal

ly ducre khdi nguyen tae xa mang kii nhfrng thanh cdng mdi.

Phan Nggc trong Tim hieu phong cdch Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu

da nluin dinh. iruyen Kieu ser di hap clan dnac ngirdi dan Vic:i Nam nhieu

the he: Id bcri Truyen Kicu Id mot tieu thuyei phan ii( h tam /v. bcri irong Uie

phdm cuii minh Nguxen Du da "dam lien hanh phan li'eh ndi uim den eimg.

den cai didm sicii han. trong dd hoan ciinh cua nhan xiii. lam ly eua anh la

6

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

bai gap lam ly ciia dan tgc" (39.tr 178). Phan Ngoc edn eho rang "lam trang

dugc the hien trong Kieu da dat den muc do iron xen". va dua ra khai mem

*sir phdn lich tam ly tdn nhdn. Theo Phan Nggc sa di Ngu\c:n Du ed duac

dicu nay la do dng da tham nhuan ducre nhung tinh hoa xan hoa eua thdi dai

ong, cu the d day la "cai nhin thuc chiirng eiia Dao Phat", va dng da phan

tfch khdng cdn de lai mot tan du nao khdng phanh phui. khdng n^6 xe.

Chfnh vi the nhan vat Thuy Kieu ducre nhin nhan cr nhieu gde dd khde nhau.

bdi nhidu nhan vat khac nhau.

Cung gan vdi quan diem eiia Phan Nggc, Trdn Dinh Su lai eho rang a

Truycfi Kieu ed eai nhin nghe thuat nhieu chieu ddi xdi eae hien lUong ddi

sdng ducre md ui. Ong danh gia, ehi trong gidi hiin eiia the loai iruxen iher

ma Nguyen Du da tao didu kiein eho eae nhan viit bde lei ducre dax du lam

triing eiia nd nhu ki nhfrng eon ngirdi ea nhan phd bien "tinh ciim doi

nghich, lufrng tfnh ki net lieu bieu eiia nhieu nhan viit trong iruxe:n. Kieu xiiii

tranh thii hiinh phiic vira phiip phdng lo sg; xira nghi ngd Ser Klumh lai xira

phdi Iie:u theo y; vira reing long tha bdng Hoiin Thu, xira tide le. Thiie Smh

vira me cheri vii'a sg bd, Tir Hdi vira khinh ghet irieu dinh vira hy xgng mong

manh vao sir bao dung ciia nd. Hoiin Thu vira nung niiu eon ghen vira dinh

dac che diiy, vira cd phan ihuemg tai Kieu. lai vira ghen ghet nang... Dd la

nhfrng eon ngirdi khdng the vo trdn vao irong mgl khudn khd chuan muc"

(53,tri30). Tran Dinh Sir lim hieu trong sd eae nhan vat dd Uim Idng Kieu

dugc the hien trong mot gidi han reing rai nhiii. lir nhfrng y nghl cao ed nhai

den nhfrng suy nghl trdn lue nhiil. chi ed y nghia rieng deii xcri linh cam eua

nans. Kic:u thirirns xuiit hien vc'ri nhfms ddns sux Ix' ranh rot nhiit. nlurns

eung ldm khi ddm minh trong nhfrng ma hd iio giac. Dd ki khi goi ten chang

Kim trong cude trao gui xc'ri nimg Van. ki hucre chan khdng lu ehu di iheo Ser

Klumh. ki xieii Idng irue're Ic hau eua Hd Tdn Hien... Do xax Tran Dmh Su

nhiin manh "diie sae irons Truyti'u Kicu ki er eho da bo trf sao eho phan h'rn

62

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

cac su kien trong ddi Kieu dugc nhin nhan vii binh luan tir eae gde dd khiic

nhau"(53,lrl39).

Thue te trong Truyen Kieu ed nuit vai ehi tiei nui neu diio sau

Nguyen Du ed thd lam eho nhan vat Thuy Kieu sdng thue hon. chan that

loan dien ban, gdn vdi eugc sdng hang ngay nhung Nguyen Du da "lir

chdi" khdng ndi den. Dd la nhfrng ehi tiei:

Bud I ir Id ddw^ anh liun

Biei ndng cung dir (/uan trung liuin hdn

Led rieng nu'U le vdfi ndng

Hai ten the nd ngoc vdng nghin cdn

Tin vdo gid trir('>'c trung (pian

I ir cdng rieng hay mu'id phan ho do.

Thuy Kieu ki nguiri trong tinh trong nghki, dam hx sinh ehfr tinh de

chgn ehfr hieu. dam ban minh eluieie eha song Kieu efmg hi mot eon ngueri.

cfmg ham her, cfing thfch giiiu sang, xang biie chau ban xii dd efmg chfnh ki

sai lam ciia dai Kieu. da ddy Tir Hdi xao chd phdi ehel oan fre. da day chfnh

minh tiep lue xiio kiep scing doiin iruemg. song eiing ehinh nhir nhfrng ehi

liei nay nui Thuy Kieu trd nen hiip ddn hem. gan gfn xdi ddi sdng thue hern.

Mac dii chiing la ghi nhan nhfrng cdng hien ciia Phan Ngoe xii Trdn

Dinh Sir trong vice lim hieu tam tiang Thuy Kieu song khdng phai xi the ma

.ta de eking di deii nhan dinh di'ruyen Kicu dii ed ehu nghia hien ihue. Chinh

Phan Ngoe xa Tran Dinh Su khi khang dmh nhfrng dieu tren efmg khdng lap

kiiin cho thiiv Thux Kieu ndi rieng xa eae nhan xiil trong Truyen Kieu ndi

ehuns ki nhan xat cua chu nshia hien thue. eae dng chi thdng qua thi phap

63

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

va phong each ciia Nguyen Du de khang dinh nhfrng gia tri cfmg nhu nhfrng

ddng gdp rieng ve mat nghe: thuat eua Nguyen Du viio nen xan hoe dan toe.

Tim hieu Truyen Kieu ta thay mac dii Nguyen Du da ed cdi nhin nghe

thuat nhieu chieu trong mieu la mdt sd (chir ehua phai la uil ca) hic:n lUong

eiia ddi sdng, ed sirphdn tich tdm ly tdn nhdn. x'a eae nhan xat ducre the hie:n

ra bdng nhu'ng ////// cdm ddi nghich. Iiidu'.^ iinh nhung phucrng ihiie the hien

'liii chung chung cdng thfre.

Tam trang budn rdu nhd nhung nguiri yeu:

Sdu dong cdng lac cdng ddy

Ba thu ddn lai mot ngdy ddi ghe

Mdy Tdn khod kin song the

Bui hdng leo deo di ve chiem hao

Lot ui canh chia lay eua Thuy Kieu vii Kim Trong. xdi linh cam dau

dcrn. rung rdi, lo au, trdng trdi, va nhfrng du cam ve lUcrng kii iim dam.

efmg khdng cd gi ca biet. van ki nhfrng linh cam eua ngudi linh nuidn

thud:

- M(n sdu khi gd cho xong cdn chdy

Giu vdng gid ngoc cho hay

Cho ddnh Idng ke chan mdy cuoi tred

- Buon trong phong canh cpie ngudi

Ddu cdnh (piven nhat, cuoi irdi nhan thira

Nao ngirdi cd gid tudn nura

Mot w^dv ndw^ '^hanh iir

Rd rime, trong Trnxcn Kien tfnh each cua Thuy Kieu la da dang

hon ca. CO ngirdi noi may lim Kieu nhd nha nhd Kim Trong mdi lan mot

64

' Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghib hien thuc.

khac vii eho rdng day la nhan vat dugc ea the hoa sau sac. Su khae nhau ki

cd that va dd la chd miinh eiia Truyen Kieu so xdi Cung odn w.^am kinu ,

Chinh phu ngdm kluic hay eae nhan xai trong ciie iruxen Ndm eung lluri.

Nhung su khac nhau dd la tam triing eua meii eon ngirdi luu lae nher eha

me, nhd ngueri yeu trong nhu'ng hoan canh eu the khae nhau ehfr khdng

phai lit nhirng net tam trang rieng biet eua Kiem vdi lu each la nuil cii the.

Khi meri bi dua den lau xanh Uim trimg Thuy Kieu budn ha ed deriu nhc'r

eha me, nguiri yeu nhung ehua the hie:n su dau dc'rn. lui ehi dcrn thuan la

ndi nher eiia mdt eon nguiri tha hucnis- Bcri bi siam Ions er lau xiinh nen

ndi nhd ay hucrng tdi mdt khdng gian menh mdng tu do ben ngoai:

Nu'a tinh mia cdnh nhu'chia

tam

Idng

Be hdng mdy S('>'m den khiiya

Tirdng ngir()'i dii'(d nguyet chen dong

Tin su'(fng liiofig nhdng rdy Dong mai (hi)

Ben trif'i gd( he ho' iv/

Tcdn son got nda hao gi(y cho phai

Xdt ngii'(yi tu'a (da hom mai

Qiuil nong dp lanh nhdng ai do gio'

Den kic bi ep phdi tiep khach ehiu canh "Biet bao buerm la ong kri.

Cude say ddy thang triin cudi sudi dem". ndi nhd song than, nhd Kim

Trgng ciia Thuv Kieu trd nen quay quai. xdi xa tui cue ndi nhd nhu chai

xen xa thuerng than triich phim:

Nlu'nni chin chd cao sdu

Mdt ngdy mot ngd hdng dau td td

Ddm ngdn nu'tn ihdm non xa

65

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc..

Ngid ddu thdn phdn con ra the ndy

Nhd Idi nguyen irdc ha sinh

Xa xdi ai cd thdy tinh chdng ai

Khi ve lud lieu Chu'o'ng Ddi

Cdnh xudn dd he cho ngudi chuyen tcn\

Ndi nhd ay cua Thuy Kieu khi da gap duc^e Tir Hai nhu da xa xdi

hern. Duerng nhu liie nay ndi nhd ehi la suv nshi khdns biei eha me ra

sao? Kim Trgng the nao? Chu khdng edn tam trang mong moi gap lai:

Xdt thay huyen cdi xudn gid

I dm Idng thu'o'ng nhd hied Id cd ngiioi

CluH dd mn'o'i may nam trifi

Cdn ra khi dd da moi tdc su'o'ng

Tiec thay chut nglda cu cdng

Dau Ha ng<'> v (i>n vu'o'ng to' hdig.

Rd rimg trong ea ba ldn nhd tren, cii tfnh eua Thux' Kieu - eon nguiri

cu the, "eon ngueri nay" efmg khdng ndi biit ban len, khdng ducre dao sau

'them, mac dii Nguyen Du da khdng lap kii uim triing cua Thuy Kidu. song

e'r day xiin khdng ddng gdp xiio eai ea diet eu the rieng ciia tfnh each nhan

Viit. Cac giai doiin khae nhau cua deii Kieu ed cho la thay mot Thuy Kieu

da diing nhirng cfmg chi xet tren did the xa mcil each tuerng ddi. Hern nfra

sir dii dang iiy khdng eho lii thiix sir da diing ciia tfnh each ma ehi la su da

clans euii hoan canh uie ddns len tam Ix Kieu ki ehinh.

66

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Tucrng tu nhu tam eua Thiiy Kieu trong hai ldn bi bat xiio lau xanh

cung khdng ed may su phiit trien tam ly miie dii hai lan nay each xa nhau

va d nhirng tinh hudng khae nhau.

O nhan vat Kim Trgng. efmg ki mcil trong nhfrng nhan xat ehinh.

nhung ndi tam cung ehi dugc phae hoa bang mdt xiii chi tiet xii tham ehi

la sa sai. Khi gap Thuy KicJu trong le thanh minh ra ve vdi "ndi nang canh

canh bdn Idng bieiig khuay" nhung :

Mdy Tdn khod kin song the

Bui hdng lieu neo di vi' chiem hao

'Tudn trdng khuye) dia dau hao

Bnoir.^ Vein lia'i ;.,'/(/ nhn' cloni^

ii nc sc n'^on iho la' i hun;.^ phim hum

Manh Tu'c'n;^ phai phat

'^io dan

Mat mo' tirdng mat long ngao ngdn long

Hu'cfny. ^dy nn)i nhd trd IJian ,t,'/('"'s 'inh

Nhd nhung lii the. khang khft lii the song Kim Trong van nghe theo

ldi Kieu ga nghia \di Thuy Van khdng nhung the cdn "Mot cay cu moc.

mdt san que hoe". Rd rimg. a Kim Trong hoim toim khong cd su phat

tridn tam ly thdng nhiit. mil cd biin tay sap xep ciia tac gia. Nhan vat tir

dau chf cudi mac dii trai bao "sdng djip gid diiu" vim khdng cd gi thay ddi

ea. Con nguiri sau mu'di lam naiu lirng dd dat kim quan nhung noi dau xiin

nhu chang Kim ihua irue're :

Rudt ldm ngdy mdt heo don

Tiiyei su'o'ng w^dv mot hao nu'>n minh ve

67

Than llu^' hu nnh, hu me

Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc

Mdn

theo ni(d( mdt hon lia chiem hao

Hon nQa neu dem so ndi luven ai cua Kim Trona doi \di Tlui\ Kieu

va ciia Phuang Sinh ddi vdi Dao Tien trong Hoa tint dudniz nhu cd nhieu

diem gidng nhau. khdng cd gi jii rieng biet ea the:

Mdt ldi de ten ndm trong

Lan phdng ndo hiet vdn phdng khdt khao

I d nghe cd(h lai cung sao

Bui hdng chut neo chiem hao di ve

Co'n mdy sdm, ngon dim khuya

7rd (/nen gi(jng khdt hiro'ng chia mui sdu

Thue ra x'eri nhan viii Kim Trgng. ed su mieu la tinh le hem ehfr khdng

dan thudn ehi ki ldi mieu la ucre le: tucrng trung. Tiep thu eeii iruyen. nhan vat

•ciia tieu thuyet chuerng hdi Trung Qude. Nguyen Du efmg liep thu loi md ta

nhan vat theo tirng loai tfnh each, bien ludi nhan xat thanh mdt net linh efieh

va cd xu hue'mg cue doan hoa nhung net linh ciieh dd. Dien hinh la x i du xe

ba nhan vat Kim Trong, Thiie Sinh, Tir Hai thue ra ehi ki ba loai tinh ciieh

ciia con ngucri. Kim Trgng la tucmg irung eho su tao nha. lai lu. nuil xan

nhan thanh lich; Thiie Sinh dien hinh cho nhfrng ham mucin, due vgng ddi

thuerng. trdn tuc: cdn Tir Hai hi mot tfnh each anh himg ed kha nang hao xe,

che ehcr ngirdi khac. Theo Vii Hiinh thi phai gdp ea ba nhan xai nay lai nuri

thanh mot ngirdi tinh ly lucrng "tren mcit quan nie:m tinh xeu ly tucrng. Kim

Trong, Thiic Sinh. Tir Hdi, ca ba ngueri iiy chung quy ki ba khudn mat eua

•mdt eon ngirdi, hii eai trang thai khdiig the thieu dircre eua nuil nguiri linh

hoan loan. Bcri le tinh xeu hoim loan phai duere gan bd bang tinh earn chan

thanh cuii ludl Kim Trgng, hucrng dan hang ly irf x frng chae eua nuil Tir Hiii,

duy tri bdng nuil ban nang si me ciia mcit Thiic Sinh..." (62. Irl85). Dax ki

68

mcit diic didm cua lieu ihuxel chuerng hoi Trung Qude. giong nlur ba anh em

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Luu, Quan, Truang trong Jam Qude didn nghia. hay de nhan thax hem ea ki

bdn thay trd Dudng Tang trong Lay du ky.

"Tay Du truyen didn hinh bdn nhan vat chfnh: Tam Tang. Te Thien.

Bat Gidi, Sa Tang.

Bdn nhan vat ay tucrng trung eho bdn ban nang chfnh trong con

ngudi.

Tam Tang tugng trirng eho ly trf, liie nao efmg mong lien tdi chd

loan thien, loan ml.

Biit Gidi tucrng trirng eho nhiie due. kic nao efmg me an. me ngu.

ham sdc, iham tidn.

Sa Tang tucmg trung eho lieu cue. kic nao efmg ludi bieng, ihfeh

nam yen mcit eho, khdng mudn phan diiu. tim ldi.

Te Thien tucrng trung eho ii'eh cue, hie nao efmg phan dau. xdng

Xiio, danh ngucri nay, hai ngucri kia, khdng ehiu de yen Uinu

Bcin bdn nang iiy hgp liii lao ihanh ban nang thien nhien eua eon

ngUcVi.

Tuy nhien, mgi ban nang deu phai phue tiing theo ly tri. he y ehf

dieu khidn dirc;c bdn nang thi eon ngirdi di den chd loan thien. Ngucre liii,

ly trf khdng kim ham ndi, dd bdn nang lung liie, thi eon nguiri di den eho

dcie ae. be iha...

Duirng Tam Tiing dem dd de: di ihinh kinh. lue ki dem eai mau

ngucri didn hinh i.\o, lien leri chd chan ly nax" (47.trd 1).

Thuy Kieu x'a Kim Trgng ki hai nhan xat chfnh trong Truyen Kieu

xa cfmg diroe Nguxen Du uu ai hon ea. song thue te eho thiiy dng khdng

ed y thiic xax dung nhfrng nhan xat luix bang phucrng phap eiui ehu nghia

hien thuc. nhu theo each hieu cua chiing ta hien nay. (^uan diem siing lae

ciia dng ehiu sir chi pluii ciia mcit nen xan hoa khae xcri ihiri dai euii cluing

69

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghiii hien thuc.

ta, cd nhung dae trung rieng biet ma ehi bang each tra lai khdng gian van

IL3- Yeu to tam linh trong Truyen Kieu.

hoa do la mdi ed the hieu ducre.

Trdn Nho Thin nhan dinh: '^Ngay trong phdn mo dau iruyen Kieic

khdng khf tam linh da bang bae khap neri. khap chdn" (55.lr54). Cac nhan

vat ndi chung va dae bieit la nhan vat Thuy Kieu. ngoai cude sdng Irong

•khdng gian xa heii hien thue. edn siing Irong khdng gian Uim linh vc'ri

nhu'ng "con tao", '^khudn xanh"... nhfrng ao giac, chiem bao. mcing mi...

Ngay ddu tae phdm Nguyen Du da md eho ngiriri doe su hien dien eua

khdng gian nay, dua ngudi doe viio khdng khf eua ngay thanh minh. xon ki

"mdt khdng khf van boa dae irung eua thiri xua "Le ki lao mei heii la da|r

thanh". Heii ki cucie cheri ki sir giao tiep gifra eon nguiri xc'ri eon nguiri trong

the gieri hien thue. Trong cude cheri hdi diij") thanh iiy. se xiuil hien mdt eon

ngueri bang xucrng bang ihit ki Kim Trong. Cc)n le la lao md. ihue te hi su

tiep xiic ciia nguiri sdng vcri linh hdn nguiri da nuii. irong eiioe le ax xiuil

hiein being ma Diim Tien:

.Si' S(^' ndn) ddi hen dirdng

Ddu dau ngon co nu'a vdng una xanh

Vii rdi cai khdng khf u am "dau ddu" se deo dang Thuy Kieu irong

suci't mudi kim nam doiin trudng. Cude ddi ngucri ea ky biii hanh ma Thuy

Kieu nhd nucre mat cdm thuemg iiy da viin vao chfnh cueie ddi nang. Day

ki die:ni nui tu dux khoa hge khd ed the ehiip nhim duere. Tux nhien trong

iruyen Kicu ddi khi khdng giiin Uim linh cdn kin at ea khdng gian thue vii

con nguiri eluemg nlur efmg scing xeri the gieri lam linh nhieu hern la sdng cr

the sicri thue. hax it nluii cfms ki sdns trong ca hai the gidi.

7f

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Thuy Kieu sau khi de iher a md Dam Tien thi dem ve nam mdng

Ihay Diim Tidn eho hay nang eung la ngucri "eimg heii eimg thuyen". cfmg

cd ten trong sd doiin trudng. Thuy Kidu tin the :

Ndi rieng Idp Idp sdng ddi

Ngid ddi co'n lai sut sfd ddi co'n.

Cd trong mdng trien md suy

Phd/i con thoi ( d ra gi mai sau.

Khi hi dua den lau xanh eiia Tii Ba. hi mu dax nghien. eluri nuing

Thiiy Kieu mac dii da "San dao lay do lire thi gieV ra" de quyen sinh song

vi tin vao giiic meing thiiy Diim Tien:

... Nhdn (pui do' dang

Dd loan chon no'doan trdng du'o'c sao/

S(')cdn udng nghiep md ddo

Ngu'(yi du muon cpiye), tr()'i ndo dd cho

I Idy xin het kiep lieu hd

Sow' Tien Dirdnv se hen lid vt} sau

Kidu tin liri trong mdng xa chap nhan cucie sdng tai Idu xanh. Kieu

edn nuil ldn nfra nhd den Diim Tien khi dung trudc sdng Tien Dudng

"/V//e//cV/ thdn numg rd rdng, Ndy thdi lud kiep doan trdng Id t/c/y"

Khdng chi tin vao mdng mi. tin vao quy luat nhan qua eua nha

Phiit, nui ehinh eude ddi Thuy Kieu da irai qua ba ldn lu eua Phai. Biel

bao nhieu ldn the bdi. khdng chi rieng xdi Kim Trong nui edn xcri hon Nki

Giam Sinh, Tii Ba. Sa Khanh, Bae Hanh. Ngudi xua the khdng phai ehi la

lai ndi cira mieng nui dd ki cd nicMU tin Ic'm lao xao nhfrng dang linh

71

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thirc

thieng. Chfnh vi the trong truyen tha Ndm thdi dd xuiu hien nhieu nhung

thanh, than, phat, tien. ma quy. Con ngudi trung dai dirdng nhu bi than

•linh can thiep vao moi ITnh vuc tham'chf ca qu>en tu qusei dmh ban than

minh. Ho chap nhan mdt su ap dat mo ho cua dimg sieu nhien, cai ma ho

cho Iii "sd phan". Ndi nhu Nguyen Gia Thieu trong Cnn^^ oan n'^am khnc.

Qnyen hoa phm

tii/i

tranh

/nat

(a

Chiit

tien nt^hi (ilir^ chd phdn ai

quyen tir do lira chon cua con ngirdi bi dang sieu hinh tranh doat ca:

hdm ndm mot .sol' ehi hdni^

Bnoc nt^n'di ldi .sdc vdo trom; khnon

trdi

Hay nhu Nguydn Huy Tu trong f/oc/ tien:

Ngdm

thay miu'm Mr lai

//YV/

7 r()'i kia dd hdt Idm ngu'(yi cd

tludi

Bdt phong

Iran, phai phong

trdn

Clio

thanh cao mdi du'o'c phan

thanh cao

Va Nguyen Du efmg da biii binh nui iheii len:

Trong gieri nghien cfru Truye/i Kieu riii nhieu ngudi da ldn edng di

lim he: theing tu tUcVng ehi phdi the gidi Uim linh trong irind'n Kieu. Tran

Trgng Kim cho rdng Truyen Kieu ducre xiei dd ehirng minh eho "thuyet

nluin quii euii nha Pluit" (60,tr273). Theo Dao Dux Anh thi Nguxd'ii Du hi

hap elan be'ri chfnh ihuyei "tai mc:nh luong ddi" thuvei "thien mclmh" eua

Nho giiio nui xiet rii Truyen Kicu. Cdn Trdn Nho Thin liii ed each nhin

nghieng xd linh xire xan hoa, quan nie:m the gieri lam linh eiia ccm ngucri

Vic:i Niim lluur xUii nlur ki mdi phiie the. Ong eho rang eo the gut dinh

nhfrng tin ngucing him diii kin liicri luii ehon. hap llui nhung xeu to phu

72

hcr|r eua cac ton giao xa tu tucrng den lir eae nen xan hoa khae de tiio

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

thanh phue thd nay, giiip eho viec giai thi'eh the gidi tam linh ngay eang

phong phii vii ed tfnh chat "ly luan". "he theing". Nhirng mdt khi da ircr

Ihanh mgl phue the thi khd ma tach bach, phan tfch hay triei xuai dau ki

Nho, dau la Phat, dau la Dao, dau la ti'n nguerng ban dia. Nhung ehung

'quy liii eho dii la 'lai me:nh tuang dei". hay "thuxei nhan qua" hax ifn

ngudng ban dia chang nua efmg la ehii y nhit:u hern den eai the gidi tam

linh, the gidi sidu nhien ben ciinh the gidi hien thue. Neu thdi trung dai

con ngucri da tin rdng ed nhirng lire lucmg ihdn bf (trdi. Phat. ma quy) ehi

phdi eugc scing nay thi lire la sir phan tfch xa heii hie:n thue hi han che -

ma phan tfch xa heii liii la mdt yeu eau tien quyei eua ehii nghia hie:n ihue.

Vf du, neu tin ed "hdng nhan bae me:nh" ifre la so phim eua ngiriri dep la

bai hiinh meit each khdng the cfru xan thi eon ngiriri ta hoiin loiin khdng

nghl den dim tranh, cdi liio xa heii ma chuyen sang giai pluip lu tanu nguiri

la hieu i\o vung duirng luc'r kiep Iruere nen phdi khd jrluii tra ncr cr kie|r luix,

•phdi tu. Day khdng phdi logic eiia ehu nghia hie:n thue.

Trong the ky XX, lieu thuyet hiixen thoai efmg eci each liep can

hidn thuc theo tu duy huyen thoiii. dd uii nhien khdng pluii ki ehu nghia

hien thue. Tuy nhien. ed khae vdi hie:n lucrng tam linh trong van hoe trung

diii. d thc^i hielm diii, cac nha van ed y ihfre dimg eae thu phap huyen thoiii

ete am chi cude scing. triei ly x'd cucie sdng. cdn ihcu xua dd ehi la niem

tin.

Theo nhiin thiie khoa hge ihi ehi ed the gidi hien thue. moi hiinh

phiic khd dau ciia con ngueii ki do chfnh the gidi thuc iiy mang lai ehfr

khdns pluii do mdt diins. bae sieu nhien nao lir nuit the gidi khae gay ra.

Va la Cling hiet xan hgc theo irucrng phai hien thue ehu nghia nui ui cueie

sdng bdng hinh tirgng tucrng frng vdi ban ehiil nhfrng hien lucrng cua chfnh

cueie scing va bang dien hinh hod cac sU kien cua thue le eude sons. "Chu

nghia hien thue phe phan irong thdi ky phat trien eo dien eua nc) da khai

tae a binh dien my hoe thuc te lu him ehu nghia moi phat smh tren hoang

73

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

tan cua the gidi phong kien. Nhii'ng xung dot eua xa hdi lu san da ducre

ddng van hoa nay bde Iran va mieu la hei sire rd rang khdng ludt ehiit

gugng nhe vii vdi mcit su hoan thien nghe ihuat tuyet xdi" ( l.ir242). Do

thue chai mdi lii manh dai eua van hge hien thue ehu nghia. Do xax. ciii

the gidi lam linh ma ehung ta bdt gap trong 1 ruyen Kieu xa eae iruxen

tha Ndm ciing thcri. hdn khdng the dai dien eho the gidi nui ehu nghia

'hien thuc mudn de cap den. Cai nhiii eua ngudi nghe: si roi sau \l\o moi

linh vuc quan trgng nhiit eiia diri sdng rieng tu va ddi sdng xa heii. de kii

nhirng hire tranh bach khoa mieu td ddy dii ea meit thdi dai lich su. nhfrng

phong lue tap quan va nhfrng sinh hoiit eiia nd. khdi quai ducre nhfrng van

dd quan Irgng ciia he: tu lucrng thdng tri duerng thdi... dd hoan loan khdng

phdi ki the miinh eiia van hgc nira eucii the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky

XIX. Tuy nhien, chiing la kii thu nhim duere nhfrng gia tri khae an trong

the gieri tam linh duere khae hoii irong eae uie pluim lluri ky ax. Dei ehinh

la Ciich nguiri xua cam ihii ve the gieri ndi ehung va ve xa hdi nc')i riiuig.

mang dac trung khae hdn vdi each cam thu nui khoa hoe dem kii eho con

"ngudi. Be'ri eon ngudi xua khdng ehi sdng trong the gidi thue nui edn sdng

trong cd the gidi tam linh va cd su lien thdng gifra hai the gidi iiy vdi eon

ngueii.

Do vay, khd ma ket luan rdng I'ruyai Kieu ducre viet bai phucrng

phap hie^n thue ehii nghia. Xa hdi Nguyen Du de cap den trong Truyen

Kieu dau ehi cd xa heii hie^n thue. nd bao gdm ea the gidi Uim linh. Neu la

cfr quy ket, gan ghep cho i'ruyen Kieu vao mdt phuang phap siing uie hien

diii nao dd chfnh la la da hien diii boa Nguydn Du. hien dai hoa Truyen

Kieu va khdng nhin thiiy bet nhiing thdng diep Nguyen Du va thai diii

mucin gui kii cho the he sau. Dal Truvcn Kicu vao ehinh khdng gian xan

hoa trung dai xdi da> du nhiing he tu tirong. ton giao eua thin k> a> la se

danh sia ducre diins mfre i'mvcn Kicu xa thiiy duo'e Uim hao quai eua

74

' Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc...

Nguyln Du ve thdi dai. cung nhu moi ket tinh \an hoa nghe ihual cua

thdi dai ay trong tiic phaim ciia dng.

II.4- Ket cau Truyen Kieu.

"Ket cau" lii thuat ngir bao ham mdt noi dung rdng rai. phirc tap.

the hien vice td chirc ttic phiim thdng qua khong chi gidi han a su tiep noi

be mat, d nhung tuttng quan ben ngoiii giua cac bo phim. chuang doan ma

• cdn bao ham su lien ket ben trong, Aghe thuiit kien iriic noi dung cu the

ciia tac phiim. Kel cau lii phucrng tien ecr ban vii tiit yeu cua khai quat

nghe thuat. Kel cii'u dam nhiem cac chiic nang riit da dang: Boc 16 tot chu

de va tu tirdng tac phiim; trie'n khai trinh biiy hiip dan cot truyen. cau true

hap ly he thdng ifnh each, td chiic diem nhin trim thuiit cua l;ic gia lao ra

tfnh loim ven ciia tac phiim nhu mot hien tirang thiim my... tuy nhien

trong pham vi luan van cao hoc chiing toi chi mudn de cap den van de ket

ihiic ciia Truxen Kien. Rd rimg kel thuc la mot trong nhiing ihanh plum

ciia cdi truyen dam nhiem chue nang the hien tinh trang cuoi cung eua

xung ddt duoc mieu ta trong tac pham do vay nd the h.en nhan ihiic. tiii

• nang cimg nhu nhung he tu tirdng d'a anh huang den tac gia. Tu> nhien

chiing ta cung ciin pha. luu y, cot iruven vii ket cau Tnnen Kien deu la

vay miran Ktm Van K,eu tntren cua Thanh Tam Tin Nhan. trong tac

phiim Nguyen Du chi sua ddi mdt sd tinh tiet nho (dao Idn trat tU).

Ta da biet N'an hoc trung dai Viet Nam nua cudi the ky XVIII - nua

dau the kv XIX khong nhung chiu anh huang tu tuang cua Nho giao. Phat

giao. tdn guia ban dia mil cdn chiu anh huang quan mem thd mat irdi cua

con ngirdi phuong Dong ndi chung. the hien udc mo. quan mem than hf.

niang tfnh tam Imh. Do vay trong g.ai doan nay cac tac pham van hoc dac

biet Ki iruven Ndm bae hoe va ca truyen Nom binh dan deu ket thuc co hau.

•ket thiic i.en mim bat chap su phat iVien logic cua tfnh each nhan Nal. su

7.^

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

'phat tridn tat yeu eua eeii truyen xa quy luat eua cude sdng. Ta bat gap loi

ket thuc cd hau irong truyen ed tfch nhu Tdm Cdm, Thach Sanh. Chang So

Di(a...\ trong truyen Ndm binh dan nhu Pham Tai - Ngoc Hoa, T('mg Chan -

Cue Hr)a...\ trong truyen Ndm bae hge nhu So' kinh tdn trang, lloa tien,

Truyen Kieu...

Trong Hoa tien mae dii Phuang Sinh da kiy vg khac do eha dfnh

udc cho, Idi hen ldi thd vdi Dao Tien, nhung eudi eiing hai ngudi xan den

dugc vdi nhau. Phuang Sinh dd triing. cfru ducre eha eua Dao Tien, lay

dugc Dao Tidn va cd nang Luu Nggc Khanh the ki "song phung doan

vien". Thue te day la mcit ket thiie kjid ed ihd gap trong logic cueie sdng

ddi thudng. nhung tac gia ket thiic ma khong ciin bat ky mot Idi giai thfch

niio va van duac ngirdi doc ehiip nhan. Tiii nhien day la sir the hien ket

ihiic theo quan niem rieng ciia con ngirdi trung dai. Bdi ho nhin sir \iec

khdng thdng qua cac logic ciia cude sdng thuc tai mil chfnh thdng qua sir

cam thu cua cude sdng. ly tudng va udc ma ve cude sdng iiy.

Khdng chi the' trong .SV/ kinh tdn trany, va Pham Tai - A';.,'('( lloa ket

thiic cd hau cdn dugc the hien thdng qua bim tay cua lue luong sieu

nhien. 6 S

me lay Truang Thuy Chau mii trong long van canh canh ndi niem luyen ai

•vdi Truang Quynh Thu ngirdi con gal chang yeu ngiiy trudc da tu tu \i bi

mdt vien Quan dd dde tir Kinh dd tdi ep duyen. Pham Kim ke cho Thuy

Chau nghe ve ldi udc hen ciia hai ngudi se gap nhau d kiep khac lay hai

chu "Quynh nirang" tren Idng bim tay liim tin. Thuy Chau ben gio lay cho

Pham Kim thay riinh riinh dau son in hai chu "Quynh nuang". Nghia la

Thuy Chau chfnh lii hau than cua Quynh Thu lai xudng trim gian kei

duyen vdi Pham Kim cho ven ldi udc cu. Rd rang irong ket ihiic lien la

thay cd rat nhieu su vd ly. bdi su dim thai luan kiep khong the say ra

trong thuc te. song tac gia cung nhu dde gia thdi trung dai lai chiip nhan

76

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

nd nhu mgl didu hgp quy luat ma xdi de khoa hoe ciia chiing la ngiix nax

khdng the chap nhan dugc.

Hoang dudng hem nua trong Pham Tai - Ni^oe lloa hai va chtMig

nay da chet xudng am phii rdi cdn dugc tro lai triin gian. tham ehi Pham

Tai cdn dugc lam vua...

Trd lai Tru\en Kien ta thiiy kei ihiic cung khong viroi ra khoi khui^i

khd cua quan niem thdi dd. Thuc ra d Iruxen Kien sau biel bao kho cue,

bat hanh cua nang Kieu: khdng den duoc vdi tinh yeu dfch ihuc cua ddi

minh, trai qua " Thanh lau hai luat thanh y hai lan'", mang cai mac cam

tdi ldi rang chfnh minh da giet chdng... Truven Kien chi nen kel ihuc o'

doan Kieu nhay xudng song Tien Dirdng lu tu. Den dd la duong nhu la

hap quy luat cua cuoc sdng hem ca, vh cung de chiip nhan irong thuc te.

Nhung Nguyen Du da khong dung a chi tiet dd, ong de cho vai C.iac

Duyen ciru duoc Kieu, de cho Kieu gap lai Kim Trong va kel duyen v(ii

chimg, liic dd dang lii em re cua minh, ihi ihuc la dieu khd giai ihfch neu

ta liiy con mat quan sat cua ngirdi hien dai ma danh gui. Tuy nhien neu

dat trong boi canh van hoa xa hdi trung dai ihi la cd the ly g.ai duac ta.

sao tae gia lai cd gang di den mdt ket cue :

Mdt nhd phne Ive '^dm hai

Ni^hin ndm ddiii^ dde ipian ;^iai lan lan

Tlii(a i^ia ehdn;^ het ndn;.^ \'an

Mdt ed\ en mi,'ie mot sdn cpie hoe.

Phoir^ Inn phii c///v ai hi.

\'ndn .uiaii mot eiia de hia mnon ddi.

Dd chfnh lii su uu ai. lii qium mem cua Nguyen Du ve kel cue cua

con ngirdi.

Le Dmh Ky cho rang : -Ket ihuc eua Trnxen Kien khong pha. la

dien hinh. ma lii ly tuang. D. idi kel thuc nay. Nguyen Du cung nhu

77

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Thanh Tam Tai Nhan khdng phai xuat phat tir ihire le ddi sdng. nui lir nur

udc, mot ma udc ma hg khdng tin la ed the thuc hien ducre. Co ngirdi

benh vuc ket thuc ay, eho la nd phan anh udc ma va due tfnh lae quan eua

quan ehung. Nhung day lai la mot van de khae. vim de khdng phai a eho.

.cau ehuyein hcrp hay khdng hgp xdi mong moi eua ngirdi doe. nui ki a chd

cau chuyen ay cd diing vdi thuc le xa hdi khdng. ed dien hinh hay khdng.

Neu khdng lae gia da xa ddi ehii nghia hien thue. Mai khae ket thiie

Truyen Kieu tuy ed phan la ma ucre kinh manh nhirng efmg ki gan lieMi xdi

nhirng hiin che tu tirdng eua tae gia" (I6.tr389). Qua doan nhan xet nay

cho Ihay rd rang Le elinb Ky da khdng nhin i'ruyen Kieu nhu sir tdng hop

cac gia tri tu than trong nd, mae dii dng da diing khi eho rang kei ihiie eua

Truyeti Kieu la "khdng dien hinh" va "khdng phai xuiii phat tir thue le

cucie scing", nhung kei lluie 7i //ye// Kieu khdng phai ki mdt han che ma la

mot dae diem trong tu duy ciia eon ngiriri irung diii. BeVi Le Dinh Ky da

• dimg nhfrng cdng thfre vein ed sdn'eua ehii nghia hic:n llure phe [rhdn

phucrng Tay de danh gia Truyen Kieu nen dng da khdng the ly giai diing

dan kei thiic nay ma cho rang dd la nhdng rdng huoc ciia my hoc du'o'ng

thdi va danh gia dd ki chd hiin che ve tu tuang cua Nguyen Du.

Cling nghien cfru ve ket thiie trong i'ruyen Kieic Xiuin Dieu lai eho

day khdng phdi ki han che ma chfnh ki chd ddng gdp km ciia Nguyen Du.

theo dng d eho nax Nguyen Du da "kim ihanh han cao tritng eudi eimg

ciia Truyen KiciT (63,tr217). Co each danh gia nhu xay ki do Xuan Dieu

cung ki diing tivn quan didm eho rang a i'ruycdi Kieu da cd ehu nghia

hien thuc d6 danh gia. chfnh xi vay dng eho Nguyen Du ki mgl "nha hie:n

llurc xi dai". "mdt nha h\cn thue phe hinh sac sao tuyet xdi". "/i/^vr//

Kieu ki cudn lieu su cua ca mdt xa hgi"\..

Day chfnh ki nhiing y kien khdng hgp ly. khdng toim dien ve kei

thiic Truyen Kieu, cac dns da khdns nhin nhan Truyen Kicu Irons he

7S

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thuc.

thdng truyen tha Ndm va dac biet la trong dac trung van hoa trung dai.

Thuc ra ket thuc d day cd gan vdi cai nhin tam Imh ve the gidi the hien

rat ro trong tac phalm thdng qua ngdn ngu cua cac nhan vat khac nhu ldi

Tam Hgp Dao Cd ndi vdi Giac Duven. chfnh vi Kieu lam nhune \iec

'\..dd ddng hieu tdm dcdi trdi'\ 'ldm thdnh dd than den trod'... nen nang

da dugc trdi eho phe:p cham dirt kiep doiin iruerng. Dd la ldi quan mem ed

afnh chat dac trung ciia eon ngucri thdi trucrc xe eon ngudi va the gidi.

Con ngudi xua kia hiin che xe phan tfch xa heii vii the gieii khiich

quan hg khdng ly giai dugc ngudn gde eiia mgi dau khd biii hiinh xay ra

Irong ddi minh, da ludn scing trong cam giac bi de doii ludn sg hai. ludn

thiiy bai dn nen hg tin viio thuyet nhan qua eiia Phat giao. Ho ed gdng

sdng Vii gieo nhfrng eai 'Mihan" kinh de mong gat duere "qua" tcit lanh. Cd

cuoc ddi Thuy Kidu dii phdi trai qua biei biit hanh, dau khd, nhung efmg

chfnh ki con duirng Kieu gieo nhfrng dieu leii de nu)ng giip eluere mdt su

ket ihiic cd hau vien. man. Day ki quan niem dua tren nhfrng quan siii xe

tfnh chiit tudn hoan ciia the gieri tu nhien hinh thanh triei hoe bien dieh

•ciia con ngueri phuang Ddng eoi xii tru. xa heii ki "ihinh su> hi thai",

"luan hoan dap ddi", "hung vong". khd tan cam lai". "hei mua ki nang

hirng len thdi" (nhu Bae Hd xdn tin), eude scing xdn ki ihinh suy dap ddi

do vay can phdi sdng mcit each trung hoa. khdng thai qua efmg khdng biii

cap... Hern nfra ngudi xua cdn quan nie:m kim xiin tha khdng ed hau nd se

van vao chfnh bdn than tac gia. Nguyen Du da ed ldn ndi:

Chi phdn hdn than lien td hau

\'dfi chii'o'ng v(') menh luy phan dir

Chdc hdn Nguyen Du xa cac uie gia xan hgc xiei ciing thdi xc'ri dng

.khdng the khdns ehiu imh huong euii'the gicVi quan iruxen eo ifeh eua xan

here dan gian. Cac nhan lot xiii trong triixe;^! eo tieh hao gid efmg gap nuit kei

79

thiic cd ban, cdn nhfrng nhan xat xiiii bao gid efmg phai tra gia. Dc) ehinh la

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

each hieu vd con ngucri d thdi trung dai. ehia ra thanh nguiri uit - ke xau.

ngudi thien - ke ae ma chiing tdi da de cap den a phdn tren.

Chiing tdi khdng ed tham vong di hei duere ciic ly do uie ddns i.\cn

ldi ket thiic cd hau, mdt hiclm tucrng hien nhien trong x an hoe trung dai noi

chung, ma chung tdi mudn dat viin de ldi kei ihiie nay eho dii khdng phii

hgp vdi biit phap ciia chii nghia hien thuc. song liii hoan loan khdng phai

la hiin che eiia Nguyen Du. Bdi Nguyen Du va ciie nha hien thue ehu

nghia cd each danh gia nhin nhim xe eon ngirdi vii xa hcii khdng giong

nhau, till yeu se dan ddn sir khae nhau nay. Nguyen Du scing trong thdi ky

trung dai dng the hien nhirng quan diem tu tucrng ciia chfnh thcri diii minh.

dd khdng phdi ki hiin che, ma dd chfnh hi sir nhiii quan, chfnh la gid tri

trong Uic phdm eiia dng. Tiii nhien diiy khdng the la chu nghia hie:n thue

vi chii nghia hien thue khdng bi anh. hucrng bai the gidi quan than bi. nd

nhin xa hdi con ngirdi bang con mat khoa hoe va bang quy kuit eua ihue

te eugc scing thuc. Didu dd ly giai Uii sao eae lae pham eua ehu nghia hien

thuc phe phan liii hdu nhu ket thiie khdng cd hiiu.

Trong Truyen Kicdi nhieu khi ta hdt gap thai do eua Nguyen Du

tham gia viio sir phat trien eiia tfnh each nhan vat.

Tiec thay trong gid trdng ngdn

Den phong trdn cung phong tran nlur ai.

Tre vui cung mot kiep ngirid

Hdng nhan phai giong d' ddi mdi ru.

Kiep .\ira da vung du'dng tu

Kiep udy chdng ke'o deu hu nun .\uol

Ddu sao hinh dd vd roi.

Ldy than md ira luuldi (ho .\'ofig.

80

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien

thuc.

Ta cung bat gap Nguyen Du thdng thiei hoi trdi hoac to thai do mdi

khi nhan vat chfnh ciia dng noi vao mdt bai hanh mdi vao dd.

- Hod nhir

that eo nd h'ni'^...

- Trdi ldm ehi eife hay trd\...

- Clieni eha cdi s() hoa ddo...

- 1 hir(fng thay cung mdt kiep ngu'di...

R6 rang dieu niiy la diem khae biel rat krn so xdi ciie uie gid eiia xan

hgc hiein thue phe phan nhu Ban/ae. Stangdan. Liep Tdnxtdi. Nam Cao...

hoan toim khdng gieri ihielui trirere ve: nhan xat. khdng ndi thay eho nhan xiii.

cho su kien tu ndi ldn tiit ed, thdng qua nghien cfru. phan tfch. mieu la ea the

doe dao ma khdng ed thai dei binh kuin. Vie:e chgn hay khdng ehon nhan xat

niiy hay nhan vat kia. sir kien nay hay sir kien kia. ehi liei nax hiix ehi liei

kia... cung ed thai dei nhirng het sue kfn dao. kim eho nguiri doe khdng ec)

'cdm giac ed ban tay nhao niin eua tae gia. luoi xic^-e tu dien rii nlur trong

cucie sdng Ihuc vay. Nam Cao ed the dd Chf Pheo khdng chei xi lum da

mucin lucrng thien nhirng neu the da khdng lao nen nuil Nam Cao nlur cluing

ta Viin danh gia xua nay. Hoac Liep Tdnxtdi da bin khde khi Anna Karenina

chet, bcri dng khdng mucin kei thiie nhu the nhirng chfnh sir phat trien neii titi

trong tfnh each nhan vat da ddn ddt kel thiic nam ngoai khd nang kiem soal

eiia chfnh Uic gid. Anna da qua thiii xgng trucrc moi sir xiee trong eude diri

nay 'Tiii ca ddu gia ddi. tiii cd dCui gian tra. lai ea deu lira dao. uil ea deu dcie

ae" va cai chet chfnh ki sir gidi thoal eudi ciing va duy nhiii cho moi biii

hiinh trong eugc ddi nang.

Kel lluie nlur iruyen Kieu khdng the CCM ki san phdm chu nghia hien

thue va eang khdng the eho rang Nguxd^i Du ed nhfrng han che xe nuil tu

tucrng. Dd chi ki each quan sal danh gia ehu quan eua eon ngudi hien dai xe

mdt hien tucrns xax ra e'r nuil giiii doan cci dae trung xan hod khae xa xeii

hie:n nay. Khdng ihiix ducre edng lao eua Nguxen Du dcing se')p eho nen xan

SI

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

hgc irung dai, va eho ea chiing la biiy gid trong cdng eude phiit trien nen x an

hoa lien lien dam da ban sae dan teic, de hoa nhap xdi nhan loai.

IL5- Nhirng yeu to cong thirc, u^oc le trong Truyen Kieu.

Truyen Kieu efing nhu eae uie pham van hoe trung dai ndi ehung

'thuerng sir dung rat nhieu dien ed. Thue ra day khdng phai nhuoe diem

eiia van hge thcri ky nay, tham ehf edn Id lieu ehf de diinh gia tai nang eua

ngudi lam van, lam tha thcri xua. Bdi dien ed hi nuit trong nhfrng hien

phap tu tir ecr ban eiia van chuang ed didn.

Phan krn didn cci trong I'ruyen Kieu deu dircTc dim« trerns nsdn nsu

ddi Ihoiii eiia eae nhan vat, dae biet ki eae nhan vat chfnh die:n ma uie gui

eho rang vein cd nhfrng pham chiii cao quy. bcri nd giiip nluin xat neii

nhfrng dieu khd ndi mcit each y nhi va xan xe.

Kim Trgng len tieng ucrm liri Kifui :

Thoa ndy h(fit du'o'c hir khong

Biei ddu Ih/p Pho md mong chau vc''

KheVi ngudn lir didn "Hgp Phd chau hoan". theo Hiui Han Thu:

Trireic khi Miinh Thuemg ducre ddi ve gifr chue Thai thii quan Hap Phd.

bgn quan thii d day riit tham d, bdt dan phai di md nggc trai xd eho ehung

that nhidu. Nggc trai bo di xe phfa quan Giao Chi gdn het. Khi Miinh

Thuerng ve:, bai bo le: tham nhiing, khdng bat dan di md ngoe trai ihi ngoe

trai liii trd vd Hcrp Phd.

Kidu trd Idi Kim Trgng:

77/d/ (/nen hdn^^ tuyet chai hdng phi phow^

Du khi Id thdm (In lunig.

Nen chdw^ thi cung tai long me (ha

S2

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc...

Kim Trgng lai ndi vdi Kieu:

Chdy sirr/ng chira mjn cau Lam

Sd ldn khan (pid ra sdm sd chdng'.^

Rdng : nghe ndi tieng cdm ddi

Nird/c mm ludng nhdng Idng tai Chung Ky

Kidu ndi vdi eha :

Ddng thir dd hen ndng Anh

Lai thua d Lv hdn minh hay sao.

Kie:u ndi vdi Thiie Sinh:

Hay ludl le cung noi dieu

Ndi (pie nghl nujl hai dieu ngang ngang

Ldng cdn gid dng mdy vdng

Hoa vdn .xin hay chiu chdng hom nay.

Tir Hdi ndi vdi Kiem :

Td rdng : Ldi ndi hdu linh

Khien ngud'i lai nhd cdu Binh Nguv^'u cpidn

Kie:u trd ldi Hd Tdn Hidn:

Cdn chi nda cdnh lum ldn

i'o' Idng dd ddi day ddn tieu lau

Kim Trgng vdi Kieu trong ngdy lai ngd :

Co dieu chi nda md w^d

S3

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc.

Khdeli qua didm^ de hdnu hd i hdir^ lien

Viec sir dung nhung dien cd nay trong ngdn ngu cua nhan \ai da

lam cho ngdn ngu nhan vat khong dir(tc ca the hcni, khone dien hinh.

Ngdn ngir trong 7///ye// Kieu nhieu khi edn kiy y hoac efmg eo khi

nguyen van mdt cau tha eiia mcit tiic gia irue're dd de dien ta tam 1\. hanh

ddng hay ngdn ngfr nhan vat.

Ld ldng nir('}'c due hid trong

7 rdm ndm de mot ldm Idng td ddy

"Nucre due bui irong" ki dieh tir eau "Thuy lue trdn thanh" trong

sach Tinh sd noi len tinh ednh ecr le. ngang trai.

Ddu rdng sdng can dd mdn.

Con ldm den thdc hay cdn vu'o'ng to'.

Can sau ki dieh tha eiia Ly Thuerng An: "Xiuin uim dao lu li phucrng

tan" (Tam xuan den chei tcr meri hei)...

Trong l^ruyen Kieu la bat giip each mieu la nhfrng ciinh biit edng

deii lap trong nha Hoan Thu khi Hoiin Thu - Thiie Sinh ucing rueru edn

Kieu vira dan vira khde, hay cdnh Thux' Kieu dan trong eude mirns edns

eiia Hd Tdn Hien la da bat gap dau dd trong iher Dd Phu efmg nhu iher ehfr

Han cua Nguyen Du...

Hem nfra, nhfrng tir ngfr mieu la uim triing eiia Thuy Kieu efmg nhu

ciia Kim Trgng khdng cd gi mdi me nhfrng nhd nhung nhfrng khd dau. xdi

chau rcri le Ui khdng chi bat gap d Truyen Kieu nui edn bat gap a tinh cam

eua nluins ddi kia xeu nluiii irons eae iruxen Ndm khae eimg then.

Kim Trons:

Td/i ngdn ddng siud '^l(y lau

S4

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Dao quanh cho't thd'y me sau cd nhd

Ld nhd Ngd Viet thu'o'ng gia

Budng khdng de dd ngirdi .\a chira vc^

Ldy dieu du hoc ludi thue

1 ui ddn cap sdch de hue don sang

Phuang Chau trong IT^a tien - Nguyen Huy Tu:

Lau canh vdng vdng dieu chim

Tuyet mu tdm cd hdng chim may trung

Lien tu'dnv hdnv thdy mdt thiiwj

Sdn then ldm tdm then song I (dig cdi

Sai (hmg den hoi vir(Ui ai.

M(d hay vien khdch nhd ngodi de khong.

Ngay den cd eugc chia tay eiia Thiie Sinh va Thuy Kie:u. vdn ki nuil

cuoc chia lay dugc danh gia ki hay nhiii trong Truyen Kieu, efmg khdng

phdi mcit cucie chia tay dien hinh. Bcri NguxOn Du da sir dung nhfrng tu

ngfr quen thucie va mang tfnh cdng thue nhu "Cao dinh". "Duerng quan".

"mau quan san"... va cfmg beVi Nguyen Du da sir dung eau ea dao quen

thucie trong dan gian de ndi ednh chia ly nay.

\ dug trdng ai .ve ldm ddi

Nu'a in gdi chiec nda soi ddm ti'ircyng

(Trindm Kiein

\ dug trdng ai .\e Idm doi

(Ca dao)

Dirdyfig tru'()'ng ai ve ngu'o'c xuoi lu^'i chdng

S5

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

Thue ra trong van hge Viet Nam hien tucrng muem y hoac moiip

trong van hge Trung Qude va khdng phai Id hy hfru.

Trong Chinh phu w^dnu la bat-gap:

Niro'ng song luow^ w^dn ngo' long

Vdng chdng diem phan td hdng v(d ai...

Lu( ngodnh lai w^dm mdu du'o'ng lieu

Thd khuyen chdng ddng chiu lir('H- plumg

Y tren duirng nhu ta da tirng gap trong bai Khiu' odn X'uerng

Xucrng Linh:

Khue trung thieu phu hat tri sau

* Xudn nhat ugu'fig tnuig thir('mg thuy tdii

ll(d kien much ddu du'o'ng lieu sdc

Hdi giao phu te nucli plumg hau

(Cd gai phdng khue ehua biei sau

Ngay xuan chdi ehudt dao len Idu

Ddu duirng elurt thax lieu xanh sae

Heii dd chdng di kieiu lucre hau)

Hai ngirdi thieu nfr cd chdng di linh Uui xa xdi. ngay xuan den len

• Idu nsdm cdnh. sir scing mern num bdn ngcriii ddi xao kim cho nang thay

luyeii lice cude sdng hanh phiie xa hoi han da khuyen chdng ra Iran lim

kiem cons danh, hu danh.

*^

Niioiii ra. irong Trnven Kien ta cdn ihiiy da> da> nhung ihoa.

guanu. tram... lii nhung motip cd san. xuat hien kha nhieu irong iho'

Truii" Quoc \ii \'iel Nam trudc i.\o. \\m la nhung \ai irang diem eua

Sd

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chii nghia hien thirc

ngudi thieu nu, sau duoc dung de chi ngudi con gai dep. khi trai gai trao

- Ldn theo lirdiii^

i>am dao qnanh

'Iren ddo nhde tha'y moi c anh kim

thoa...

tang cho nhau nd cdn la vat bieu trung cho linh yeu doi lira:

•

- Chicd- thoa v(ri hdc tf)' mdy

Duyen ndy thi gid vat ndy (tia chung...

Bdy gid tram gdy hinh lan

Ke ldm sao xiet muon vdn di dn

Trong khi dd vdi ehii nghia hie:n thue moi khudn khd deu hi ran mil.

nhfrng quy phiinu ue're le: deu hi |rha san irue're sir thai sinh ddng. mudn

mau mudn ve eiia ddi sdng. Clui nghia hie:n thue khdng ihe eluip nhan

• nhfrng ccm duirng mdn nhfrng sir ve viri Uiing sue. Chan ly eude sdng bii n

than nd da ha|r dan rdi. Tiit nhien. ehu nghia hic:n thue nam hai ducre eh m

ly eugc scing phdi trai qua sir dien hinh hod. ducri sir ehi dao eiui ly tucrng

nha van. Nhung cdn phdi thiiy rang dien hinh hod hie:n thue xam nhiip xao

ban chiit ciia sir xat nhung ki cai han ehiii tdn lai thdng qua eai ed the.

khdng er ben ngoai cai ca the. Chfnh Angghen da nhiin numh ldm quan

trgng ciia "nhfrng tfnh each dien hinh". trong "nhfrng hoan canh dien

hinh". nhung efmg khdng quen nhac den mcit diiu hie:ii khde eua tfnh each

dien hinh nuii tfnh each ki mdt dien hinh nhirng ddng ihdi la mcil ea nhan

rieng biel, ki "^con n^uai nay" chu khdng phai eon ngirdi ehung ehung. Do

.Viiy, chi tiei trong hien thue clui nghia ki nuit phuang dic:n de the hie:n

"cude scing trong hinh thai eua ban than eude sdng'" khien eho su the hien

ducre cu the xd sinh dcing xa diit ldi nuit trinh dei ea the hod cao dd. Ddi

vcri eae nha van hie:n thue chii nghia khdng the ed nhii'ng nuiu mue ed sdn.

khdng thd cd ihuere do nao khac hern ki thue le eude sdng. eluin ly eude

S7

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chi} nghia hien

thirc.

sdng. Chii nghTa hien thuc danh cho su the hien mot khong gian bao la

nhu chfnh cude sdn"

O Trnyen Kien. tfnh udc le, tuang trung gan lien vdi hinh ihuc cung

nhu ndi dung the hien tham chf ca vdi each tiep can thuc tai. Ciing nhu

cac tac pham duang thdi ta thudng thiiy trong Trnxen Kien nhung loan

phirgng, uyen uang. yen anh, ong birdm. mav mua, hoa ntiuvel. iriic mai.

bd lieu, la tham, ehi hdng. chim xanh. duirng nuiy. dam phdn. hdng eiie.

hue, lan, dao, man, tuyet suerng... va dt hdn ki day khdng the la nhfrng lir

ngir ma chii nghia hien thue sir dung cle cam nhiin cucie scing. Dd ki thdi

quen cdm nhiin eueie scing vein numg linh dae trirng eiia rieng van hoe

trung dai.

IL6- Xa hoi trong Truyen Kieu,

Cam nhiin, phdn anh xa hdi trong xan chuerng eae giiii doan tir ihe

ky X - den XVII va the ky XVIII - XIX la khdng gidng nhau. () giai doiin

dau cam hung chii dao ciia van hgc ki khang dinh ncMi dde kip. khang dinh

nha nucre phong kien. cac uie gia xan hge dux tri eai nhin ly tucrng xe xa

hdi theo md hinh Nho giao, nghia ki diit ngdi vua len xi trf ehf ton. vd

thuerng. ddng theri cfmg ddi hdi cac bae xua ehiia phai ehf nhan ehf lhie:n.

ndn trong van chuang ta bat gap nhfrng mdlfp Nghieu - Thuiin. nhan

nghia. trung qiuin... Ta biei Nho giao la mdt hge thuyei chfnh iri - dao

due, ndn ihinh tri ihdi Nghieu - Thuiin dirge eae nha Nho Viet Nam xem

nhu nuit nui hinh xa hdi ly tucrng. Tfnh ehiii ly tucrng. khdng luerng eua nd

ducre thd hic:n rd qua y dinh chi bdng "le: tri. nhan tri. due iri". ehi hang

con duirng giiio due nui on dinh Uiit tu Xii hdi. ehi bang phuerng thfre neu

guerng diio due nui loai irir luoi doi khang kri leh - eii leri leh xai ehal kin

lgi I'ch tinh thdn - trong xa hcii de qux Uil cii xe nuil mdi. Cde nha Nho tu

coi minh la ke "tri thien me:nh" cd trach nhiem giiip ke "ihu menh" fehi

SS

. Van de tinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien thirc...

vua) "phii nghieng dd lech", hg tu coi phai "each quan tam chi phi

(irir

bd cai sai lac trong ngudi lam vua).

Ta gap trong tha Nguyen Trai xuiii hien nhieu nhung moiip

Nghieu - Thuan, Dudng Ngu, uu ai, trung hieu, quan thim...

Vua Ni^hien

- 1 hnd'n. ddn Ni^hien

- Tiindn

Di(dn^ ay ta dd phi S('f niiiixcdi

Xa hdi ly tudng cd phcMig \ i ihoi Thai co dd la udc mo' mil cung la

• tieu diem cho mgi nd lire cua Nguyen Trfii. Udc mo' ve mdt xa hoi kieu

dd khdng phai chi cua rieng NguyCm Trai ma la udc ma cua chung cua

mgi nha Nho thdi ky nay. Chfnh vi the con ngudi trong van chuong

thudng cd vdc dang lo ldn ciia nhung ihanh nhan, quan tu cd sii menh ldn

lao chu khdng phai nhung con ngirdi binh thudng:

Gdnh

IJion. difoln^ cjuyen tifdiv.^ plin

Lid.

/;',,v7 t,'//? (/(/'/ Nho

thdn

Den van hoc giai doan cudi the ky XVIll - dau the ky XIX da ec ai quan niem ve xa hdi va con ngudi trong van chuang khac han vdi gia

.doan irucVc the ky XVIII. Mdt trong nhung thanh tuu quan trong nhiu cua

'giai doan van hoc niiy la xay dung duac cac canh xa hd. cd ihuc. cac nhan

vat cu the. quan t.ong hon "cac lac g.a van hoc da lay con ngud. lam xuat

phat d.em de suy nghl ve cac viin de cua cude sdng. xa hdi nd, chung"

(55,trl 15). Thdi ky niiy chfnh vi the xuat h.en cac tac pham van hoc co

gui tr.. cac tac g.a van hoc khdng ch. ldn dd. vd. dan tdc ma con sanh

ngang lam vd. the gid. nhu Hd Xuan Huang. Nguyen Du...

Dac biet den Nguyen Du khdng gap nhirng mdi.p Ngh.eu - Thuan,

nhan nghia...' nhu trong iha Nguyen Tra., ma chung la thay mot xa ho.

h.en thuc vdi day ray nhirng kho dau bai hanh cua con ngudi, ca trong iho

•chu Han va tha chu Ndm.

S9

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc..

- 'I hap khau de c(f llodnh linh hdc

Nhat thdn ngoa henh de thdnh dong

(Mudi mieng an keu ddi d bde Hoanh Scrn

Mdt than nam henh a ddng de thimh)

- Cd hu'o'ng eang han cdu phu'o'ng ndng

Thap khau hdi nhi thdi sdc dong

(Que nha hiin lau hiii vice ndng

Mudi Ire ddi xanh nhu rau

Bai ther Sd kien hdnh eiia Nsuven Du la sans Uie hax' xiet xe eude

scing ecr cue, ddi khd eua nluin dan:

Mdt me cung ha (on

Le la hen du'dng n o

Dda he om Dong long

Dda li'ni tay dm gid

Tnmg gio difng nhdng gi

Mc'f rau Idn tdm cdm

Nira ngdy hung vdn khdng

Qudu do ve CO rum

Ai ve hdc tranh ndy

Ddng len nhd vua rd

9(

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

Chung ta hieu mieu ta cucie sdng xa hdi vdi nha Nho la moi ecr hoi

de binh luan danh gia chfnh su. xet eho eimg cam hung phan tieh. nhan

thirc thuc te da bi thay bang xiic cam cd tfnh chiii cdng thuc. Chang phai

vd cd ma nhieu bai \ha viei ve de tai nay thudng dugc dat lii noan Av, so'

kien, cdm sif. Do vay neu nhin vao thong tin khach quan thi sir kien co ve

chan thuc, song that khd ma ndi motfp ve bi'rc tranh dang vua la moi

mdtip ciia chi. nghia hien thuc nhu cd mot sd ngudi him tiKmg. bo'i le cac

sir kien chan thuc duac dat vao mot cong thuc cd siin. phue vu cho mot

khudn miiu suy nghT cd siin kha han hep. Mdlfp ve tranh dang vua ve cuoc

sdng CO cue ciia nhan dan cd tir thin Tdng d Trung Quoc. den ihe ky

XVIII - XIX trong van hoc Viet Nam cung cd hang loat nha tha nhu

Pham Nguyen Du. Pham Quy Thfch, NguyCm Du, Cao Bd Quat vim tiep

• lue mdlfp nay:

\'e (Ofih () Chau thi nhdm vdo ai

Neu hd ddm ddn ddi ra khong ve den ho

(Pham NguycMi Du)

Chay ra ug(nd anig .\em, cd tie'ug g(ji nhau on ao

Bidt cd ai nlur ngir(yi o' An Thinmg xem canh ndy

ve lu'ii tranh

(Cao Bd Quat)

Nhu the tnMig tha chir Han cua Nguyen Du mac du duoc co. la kha

Chan thuc nhung xa hd. trong dd van duoc the h.en bang nhung mdlfp quen

thudc. cd san. khd.ig cu the cho mdt xa hd. niio r.eng biet.

Gh. nhan cude song xa ho. va con ngud. trong van hoe irung da. the

ky XVIII - XIX. dae b.et lii Uong tha van cua Nguven Du duoc the hien kha

sdno ddnu va chan thuc nhung van khdng thoal .a kho. loi noi am chi. cong

thuc cd san. Trong Tnnen Kien. Nguven Du da dung nhfrng khai mem cd

91

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

tfnh chai then dai dng de dien dat su cam nhan xe xa hdi riii rieng eua minh.

Dd la nhiing "edi ngucri ta". "dia ngue a mien Iran gian". "dai khach que

ngudi", '^gcie be chan trdi"...

1 ram ndm trong cdi ngirdi ta

Chd tdi chd mcdih kheo Id ''het nhau

Cd le "edi ngudi ta" er day diing nhu "edi ducmg", "duerng gian" ircMig

the ddi lap vdi "edi am", '^am phii". "dia ngue" {\'dn (hieu lum: Cdi duong

cdn the nira ki edi am), lire ki phdn anh md hinh the gieri eua eon ngudi thdi

xua. Cdi am do eon ngirdi luc'rng tucrng ra. la rimg rem ed diem xucrng. ed

quy sir dau trau mat ngua. ed vac ddu va biei bao nhieu hinh phiit hai himg

de do'd eon nguiri. edi duerng neri con ngue'ri scing ddu cue khd xan ki neri

dang sei'ng. The nhirng vcri Nguyen Du "edi nguiri ta". edi duerng kii ed nhieu

diiu hic:u eiui edi am dang ser. edi nguiri la cci khae ehi dia ngue. Vi the

Nguydn Du cdn dien td "cdi ngucri ta" iiy bang mdt khai nie:m khae an tuong

,"dia ngue e'r mien trdn gian":

Nud'c trdi hoa rung dd yen

Hay ddu dia ugiic (hnien trdn gian

Midn trdn gian ki cdi scing ciia con ngudi nhung nd duere tiep nhan

nhu lii mdt thii' dia ngue. Nd hiim chua mcit cam nhan tinh le xe sir ihii dieh

eiia edi nhan gian ddi xdi van menh eiia con nguiri.

Thdi con cdn ndi chi c(m

Sidig nhd dd't khdch thdc chdu que ngir(yi

Cdn SI dang sa hern la ed scing xa chei deu d que ngirdi

Tu' nay g('n- he (han lr()'i

Ndng mu'a thui tliui cpie ngir(yi nwt than

Nghin tdm nhd hdng tung c/iian

92

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chii nghia hien thirc

Tuyet si((fn;^ che chd cho thdn (dt ddiii^

Sii cd don giua cdi ddi menh mong, xa la that hai hung hiei bao.

Khdng phai den Nguyen Du chiing ta mdi bat gap motfp "dat khach

que ngudi", thuc ra cam giac cd don \i su bao la cua khong gian dat nu(ie, \i

su xa la ciia chdn que ngudi da duac Vuang Duv - nha tho ndi thienii thdi

Dudng ndi den trong bai Tci'ng Nguyen Nhi su An Tiiy (Tie:n Nguxen Nhi sir ,di An Tay):

Vi thdnh trieu vil dip khi/ih trdn

Khdch xd thanh thanh lieu sdc tan

Khuyen (/iidn cdnh tdm nhdt hdi tdn

Tdy xudt Du'o'ng Quan vd cd nhdn

(Tiii Vi thanh nura budi sang thiim ki bui nhe:

Neri quan khach mau lieu xanh non

Xin anh hay can them meit ehen rueru nfra

Khi ra khdi Duang Quan di ve phfa Tay khdng ed ai ki ed nhan nfra)

Trong ca dao dan ca cfmg cd ndi niem tha hucrng xii tam irang biel li:

- Chieu chieu ra ddng ngd sau

Trdng ve que me riujt dau chin (hieu

- Ngdy ngdy em ddng em ti'dng

Trdng non, non ngdt ti'dng sdng, sdng ddi

i'rdng mdy mdy keo figang tnd

Trd/ig trdng, trdng khuyet trong ngu'ifi, ngu'(yi xa.

Va irons eae iruxen llur Ndm bae hoe xa binh dan eiins ton Vd\ each

cam nhiin xa hcii kieu nhu xay. Nlur ihe khd eei the coi iruxen Kieu ciii eei

93

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

chii nghia hien thuc, vi Nguyen Du van cam nhan xa hdi bang nhfrng khai

niem mang ifnh chai tam linh, chir khdng phai la mot xa hcii i\\xoc md la

chan thuc, hien thuc nhu each hieu eiia chiing ta ngax' nax. Do xax ehi eo

the coi trong thcr van eiia Nguyen Du ndi ehung va i ruyen Kieu ndi rieng da

cd cam hung hien thuc hay tfnh ehiii hien thue ehfr khcing the khang dmh la

da cd chii nghia hiein thue.

94

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien

thirc.

Chuang

III

TRUYEN KIEV TRONG BC)I CANH X.A HOI \ AN HOC

III.l- Sir thay doi quan niem tham mv tron" van hoc

trung dai Viet Nam.

III.1.1- Quan niem tham my trong van hgc the ky X-

XVII.

CUOI THE KY XVIII - DAI THE KV XIX

Tir the ky X nuere la thoal khoi aeh theing iri ldn tiii hem nuit nghin

nam ciia phong kien phucrng Bae, ea dan Uie ra sue xay dung dai nue're

theo linh thdn dcie kip lu* chii, theo hinh thai xa hdi phong kien ngay nuit

rd net dac bic:t ki tir the ky XV. Do viiy, ed the ndi trong sudt giai doan

gan sau the ky tir thdi dai Ly - Trdn den thdi Le quyen kri euii giai cap

thdng tri va quyen kri eua nhan dan. quxen kri eua dan leie xe eer han la

theing nhiii, the hien rd trong eae eude khang ehieii ehdng Tdng (diri Ly).

chcing Nguydn - Mdng (ddi Trdn), ehdng Minh (ddi Le). The ky XVI -

XVII mac dii bat ddu cd su khimg hodng ciia nha nue're phong kien. khung

hodng vd chfnh tri song thue te kinh te xan lUcrng deii phat trien xii xe ecr

bdn cac nlui Nho vdn dm iip giac mcing xa nhicln huyei mudn gifip diri kieu

"Trf chii hfru hoai phii dia true".

Do dd, quan nie:m con nguiri giai doiin na> la nuiu hinh eon nguiri

ihanh nluin (ke cii trong llur thien xd llur nhd Nho). Nhan xat irong iher

thidn X'a llur nlui Nho ki con ngirdi hucrng xe ly lUcrng lam ehu than xii

tdtfi. Trdn Thai Tons cho rdng "than thi kho biin" (than ki sdc eua khd) xii

9.^

neu ai khdng nhan ra duere chan ly nay thi nhu nhan giae lam eon xiiy.

Van detinh chat hien thirc va chu nghia hien

thuc

Phat giao chu truang m tam. lam cho tam nguoi lanh ddi vdi the gidi. cao

nhat la dat tdi tam khdng (tam trdng rdng) va con nguiri phai lam ehu

,dugc cai tdm cua minh, vi neu khopg lam chu duoc cai tam cua ehinh

minh ma de cho khach quan loi keo thi at se roi vao \dng dau kho. Con

Nho giao mac du khdng quan niem ve than va tdm khat khe nhu Phat giao

nhung d mdt khfa canh nao dd cung cd diem tucmg ddnp vdi Phat iiiao kh.

chii truerng '\sat Uum thanh nhan". Va trong quan mem xe ehfr tam nha

Nho cung khdng ehu truerng gifr trong tam tinh cam nui ehi luu ciii chi eai

//'//// lam thanh diio ma nha Nho phai di theo. Nhu the rd rang, eon ngudi

trong Phat giao va Nho giao la eon ngudi kim ehii ban nang va lam ehu

cai Uim ciia chfnh minh. hue'rng ldi nhfrng pham ehiii cao hem eiia eon

ngucri pham trdn. Chfnh vi le dd lir tha thien den ther eae nha Nho deu the

.hiein nhfrng eon ngirdi tu than, tu tamdc kim ehu Uuin. tam nham dai mue

lieu trd thanh Phat, Thanh hoiie ehf ft ra efmg hi quan tu. Va dd efmg ki ly

lUcVng ciia ldng krp quy leie jrhong kien. euii ke si nhfrng nguen da duoc

dam bao leii thieu ve nhu cdu viil chat ehfr khdng pluii ki ly lirang euii

nhirng ngucii ndng dan lam ki quanh nam ddu Uil nuit ldi lo an lirng bfra

ma van cerm ddi ao rach. Sang uie thcr ea eiia nhfrng uie gia nax ehu yeu la

nhdm tu nhac nher. khfch le bdn than tu Uim. lu than xii giiip nude giiip

ddi. Do vay, ta bat gap trong thcr nhfrng nho si. trf si. dng quan krn

Nguyen Trai. Phimg Khae Khoan hay Nguxen Binh Khiem {m-dc dii

khdng kim quan nhirng cfmg khdng the bi eoi ki ihiii biii trong eude ddi)

.nhfrng can ther ihd hien uac mong miKin xa Uuin cho eude dcri.

Bui nujt lam Idng u'u di cu

Dem figdy ciu'm ciu'm nu'df'c trien ddng

{Thudt hdng, hdi5 - Nguxen Iriii)

Nhfrns con nguci'i Ix lucVng dei rat cdo dep. dang kinh song lai numg

9d

dang ve phi ihudng. khae thuemg. luxel lue. Nguyen Meing Tiuin er the ky

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chi) nghia hien thuc

XV binh luan ve Nguyen Tra. da vf vdi hinh lirang ong lien ircme eae

vang nha ngoc. Do dd, nhfrng nhan vat kieu nav riii ft sac thai ddi thudne,

pham Iran, ft su sdng ddng eua eon ngudi Iran the. ed ii'nh ly tucmg hern ki

hien Ihue.

Ciic tae gia van hoe lir the ky vX - den the ky XVII xdn duy tri edi

nhin ly tucrng vd xa hdi theo md hinh Nho giiio. hay ndi ciieh kluie quan

niem vd xa hdi mang tfnh ehiii khdng tucrng. nghia ki dat ngdi vua len vi

Irf ehf tdn, ddng thdi efmg ddi hdi eae bae vua ehiia phai ehf nhan ehi

thielm. Mae dii nhan nghia theo Nho giao la mdt ehu nghia nhan dao ehu

irucrng yeu thuerng con ngucri, nhung eon ngirdi d day kii khdng phai ki

con ngucri binh ddng nhu nhau nui ki eon ngirdi nam trong quan he eha

con. anh em, vua tdi, be biin - tire ki quan he luan thuirng. \}i\c nhan

khdng phdi ki (Mxc euii uii cii luoi ngudi nui ki diie mue euii dang cap quan

lir, ki due muc ciia ngirdi cdm quye:n. Phai cluing xi king yeu thuerng phiii

.phan biel theo hg hang, ddng eiip, theo lucre vi nen eiui nghia nluin dao

ciia Nho giao khdng ducre phat irien meit each loan xen. Tux nhien eiie

nha Nho ihcri nay xan ky vgng nhieu xao ngdi xua xd nghl den ngdi xiui

chuyen che theo tinh ihdn 'Trgng Ni lam nguyeln vd quan niem - Miinh lu

cd than lu hoiin tam" (tha ehfr Han Nguyen Trai). Nue're khdng the khdng

cd vua. cung nhu nha khdng thd khdng ed gia trudng. Xa heii ihinh tri thiri

Nghieu - Thuiin ducre cac nha Nho Vie:t Nam xem nhu mdi nui hinh xa

hdi ly tucrng. Do dd ta gap trong tac pham eua cac uie gia thai Ly - Tran

cung nhir Nguyen Trai. Nguyen Binh Khiem. Phimg Khae Khoan... eai

chi mucin xd than vi vua x'i nuere va mong mudn dua diii nucre lien len nuiu

\'//(/ Nghieu - ihuan. dan Ngleu - Thuan

.hinh xa hdi ly tiieVng Nghieu - Thuiiiu

Dir(yng dy ta dd pin sd' nguyen

(Tw thdn, hdi 4 - Nsuxen Trai)

97

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc.

Cu the cac nha tha bay to ldng biei an. lu hao. tin tirdng viio mdt xa

hdi dn dinh. nhan dan an eu lae nghiep:

C /// //•/ nhdt low^, phong tdp Ud

Hiru truwg thcd dng, vu nhw thdng.

Cdu fdum hdu tidi, hang trd tien.

Td hdi vd ngu, de nghiep hodng

{Phong ddng - Dd Nhuiin)

Hay tam trang mudn xa Uuin den ern vua. giiip ddi eiia con ngirdi

Ihanh nhan thai nay:

\'dn dd( quan hd ( u'u de thdnh

Ngd kim diu tiien phu dien thii

(Til day mudn ihi thd thu doiin luing dei'

van nUcre liie ngd nghieng

Keo kii giang siwu de kinh ducre vung xang nhu eii)

(Cd fd^<-t^' ^h'di so'n- Nguxen Binh Khiem)

Rd rang, quan nie:m ve xa hcii irong giai doitn nay ki ly tucrng den

muc khdng tirdng, chfnh xi the nd tao eho nguiri dgc cam giac xa ki.

khdng thue, khdng dueic bat ngudn tir cucie scing. Khdng nghi ngir gi, nui

hinh xa heii Nghieu - Thuiin. Ix"' ludng chfnh tri eiia nha Nho (hanh diio).

chf ki mdt khdng lUerng. meit san pham eua iri tucrng tuerng. ehu ehua hao

gid ton tiii xa cfmg se chang bao gid ldn Uu trong thue le.

Van hgc irung dai Viet Nam ihuirng dugc hinh dung nuil each long

qiiiin ki ihiri kv qium niem ther cii nghieng xe \(/// (d tai dao. ihi n^ou (hi.

Tlur ki i\6 thd hien eai (/// eua lae gia ehfr khong nghieng xe hax to tinh

cdm. cdm xiic. Tux nhien. neu di xao lim hieu mdi each than dao ta nhan

9S

, Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

thay quan niem nay khdng phai xuyen sudt ea thdi ky van hoe lir the ky X

den Ihe ky XIX ma da ed su bien chuyen rd ret. Giai doan dau eua nen

van hgc viet, nghia la vao khoang tir the ky X den the ky XVII quan n\cn\

Iham my nghieng ve //;/ figdn chi. edn giai doiin sau quan nic:m tham my

chii yeu la thi duyen tinh.

Ve ly thuyet la nhu the song tren thuc te eiing khdng ed sir phan

biel triet de. Nghia la d giai doan ddu thcr ndi ehf the hie:n diim net hern

nhung ben canh dd ta vdn bdt gap nhfrng hai thcr, eau iher bax to linh cam

•sau sac, hoc Id cdm xiie manh lie:l. tham ehi la nhfrng linh cam xeu duerng

rieng tu ciia Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Phimg Khae Khoan...

Lodn dan u'dnn lud khdch lau hong

Ddm dim thi thu'o'ng ke lanh lung

Ngodi dy ddu cdn do le

Cd Idng miro'u ddp lay ludi cung.

(Tho' tiec canh. hai li) - Nguye:n Trai)

Phdi chang day dfch thue la mdt bai tha tinh, meit bai ther tinh tuye:i

.tac cLia Nguydn Trai.

Quan niem //// ngon chi ldn Uii ed ifnh chfnh theing trong mcit

khoang thdi gian dai tir the ky X den the ky XVII. Thi ngdn chi nhim

manh den ngi dung xa hdi ciia tha ea. tha ki de ndi len chf cua uic gia. ma

cai chf iiy thudng dugc the hien "tu. le. tri. binh". Quan niem //// ngon chi

ki quan nie:m duere cac nha Nho Viel Nam liep nhan tir iruyen thdng eua

thi luan Trung Qude. Ngay lir the ky V (496 - 497) a ihien Miuh tin irong

Vdn Tam dieu long - Luu Hiep da ddn len vua Thuiin (irong Kinh thu:

Thuiin didn): ' T ha ki dd ndi len cai chf. ldi ca ki de lam cho ldi ndi diroe

lau dai" (19,tr36). Ong quan niem cai d trong long ngudi ta ihi goi la chi

"edn khi noi ra Uuinh ldi ki tha xay. Chinh Chu Tu Thanh trong sach ////

99

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

* ngdn chi hien da ed nhan xet rang //// w^on chi la eueuig link khai s^rn eho

ly luan tha cd dai Trung Qude (chuyen dan 55.lrl?4). Quan mem \\\a ea

nay ciia cac nha Nho Trung Qude da du nhap vao Viet Nam va lac dong

manh me den sang tae cua eae nha Nho eua chiing ta mdt each ehinh

thdng vil triet dd trong sudt tir khoang the ky X - the ky XVII.

Ta bdt gap trong tha Ly - Trdn nhfrng tam trang, nhfrng khdt vong

mudn khdng dinh chfnh minh, mucin vuern minh \cn sanh ngang tam vu

tru, vuan len khdi pham vi va khd nang eua than the theo quy luat eua

Hdu

th(yi trifc

thir(/ug cd phong dinh

hien ihuc ma Uic ddng den ngoiii gidi meit each phi ihuirng.

•

Tnrdiii;

khien nhat thanh hdn thdi ht(.

(Cd liic len thiing dinh mi. chdt vdi

Keu len .ndt tieng to liim lanh ca bau t.d.)

(Ihiiat Jiodi - Khdng Lo Th.en su)

Quan niem niiy the hien .ift dam net trong th(y van Nguven Tra..

Ong va nhung nhii Nho cung thd. vdi dng von cd mdt mem tin vung chae

vac^Nho giao, mdi hoc thuyet dao due chfnh tr. cd the van dung de ig

chue mdt xa hdi thai binh ihinh tri. Chfnh n.em t.n iiy da khang dmh quan

Van chnvm^ chep U'i\ ddi can

thdnh

Sif //,!,'/"'(T ' "" " ' "• P^"-'' '•^'•"' " ' " " '"

Trffddc

tri)' tham

trd hao ii'At({>''-'

Co nhan cd tri cd anh hhir^

(Bao kinh canh

i^ioi. hai 5 - N g u y en T r a .)

•niem Nho giao chfnh thdng ve chiic riang van hgc.

Trong tho Nguyen Tra. ta cdn bat gap nh.eu nhung cau the h.en ca.

100

chf mudn ckm sire lire cua minh de cdng hicn cho din. cho dan, eho nude:

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

Udfc he gia cm minh chua

Hei kh(}e phu dao thdnh nhan

{iran tinh. hai I- Nguxen Trai)

Quan niem //// ngdn chi van edn tiep tue tdn Uii mcit each chfnh

thdng eho eten Nguyen Binh Khiem va Phimg Khae Khoan. 0 Nguyc:Mi

Binh Khiem chi thudng ducre gdn vcri sir tu duedng nhan each dao due eua

nha Nho, gdn lien thi ea vcri tae dung xa heii eiia nd. Ong viei trong lira

Bach Vdn dm thi tap: "Cd ke ehf dd d diio due, ed ke ehf de d edng danh.

cd ke chf dd d sir nhan diit. Tdi liie nho ehiu sir dity dd eua gia dinh. km

len budc vao gidi si phu, liie vc gia ehf thfch nhan dat, ki'y canh mii non

sdng nuere kim vui". Mae dii ndi the. song tiim king "Lao lai xi ngai lien

uu chf. Dac, tang, eimg, thdng khe'ri nga uu. (Tam king lien uu den gia

chua thdi. Cimg, thdng, dae, tang, la ed lo ehi rieng minh)" xan dax dui

Nguyen Binh Khiem den gia chua thdi.

Cdn Phimg Khde Khoan khdng chi ki xan dung //// ngon (hi xao

Siing tiic van chuang dng cdn cd ca mcit tap iha kiy ddu de ki Ngon chi thi

tap. Phimg Khde Khoan quan niem mgl each rd rang "eai goi ki thcr thi

khdng phdi ki lau ludi trong tieng sao, chai ehfr dudi ngdi hiil thdi dau.

ma la de ngam vinh tfnh linh, cdm dcing ma phat ra ehf nfra" (Tira Ngon

chi thi tap), va trong dng liic nao cfing thudng true cai chi:

i'd C('>dqi tdi irng dai dung

Trirdng phu khdng dd tlu' phu trdm

(Xua nay dai tai ndn dugc dai dung)

Tai trai sao chiu ndi chim theo the nhan)

(\ ien ky hdu nhan)

\(

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc

Ndi chi trong van chuang nha Nho xua cung hi mot each tu tu

dudng tu ddng vien khuyen khfch, nhac nha ve dao due nham hirdns u'u

con ngudi ly tucing, eon ngudi thanh nhan quan tu.

Cd the ndi van hoe tir the ky x'den the ky XVII ducre xax dung tren

ca sd hoc Id ea/ chd hoc \o tu tirdng eua lue luerng sang uie hay eu the hon

la cac nha su va Nho si (ehii yeu) dang ham hd tin tuerng viio su hoan

thien diio 6\Jc tu giiic eiia eon nguiri. Cac uie gia nay van nudi hy vong

xay dung mgl nha nuere thanh binh ihinh tri nhu thdi Nghieu - Thuim hay

ndi each khae hg vdn tin tucVng vao Nho giao nuit each xd dieu kien.

Chfnh vi the tha ndi chi la loiii ther nui ho ua ehucing xi no the hien ducre

nhfrng khai khao hoai bao eiia hg ve kha nang eua minh. dia vi eua minh

trong xa hdi.

Tieu ket

Rd rang, quan niem thdm my ehii yeii lir the ky X - den ihe ky XVll

the hien kha thdng nhiit. Ve con ngudi dd la quan niem con ngucri thdnh

nhan, con ngueri cd khd nang "phii nghidng dir le:eh", huc'rng ic'ri mcit xa hdi

ly tueing thai binh thinh tri vua sang tdi hien. Quan nie:m \c xan hoe la ////

ngdfi did van chuerng ki de chuyen tdi edi chi eua eon nguiri. de (ho' dao.

Thdng thuerng tha ndi chi mang tfnh duy ly, diio due. ngay trong xiee ehon

de tai cfing phdi la nhfrng ete tai cd lidn quan den the dao nhdn uim va ed

giao due dugc ai cd dnh huang den queic ke dan sinh khdng? Nhu the xet

'cho eimg cam thu van chuerng. nhim thiie thue le da bi thay bang xiie cam ed

tfnh chiii cdng thfre. Ndi nhir Trdn Nho Thin " xan ehiremg khdng tach rin

khdi chfnh tri, tu duy nghe ihual gdn lien xeii tu duy chfnh iri. dd la mdt net

dac trirng ciia van tha nha Nho" (53,tri 15). Ben ciinh dd eon ngudi Thdnh

nhan duere dc: cap den Irems vdn hoe siai deran nav Id eon nsudi ehinh tri

dao due, xdi cdc nha Nho diio diie xd nhdn cdch gan nhu ki nhfrng yeu to

102

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien

thuc.

quan trgng hang diiu de danh gia con nguiu. Nhin umg quat. xu huong

chfnh, ap dao cua quan niem tham my trong cac the k\ .X - X\ 11 la cai

dep dugc nhin nhan danh gia theo quan diem dao due (theo ly luong cua

nha Nho). Vi qua chii trgng chue nang tai dao - thuyet m.nh. giao huan

dao due Nho giao - van chuerng nha Nho ch. thien ve .nat chue nang van

'hoc, san sang xem nhe chue nang tham my cua \an hoe ha\ ft ra eung

khdng dat ngang hang cac chue nang nay. Van hoc giai doan nay do do

mang nang tfnh giao huan. thuat hoai. vi the cac hinh tuang nghe thuat de

III.1.2- Quan niem tham my trong van hoc the ky XVIIl -

XIX.

rai vao minh hoa cho ly tirdng dao due chu quan.

Van hge Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIll - mia dim the ky XIX ra

ddi trong giai doan che dd phong kien di vao con dudng khung hoang be

i a c. Kd tu khi nha Mac cirdp ngiii nha Le (1327) da xuiit h.en nhiing lam

trang hoang mang trong nha Nho. Dac biel la ke lu kh. nha Mac b. da.ih

bai phai bd chay khoi Thang Long (nam 1592) vua Le g.anh lai dia vi nhd

cd cdng lao ciia hg Trmh, diit nude chuyem sang mot kieu xa hoi mdi.

song song tdn tai hai the lire thdng tri d eimg mdt nude lii vua Le, ehiia

T r u l. Day li. cdn chua ke den chiia Nguyen a Diing Trong. Chiia Trinh

cay cdng lao tirng budc lan at quyen cua vua Le. Nhung nha Nho ••tham

can CO de" cung cd liic phai budn vi thai dd vd trach nhiem. bae nhuoc

cua vua Le Hien Tdng. Tir diiu khi bi Trinh Sam tiem quyen. vua Le Hien

Tdng cung chang las dd liim budn phien. den nhung nam luo. g.a. nha

"vua b. Thanh td Trmh Sam de nen du dudng nhung vim xui dua nhu

ihudnu. NhCrng ngudi gan gui nhii xua thiiy vay deu can ngan vua chang

nhirng khdng nghe cdn than nh.en dap : "Cac ngmu mdi ch. biel n.ol ma

0.^

chua biet hai. Nhii vua ddi vdi nhii chiia hien nay dang (r cai the b. ng(y

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chi) nghia hien thuc

vuc. Neu tram lay viec mii't quyen h.m tuc gian thi nha chiia at phai ngam

ngam tfnh chuyen chang hay. Vi vay triim phai muon hiing vui chcn nhu

thudng de tranh tai va dd thai... Trong ddi ta the nao cung cd phen ihuK

trdng tha'y sir nhat thdng nhung dd chang pha. la dieu ma ta \ui mirng...

Trdi sai nhii chua phd ta. Chiia ganh cai lo ta hirdng cai vui. Mat chiia hi

cai lo lai ve ta, ta cdn vui gi" (22.trl3S). La mot ngirdi dung dau nha

_nude,vdn phai cd trach nhiem vdi mijgn dan viiy ma ldi le lai nhu moi ke

tam thudng bae nhugc va vg trach nhiem. Va cd khi chfnh tac eia cuuii

phai dau ddn thdt ldn truere nhfrng hdnh ddng hen nhat eua vua Le Chieu

Theing: "Nucre Nam ta tir khi ed de. ed x uong ldi nay ehua ed bao gid ed

mgl dng vua ludn eiii nhu ihe" (23.tr 166). Nhu the. eho Uuiy "trung qudn"

mcit gidng mdi diio ly le'm lao eiia Nho gido da trd thdnh trd euen xa ede

nha Nho trong sdu lluim lam can eiia hg da ed sir sup dd khdng cfru xdn

ndi khi phdi ehung kien su lung lay eiia dao quan than dei. Dal nuc're ckmg

tir thdng nhiii, eho dii Id theing nhat trong tax nhfrng dng xiui bai uii xo

dao nhu Ld Uy Mue hay Le Tuerng Due na\' ehia thdnh nam hiiy moi. Ai o

vimg diii Miic thi tham gia ky thi cu^i Trieu Miie. ai er xiing ddt Le thi (.\u

ky thi do trieu Le id chue. md sau. ihi ehiia Nguyen, ehiia Trinh (dueri

danh nghia nlui Le) cfmg deu diin id chue ede ky thi lim nguiri bd xung

vao bd may quan ly cua minh. Ddi ngii trf thfre - nhd Nho irue're mgl thue

te diit nucre ba be bay mdi. trucrc nga ndm nga ba>' eiia eueie ddi Uii xeu rai

viio mot tam triing hoang mang vd hoai nghi ve vai trd xdy dung xd ed kei

xa hdi cua Nho gido "cdc nha Nho dd vd mdng. linh mcing. thai xong ddi

vcri khd ndng thiei kip irat tu xd hdi cua dao Nho efmg nhu xe vai trd "xay

dung the gidi" ciia tdng kip minh" (55,tri57). Khi da miil di su tu tin vdo

vai trd xa hcii cua minh. nhidu nha Nho khdng the hiing thii vdi quan mem

//// ng(m chi nfra (Uil nhien xdn ed ndn so it ne'u den //// n-^on chi. x i du Biii

Huy Bfch, song lieiig ndi do khdng dai dien eho xu the ehu dao numg ifnh

thdi dai). Day Id lien de: tu luerng de nhie:u iri llu're nho si dd tu gide hax tu

04

. Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

phai rai bd quan niem //// ngdn chi de den xdi chu trucmg //// duven tinh,

tuc la de cao phuang dien cam xiie, tinh cam vd nghe: thuat thi ea. Hwn

tugng nay ed the quan sat thay trong ed quan niem trong ihue tic:n sdng

lac.

Quan niem ve xa hdi thdi ky nay khdng edn tin tudng. khdt vong xe

mgl md hinh xa hdi ly tudng Nghieu - Thuiin nhu irue're ddy. md dd hucrng

tdi mdt xa hdi hie:n Ihue eiia nhdng dieu trong thd'y. So sdnh uie phdm eua

Nguydn Trai va Nguyen Du. hai tae gid kin eua hai thdi ky ndy ehiing la

'thay rat rd dieu dd. Trong tha Ngiiyen Du rd rdng ta khdng edn gap

nhirng mdlfp Nghidu - Thuan, nhan nghia. trung quan... nhu trong thcr

Nguyen Trili, efmg nhu nhiing mdi lien uu. dau ddu den gid eua dng:

Ludng nhdn hon lum, ddu cdnh hcuh

Quyen ai hd dl ddp (/udn dn

(hai nuit dd hoa dau da biie

May may ehua bdo ddp ern xua)

(Thd Cue Pha tdng thi - Nguye:n Trdi)

Den Nguyen Du va ede tdc gid.thdi ky dng cucie scing xd hdi khdng

duc;c md ta Iv luang nhu the md phd bien hern la nhung sdng uie xiei xe

eugc sdng ca cue, ddi khd eua nhdn dan. Uuim canh eua ndng ddn iruere

thien tai va nhan hoii, canh ddn dieu dung xi ban hdn. khein khd xi canh

tham quan liii nhiing... nhung cdnh ddi, nhfrng kiep ngirdi md nhd tha bat

gap tren dirdng di dd dd lai trong tdc gia nhfrng im tuang nhfrng xiie ddng

khd phai. Nhfrng hinh anh nay hien len scing ddng eu the nhu canh ddi ret

eiia ndng dan. cdnh bdn me: con an xin irong hdi S(f kien hanh... Khdng

phai vd cd ma trong thai nay lai xuiii hien nhieu bdi ther viel xe de lai tren

thirdiu^ duere dat ki w.:du kv, so' kien, cam .sir. Do la nhfrng canh ed thue.

.cucie sdng xd hdi hie:n thue a nuit mdc i\o ndo diiy dd xdm nhap duo'e xao

105

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc

'sang tac cua van chuerng thin ky nas.'lam cho nd cd tfnh chiit hien ihue xa

de lam cho chiing ta nhiim tudng hi chu nghia hien thuc. Biti thue te nha

Nho nhin vao cude sdng xa hoi, cuoc sdns cua nhunc neirdi nonu dan -lu

lu the ciia meit ke qua duirng khdng ed mue dieh chan heni x do eude song

ay ete nghien euu. lim hieu"(55.lrl 15). Nkie du vay la efmg phai ghi nhan

mot ddng gdp lern eiia van hge giai doan nay Id da xay dung duere nhfrng

nhan vat cu the, cac tae gid van hge da kiy ccm ngirdi kim xuiii phdt diem

de suy nghl ve cac viin de eiia eude scing. xa hdi ndi ehung. Neii i(')m lai

quan nie:m ve xa hdi trong giai doan nax Id xd hdi hien llure. xdi nhfrng

dau khd biit hanh eiia nhfrng eon ngirdi thue trong eude ddi.

Quan niem ve: eon ngudi irong the ky XVIll - XIX efmg khde xeri

quan nieSm vd con ngiriri trong nhfrng the ky iruere dd Id eon nguiri trdn the

vcri nhfrng khdi khao. luong mucin Iran the xe hanh phiie liiii ddi xd tinh

yeu luyen di. Do dd van chuerng giiii doiin ndy xuat hien nhieu tdc [rhdm

ndi leri tinh yeu, henh vire tinh yen, hiinh phiie ddi kia. Khdng nhimg the

con ngucii, ma cu the Id nguiri ddn hd er ddy edn duere nhin nhdn cii xe dep

ndi ldm vd x'e dep xe hinh the. Ve phucrng dien mieu Ui ngoai hinh nluin

vdi mac dii vdn chua thoal ra khoi nhfrng edng thfre thdng thudng nhung

cung khdng cdn ki nhfrng ve dep trong tuemg quan vdi nhdn edeh diio (M\c

theo quan didm eiia Nho gia. Ben citnh vie:e ea nggi ve de:p neii tdm cac

'tac gid cdn de cdp den ea ve dep hinh the xe dep thdn xde. mdt dieu

Thdti em vda trdng hd vda

trdn

Bdy ndi ha chim vdn' nir('i'c non

Rdu ndi mdc dau lav ke nan

Md em van gid tam long S(ni

khdng the thiiy trong vdn chucmg nha Nho irue're day:

06

{Bdnh iroi nu'('n- Ho Xudn Huonst

Viin detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hicn thuc.

Va cude ddi Hg Xuan Hinmg cdng chfnh la cuoc hanh trinh di tim

ngudi tri ky, tim hanh phiic lira dai noi tran the. Hay nhu Ngu>en Du

mieu la ve dep cua Thuy Kieu:

Rd rdng trtmg ngo( trdng w.^d

Ddy ddy sdfi due nujt toa thien nhien

Nhu the. so vdi thiri truere er thdi ky ndy edi dep eua con ngudi

khdng cdn xoay quanh nhirng ehudn mue dao (M\c eua Nho guio nui dd

hucrng leri ve dep eiia nhirng eon ngudi Iran the vd xd hdi hien llure. Rd

rang d ddy da ed mcit sir bien chuyen xe quan nie:m thdm my

Dung tren phucrng dien epian nii-m sdng tdc ihi cii lud neii ihiri ky

nay quan nicim //// duyen tinh dd thue sir thang the xd thiix' the quan n\cm

thi ngdfi chi eiia thiri ky Irue're. Cfmg chfnh qium niem sdng Uie luix dd hao

quat loan bci thof ea giiii dcriin nua eudi the ky XVIll - nUii dau the ky

XIX. Tuy nhien. ndi //// duyen linh khdng pluii ehi Id ther iinh xeu mae du

day la mdng chiem phdn le'm ede sdng Uie eua the ky XVIII - XIX mii eon

ki ther bay id ndi long cam xiie rieng tu nhiii. chdn thue nhdt. tu nhien nhat

ciia con ngircii the hie:n ci cd niem xui xd ndi budn. Do xay. tfnh den Uuri

ky nay chira kic nder xd khdng e'r ddu ed nhieu lieng khde trong llur ea den

vay. Tieng khde \a eua Ngd Thi Si trong Khue ai lue, Phiim Nguxen Du

Irong Doan trirdng Inc. Tieng khde chdng eua Le Nggc Hdn trong Ai nr

vdn, ciia Hd Xudn Hircmg khde dng Phu Vinh Tudng xd Tdng Cde. Tieng

khde cua Nguyen Du thuerng ddi. ihijemg ngudi. ihucmg nhfrng ccm ngudi

tai hoa bdi hiinh vd khde thuerng eho ehinh ea cucie ddi minh.

Cdc uie gid cfmg nhu ede nhdn xdi trong van hoe the kx XVIII -

XIX khde cho nhii'ng ndi budn rdi that, nhfrng gigt nue're nuil rdi that xa su

nuil nuil cfms cd that. Ho khdns edn niem lin de gang gUerng ndi eho edi

clii khdng ihe ducre thue hie:n. hg ndi ra ndi long eua mmh. ba> to nd len

trang viei len ddng llur gidi bdy ldm hdn ehdt ehua xiie ciim eua mmh. Do

107

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chi} nghia hien thuc

vay d day ta khdng bat gap nhung tung, ciic, triic, mai, long, lan, qu>,

phung, ma la bat gap nhung gioi nude mai. Tren thuc te cung cd thue hem

nhung hinh tugng nghe thuat kia, ddi thudng hon. de dang xe chia han xa

cung de gui gam ndi niem han bao gid hei. Con ngudi irong thdi ky nay

khdng ngai ngan khi ndi ve su yeu duoi vg nghia cua ldng m.nh

Tieu tru ddm c/udng do man dug

Klid( khcip de can doc nr sdu

Cdnh thong dn ca/i nghi ihdc ( u'u.

Vd tinh hd .\d khau du du

(Ndi euiri neri ddng due ehi la u hir hd hung md thdi

Khde sucri nuicri. keu khd khiiiu ehi rieng mdt minh budn

Cdng dau dc'rn khi san sdc nhfrng nghi llu're eii

Vd tinh biei keu trcri vdo .ddu. ndo ed dn ihiui gi)

{Khue a I liic - Ngd Thi Si)

Cung ed khi liii ki sir chdn ndn cue dd eua nuit khao khdt thdm kin

chua thanh, bat len nhu mot lieng thd dai, liii nhu cay ddng ngiim ngui the

nao:

Tdc (hen hai thd chii'a danh chi

Thdn lu'd'i Id thdn! ihi hdi thi!

(Than ihdn - Nguyen Hfru Chinh)

Vd efmg chfnh trong giai doan nax' la hdt gap lieng ndi eua ede nhd

•

tha nfr nhu Le Ngoe Hdn. nhu Bd huyc:n Thanh Quan, nhu Doan Thi Diem

vd diic biet ki nhu Hd Xudn Hucrng... Ngirdi ddn bd trong xd hdi phong

kien vein khdng ducre eoi trgng nhirng den day ho dd bat len lieng neii ndi

Idng minh. dd ki nhfrng budn dau eu the nhu Le Ngoe Hdn khcie chong

lOS

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc...

hay Ba huyen Thanh Quan budn xi canh ddi thay nhfrng Idu son gde ifa

nay chi cdn lai la lieu dieu xac xer. Cfmg ed khi Id nhfrng ddng thcr khoe

than phan eiia minh eay ddng. budn. song nhu eon nhim \ii long no lai

cay nghiel, chua ngoa ciia Hd Xudn Huang:

Rue rich thdy eha con ( hiud nhat

Vo ve mdc me cdi ong hau

»

Hay:

Chetn eha cdi kiep Uiy chdng chung

Ke ddp chdn hong ke lanh lung

Ndm thi niir()'i hoa hay (hdng i ho'

Mot thdng doi Idn cd nhU khong

Hay

Cha kiep du'dng tu sao I at leo

Cdnh huon them chdn m/ tinh deo.

Tuy nhien ndi den //// duven dnh ngud. la thuemg nghi ngay den

nhung cdu chuyen tinh yeu ddi lua. imh yeu lai lu - g.a. nhan uong eae

truyen tha Ndm: lloa tien - Nguyen Huy Tu. S(r kinh tan trang- Pham

Thak Tong Chan - Cue Hoa. Pham Tai - Ngoc hoa... ma dmh cao la

Tieu ket

7i7/xr// Kien eua Nguyen Du.

MM cficH, dC- dan= nhan ihay c< Iho' kv W i ll - XIX M. V,„ cac .he k>

nunc quan n,cn, vc cnn n.uo,. c|na„ men, vc vS hn, va e|uan „,cn, vc van

|K,c deu CO »r ,hav dn, ro rcM. The kv X - X MI qnan n.cn, >c con ng>.o,

,a con nono, thanh nl,an, c,nan n,en, vc vS ho, la va h ., Iv num. den

log

. Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hicn

thuc

khdng tudng, quan n.em ve van hoc la yan di lai dao. ihi n,on chi thi the

ky XVIII - XIX quan niem ve con ngudi irong h. con ngirdi pham tran,

con ngudi tu nhien. quan mem vc xa hoi li, xa hgi h.en ihue vi, quan mem

ve van hoc la thi duyen tinh, la cuac sdng. Van chucmti ndi < //, la de cao

phuang dien duy ly the hien tir viec lua chon de lai, mzan tir. van de... nen

de thoal ly su chan thuc sa vao mo hinh khong tirdng. lane man tham chf

la gia ddi, phii hoa. Cdn vdn chuang ndi ////// ifre Id de cap den linh ehdt

chan thuc, hdn nhien scing ddng eiia cam xiie. nur duirng eho h.en llure d.

,vao tae pham. Dc eao linh lire Id de cvio tinh cam hay cam xiie. iher de cao

tinh phai la ther ed nghe: thudt. pha. hay. pha. dep. phai xiie dong long

ngiriri. Chfnh vi nghieng ve: ndi iinh nen xan hoe the ky XVIll - XIX gdn

vc'ri eude scing Uio ra im luo.ig ther viui g.au tinh ehdt hie:n thue. (i)n nguir.

ndi eten d ddy Id nhfrng eon ngudi phdm trdn, gdn xdi eon ngiroi eua den

thuerng, gdn vdi ddi scing hiein ihue. Do vdy. nhfrng tdc pham giai doan

nay mang den cho ngirdi doe im luerng xe linh ehal lu nhie.u s..ih elo.ig,

chdn thue. Tuu ehung kii xu hucrng lluim my ehu dao trong g.ai doa.i

XVIII - XIX la cdi dep Id cude S(mg {h\cn thue hd.i nhien). Dc) ehinh la

nguydn do ddn den tfnh chiit hie:n thue sau sac. cfmg nhu lae^ eho .igucri

,dgc cdm giac vd chii nghia hie:n thuct eiia xan hoe giai doan ndx. Truyen

Kieu ki tdc phdm dien hinh nhiii eho xdn hoe eua ea thiri dai ne.i de hieu

vi sao nd thudng duc^r coi ki da ed chu nghia hiein thue. Tux nhien. xet ve

phucmg diein thi phdp, ve nghe thudt... ehiing ta ed the khdng dinh er

Truyen Kieu cf.ng nhu van hgc Viet Nam the ky XVIII - XIX chua ed ehu

nghlii hien thue.

K

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hien thuc..

III.2- Sir sons dong, chan thirc cua van hoc the ky

XVIII - x i x.

Co the ndi mdt trong nhfrng yeu td him nen su sdng dong chan thuc

ciia Trnyen Kien chfnh la su chuyen hicn NC quan mem iham my cua thdi

ky nay so vdi thd. ky trudc. Chfnh la su ihay ihc cua quan mem //;/ dnxen

tinh da thay the cho quan niem ihi n,i^on (hi. xii con ngirdi pham Iran. \di

day du nhung ham mudn trim the da thay the cho con ngudi thanh nhan.

cung nhu su lung lay ciia niem tin \ao mot xa hoi Iv lucrni: ihdi Niihicu -

Thuiin ciia nhfrng the ky truere.

Nhu ehiing ta da biel i'ruyen Kieu ra ddi trong mdt bdi canh xd hd.

phii'c lap, trong dd ed sir sup dd eiia niem lin vdo hoe thuyei eua Nho gia

va sir thay ddi ve quan nie;MU sdng Uie thcr van. Cf.ng nhu ede tae pham

cung thdi vdi nd, Nguyein Du viei i'ruyen Kieu la de gui gam nhfrng lam

su thdm kfn ciia long minh, the hien sir ihdng eanu ddng ciim dimg dieu

vdi con ngirdi - nghe} si trong xa hcii iiy. Van hoe trung diii luia eiuii ihe ky

XVIII - nira ddu the ky XIX Id giai doan ede tdc giii ihi nluiu len lieng

benh vuc nhfrns nsuiri ddn ha - eu the Id nhfrns nsuiri ddn hii dep xii dae

bieit ki cd tdi nang nhung kii bat hiinh. Nhu ehiing ldi dd de cap er tren

ngueri phu nfr trong xa heii phong kien hg khdng cd quyen gi da danh

•nhirng ngiiy cd edi quyen quyei dihh ehcr so phdn eua minh ho efmg

khdng cd. Hg hi rdng biicic trong edi ggi Id "tam tdng" (lai gia Uing phu.

xuiii gid tdng phu. phu lir ldng lir), "ifr due" (edng. dung. ngdn. hanh) ky

ihuc ki nhfrng cdi ddy trdi chat kiy cueie diu eiia hg. Chfnh xi the er the ky

ndy khi quan niem sdng Uic da thax ddi. //// duyen tinh ifre la Uur lo tinh

eanu ciim xiie ra ddi thi ehdng gi ed the uie ddng den xd lax dong duoe

Idng ngirdi bang chinh eueie ddi bat hanh eua nhfrng ngudi dan ha ay.

Xa hdi Vieit Nam nira cudi the ky X\TII - nua ddu the kx XIX la

thdi ky chien tranh xa> ra ken mien. Khi nhfrng ngucri dan dng ra tran thi

Van de tinh chat hien thuc ra chd nghia hien thuc.

nhung ngudi phu nu d nha mdn mdi chd mong. Ddi khi su mong chd ay

lai la tuyet vgng. nen ihdi nay xuiii hien nhung tdc pham neu len su oan

.thiin chien tranh bcri chfnh nd da gaynen canh ehia lia ddi lira :

I hud ddt trdi noi co'n gid hui

Khdch md hdng nhieu ndi truan (huyen

Xanh kia thdm thdm tdn^ tren

Vi a I gdy du'ng cho nen ndi ndy

Day la nhirng ldi thuerng. ldi san xe ddi vdi nhfrng ngudi bdt hanh,

dam benh vue eho phu nfr di xao nhfrng xiie cam eua eude sdng ddi

thuerng gidi thodt eho ngirdi phu nfr khoi nhfrng rdng bude eua "tam tdng

lii* dire'' thi cd the eoi ehii de nay dd Id nhfrng nggn gid nuri dau lien dem

den cho van hoe giiii doiin ndy.

Cimg vcri thdn phdn eiia nguiri ehinh [rhu. ngiriri eung mi eimg i\uoc

nhdc den trong van chuerng thdi ky ndy. Ddy Id loai nguiri tdp trung nhfrng

biit hiinh krn ve nuit linh thdn. Trong nen xan hge ed Trung (^ude eiing

nhu ciia nuere ta irue're ddy ehii de "eung odn" Id meit ehi. de khd pho hien.

Lich sir Trung Queic cdn shi lai nhfrns trieu dai xd nhfrns dns xua ndi

tieng an cheri nhu Tdn Thuy Hodng cd den 3000 eung nfr. Tan \'f. De ed

den 5000 cung nfr. Tuy Ducdng De cfing khoang bang iiy. Duirng Huyen

Tdng nudi tiii cd bei'n viin cung nfr. Nguyen Vu Tdng... 0 Viet Nam vua

chiia cde lrie:u dai cfms ihudns bdt chucre edeh an ehai eua vua ehiia

Trung Qude nudi rdi nhie:u cung nfr. Tir ddi Ly den ddi Trdn. roi ddi Le

ddi ndo trong ciim eung cfmg cd nhie:u eung nfr. Dae biet trong giai doan

hdn loiin nira cudi the ky XIII - nira ddu the ky XIX hien tuerng ndy xay ra

Ciing nhieu. Ilodw: Le nhdit tlu'mg chi cdn ghi lai hinh anh vua Le Hien

Tdng, nuit eon ngirdi sudt ngd> khoimh tiix ru do ehi nghi edeh bax tro x ui

cheri vdi ddm cung nfr eua minh; Trmh Gians xi hoang dam vo do nui bi

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc

trual ngdi chiia; Trinh Sam vi an chcti qua nhieu nen mdi b; mac benh so

nang sg gid sudt ngay phai ddng cua ihap nen trong cung... Cnn'.: oan

n^am khi'u da diCm ta that thdng thici sd phan cua nhung ngirdi phu nu uii

sac bi dang quan vuimg truy lac bo roi ma khone duoc cia. PIK'MIL: kho.

.cung cam. Sd phan ngirdi dep d trong eung edn dau khd a mdt khfa canh

khac. Bi that simg da la eay ddng. eae eung nfr edn ghen ghet ldn nhau.

lam cho tan bi kich vd eude diri eung nu: lai edng dans eav e che. Dans

Thi Hue sau cude ndi loan cua k.eu b.nh da hi Dmmg Thi Nizoc Hoan tra

thu hen ha. Nhirng so phdn eua Thi Hue ehi la suu lap lai theo nguyen ly

qua bao eiia sd phan nhfrng eung nfr dd tirng hi Thi ddnh ghen. llodw^ Te

nhd'l thdng chi edn ehep xe nhdn xdi Nguyen Hfru Chinh gidu ed. nudi

trong nhd hdng ehiie ky lui" nuia hat. Trong eueie hanh lae irien mien eua

bgn vuii ehiia. sei phdn eiiii nhfrng nguiri eung nfr nuri the tham biei ehirng

nao, hg nhu bdng hoa hie duerng sae thi edn dugc \eii ehieu ngam nghiii

.den liie hoa tan hucrng .iluit thi hi xfrt ben canh duirng di khdng iii dofii ai

hoai. Tham chf cdn cd nhii'ng ten xua chei rd. xa.i ei).i bdi nhfr.ig eu.ig lui

ciia ban phdi d.u nui han sucil diri. Tham triing ax xc'ri idm hon ihi nhdn de

xiic d d ns kim sao lai chdns ndy len nhfrns xdn \\MI ihdns thiei. Trons xan

hgc Trung Queic nhiil la \\\a Duerng. cd nhieu bai thcr xiet xe de tdi ndx riii

du'o'ng hach phdt nhdn,

i'ru'dng han ca - Bach Cu' D i: Tien xiro'ng ( ung td -

hay nhu Bach ddu ngdm - Ly Biich; Le nhan hdnh - Do Phu: Thu'o'ng

Nguydn Vi Chi... Trong lich sir vdn hge Viet Nam thdi ky the ky XVIll -

mia ddu the ky XIX de tdi cung nfr cf.ng chiem meit khdi luerng ide phdm

khd Ic'm Cung odn ngam khue - Nguyen Gia Thieu. C////- odn (/inn am thi

•ei.a Ngi.>e.i Bach Lien. ('/^//,i,' odn fhi tap eua X'li Trmh. Cung odn tin -

Nguydn Huy Luong. Cung odn thi - Nguyen Hfru Chinh... Do la noi ed

dcrn cua nhung ngudi ddn bd sdng t.-ong ed dem kinh leo kii lo so nhan sae

Hodng

lum

thoi

lai h<'>n hodw^

113

minh ngay mcil tdn ta heo di nui khdng ai ngei tcii.

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chii nghia hicn thuc..

N,^n\ei hoa ihoi

lai ihem hiion nun\el hoa

Bnon vi noi n:.:ii\ei

id ai

iror.n

Bnon vi dien hoa riin'^ ai nhin.

{Cnn:.:, odn n:.:ani l

Nhu tren da ndi, sang the ky XVIII nhan xat chfnh trong \an hoc la

.ngudi phu nu. Da cd nh.eu kieu chan dung phu nu khac nhau nlur ngudi

chinh phu, ngudi cung nu... nhirng su lira chon ciia cac nha tho' da dirng

lai nai hinh tugng nguiti ca nhi, ky nu, a dao. Tao thanh mot ddnu mach

xuyen sudt trong van hgc tfr day cho den lan ihc ky XX mac dii cci liic

dam kic nhat. Bill diiu tir Nguyen Du, qua Nguyen Cgng Trii. Cao Ba

Quat, Phan Huy Vinh cho dc-n Nguyen Khuyen. Duong Khue ma sau nay

lii Xuan Dieu ky nu. a dao da trd thanh ddi luong de cac uic gia bii\ to sir

ddng cam, thongcam

O i^ruyen Kieu eiia Nguyen Du la nhdn Uuiy Thuy Kieu er ddy ky

thuc ki mcit ky nfr "7//^///// Idu hai Iwo't thanh y hai hud. Nguyen Du dd la

ngiriii ddu lien ten tieng cam thuang eho sd phdn nhfrng con ngudi ndy.

Cd the ndi rang d nucie la the ky XVIll xd ihe ky XIX. nhfrng phu nfr td.

sdc scing bang vieie de.ri tdi dan, tai \\\a xd khi can ed the ea than xde phue

vu thii an cheii giai trf cho gieii ddn dng nhu Dam Tien. Thuy Kieu Id mdi

sir that. Ben Ciinh Truytdi Kieu Nguyen Du edn cd tdc phdm L(nig i hdnh

cdm gia ca efmg ki lieng luii ddng cam xcri nguiri ky nfr. Nguiri kx nfr. a

dao xuiii hien trong xan chuang Irueie ddx ki nhfrng nhdn xdt ed ihdl ton

lai Irerns xd hdi thdi kv .uiv. Nhfrns nsudi phu nfr ed nhan sdc ed idi nans

nhirng vi ly do ndy. ly do khde lud phai dem ldi sdc. uim linh eua minh

nu.a x'l.i eho nsu'di khde. Trcrns \'u irun-^ luv hut - Phiim Dinh Ho ec')

doiin: "()ng Nguyen Khan thfch hdt xue'rng. giip kh. eon hdt tang irer. cf.ng

cfr eho lien bat hdt. khdng hie nder bo t.eng ter triie. Khi eu Umg quan Tu

d(\ nga\' rdi x'dn cfr sai ccm hdt 66 khf.c goi Id "ngdm I her Ndm"

I 14

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hicn thuc.

(40,tr542). Nhu the. con hat, a dao hi mdt hien iiramz cd thuc, phai chane

VI bat gap nhirng canh tucrng. nhirng so phan nhu the trong ehinh nha

huynh trudng eua minh dd lam eho tdm hon th. si eua NguxOn Du xiie

deing, va theo dng vao ede uie phdiu noi t.eng sau ndy.

Hern nira d ngudi phu nfr ndy ta thdy tdp trung moi hiii hanh eae^ dd

cua ddi ngucri. 6 ngucri eung nfr dii ed nh.eu hiii hanh xe nuit i.nh than

song hg la nguiri ft ra xe mat vai ehiii Id lUcrng ddi ddx du. xd neu duoe

vua simg ai dugc phong phi. lan ihi dd khdng ehi Id vinh hanh eho rieng

'hg ma edn vinh hiinh eho ea ddng leie. Vf nhu Duerng (^ux Ph. - Duong

Nggc Hoan ducre Dudng Minh Hodng yeu diiu md ea ho Duerng ducre hiiu

ddi khdng gi bang, ngirdi diri iiy ed can : "Nam biii phong hau. nfr tae phi;

Quan khan nfr khue're thi .udn mi" (eon irai chang 6\\oc phong hau nlumg

con gai lai ldm ba phi. ngucri bdy xem : eon gdi nui that Id ludn mi xay)".

Cdn ngueri chinh phu eho dii phai ed dem luri budng the nuit minh nlumg

qua Chinh phu ngdm eho thiiy nhfrng nguiri ehinh phu ax efmg khdng phiii

la nhfrng nguiri thieu Uuin xdt ehdt. Hern luia neu nsueri ebons thans Iran

IreV ve hg se gian tiep dugc hUe'rng xinh hoa iix. Vd tren tat cii ho ec) mot

nguiri dd mong ngdng, de hy vgng vui budn. Vc'ri nguiri kx. nfr a ddo ho Id

'nhfrng ngheo ve xdt chiii dd danh, hg khdng biei mong dgi ai irong chdn

nuerm nuerp nhfrng ngirdi dan dng qua kii. ho efmg ehdng hiet ehcr mong

didu gi trong tuang lai cua minh. Vd kei cue eua hg ehdng ed gi sdng sua

ban.

- Se se nam dat hen dWiUig

Dau ddu ngon co nu'a vdng nda .\anh...

- S('mg Idm vo' khdp ngUid ta

Hai thay thdc .xiidw.^ ldm ma khow^ ciu'm

115

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien

thuc.

Bi kich hon ho lai la nhung co"gai dep. cd tai \a c(') tinh. Tai a day

thudng la lai cam. ky, thi. hoa. hay ndi cu the la nhung tai nang lien quan ^\^\\

xuc cam, cai tai nay vdn lai lam cho hg gim hon \di nhirng tam hon ih. nhan

da cam. Va cai tinh ma ho cd hi cai thu tinh khons rans budc duoc ai sons

cung khdng mang lai eho ho duere dieu gi. Nhfrng ngucri dan ong tim den veri

hg cung chfnh bdi eai tinh khdng rang bude duere ai eua ho. Sd phdn eua

nhirng ngirdi ea ky, la lap trung mgi hiii hanh nhiii trcMig edi hdng trdn. Ho

la nhirng ngudi, ma ndi nhu edeh eiia ehiing la ngdy nay Id ed the "xin,

cho, tang, bieu", khdng khde gi nuit mdn hdng.

Cd the ndi, nhdn vat phu nfr trong xdn hoe Viet Nam tir eudi the ky

XVIII sang the ky XIX da qua lueit qud trinh xdn dd.ig li^r nhfrng nguiri

phu nfr quy toe thucie ldng krp tren eua xd hdi nlur ehinh phu. eung nfr

sang cdc phi. nfr d ddo. Cam luing hdng nhan bae menh. ldi menh tuerng

dd liic ddu the hiein nuit edeh khdng thiil diim nc:l qiui ngudi ehinh [rlui.

cung nfr eudi cimg dd ehiim vao nhdn xdt ky nfr, a ddo. 0 diem ndy

Nguyen Du da diing cao hern nhfrng ngirdi eimg thdi dai. dng biet dat tinh

yeu. sir ddng eanu thdng cam eua minh xao diing \d\) nguiri can L\cn dieu

dd nhiii. Ong thuemg xdt cho thdn phiin eua ho. ihuong eho su da liii da

tinh ciia ho va tiit nhidn bcri dng tim duoe d chfnh hg sir ddng dieu. nen gui

gdm nhfrng tam sir chat chua ciia minh. Rd rang la ed the ly giai ducre xi

sao Nguyen Du khdng ehon Uie phdm khde ma lai ehon eoi tru>en eua

Kim Vdn Kieu truyen 66 sang idc Truyen Kieu. Chde ehdn Id bai xi ong

thiiy cd cai gi dd gieing nhau gifra thdn phiin eua minh xd Uuin phdn ndng

Kidu.

Ta phai biel rdng edi sU hge hay ndi each khde ki Nho hoe thcri ky

Nsuven Du sdng dd sux rdi nd khdng edn a edi ihdi xdng son nhu Nguyen

Trai da tirng scing nfra. Chfnh xi the nhfrng nha Nho ed lai xd nhieu ldm

huyet nhu Nguyen Du khdng biei de edi ldi eua minh a ddu. the hien no cr

ehd nao. Mill khde xd hdi kic nay rdi ren chien tranh xa> rii lien nuen do

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

vay nhirng dng quan vd chde chdn duac de eao hem quan van. Ta thdy mot

Ihuc le trong thcri nay khdng ft nhung dng quan xan sau lai chuxen sans

'con dudng binh nghiep de tien thim. Vf du nhu Nguyen Huy Quxnh

(1734-1785) dau tien si eai sang vd chue. lam quan tdi ehfrc Dcie thi. Hay

lac gia ciia truyen Hoa tien - Nguyen Huy Tu efmg vay, dng thi dd tien si

nhung den nam 1774 dng xin eai bd sang xd ban kim den Tran thu Hung

Hoii... Do dd trong xa hdi ay quan van nhu Nguyen Du thue su khdng

cdn chd dirng. Cd tai, ed tdm huyet song kic ndo efmg mang irong minh

tam trang hi bd rai la nguyen nhan ldm dng thiix ddng dieu xdi thdn phdn

nang Kieu.

Rd rang khi khdng dinh ky nfr, a dder ki meit loai nhan xdt cci thue

trong cucie scing d thcri diii Nguytin Du thi mdt hei qua de ddng ducre nil ra tir

'dd la se xuiii hiein loiii nguiri kinh doanh hg nhir nuil mdn hang la Tii Bd xd Nki

Giam Sinh va Ser Khanh... Cimg vc'ri quan diem phdn biel eon ngucri ra thanh

hai loai thien vd de eims vdi he thdng eae veu td. nshe thudt diie thii riens biel

danh cho hai loai ids de kim eho ngiriri ta nsd nhdn ki Nsuven Du dd sdns lae

ra nhfrng nhdn vat bang phucrng phdp eiia ehu nghia hiein thue. Tren ihue le dc)

chi ki nhfrng ehi liel tir hien ihue dircre Nguyen Du quan sdt de dp clung eho

nhfrng nhdn viit md dng eoi xcin la thucie xe the gic'ri hdng Iran hui ham xiiu xa.

Ndi nuil each khac d ddy chiing ta ehi nen dirng d nhan dinh: Truyen Kieu

cua Nguyefi Du mang dam tinh chd) hien thirc nui thdi.

Tieu ket

Truyen Kieu ciia Nguydn Du ra ddi trong bdi canh xa hdi nue're ta ed

riii nhieu bien dcing hiip benh kim cho nhiing nhd Nho nghe si nhu Nguxen

Du ludn thiiy chdng chenh va bi hdt bin. Khdng ehi a cam gide ma chfnh

Ngiiye:Mi Du CO hie dd phai ihot len : "Bat In lam bach dn men hau. Thidn hit

ha nhan khiip Td Nhu". Mcil ndi lo ldng nur hd nui da diei khdn nsudi. Vd

Nguyen Du dd tim thiix d ceil iruycin eua Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn nhdn xdt

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

Thuy Kidu mdt ky nu tai hoa - lai Unh song bai hanh Idm no\ de doc hau

lam su ciia minh bdi d dd dng tim gap ducre ehinh ndi mem eua mmh. Hon

nira loiii nhan vat meii - ky nfr a dao lai Id loai ngucri ed thue Long xd hoi kic

bay gid, nen nd la hinh tucrng liio ducre mdt xo bgc thudn kri de uie gia phdt

ngdn cho tu tucrng eiia minh. Mat khde eucii the ky XVIII - nua dau the ky

XIX la thdi ky quan niem //// duyen tinh phdt trien numh me nhiii. thax the

cho quan niem //// ngdn chi eiia nhirng the ky irue're. thue te dieiu ndy efmg

dugc kiem nghiem lir chfnh bdi ednh xd hdi duerng thiri. Su xiuit hien eua

truyen tha Ndm, dae biet Truyen Kieu Id mdt tiit yeii xd nhfrng ehi liet numg

dau an hiein thue cfmg nhu nhfrng eon ngirdi Iran the xuiii hien trong xan

chuerng eucii the ky XVIII - nira ddu the ky XIX cfmg ki mdt uii yen.

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

KET LI .AN

Nhin khai quat trong sudt thin ky trung dai. ro rang a mot ihdi dai nhu

the ky XVIII - XIX do ed su bicn chuxen cua quan mem ve con ngudi. quan

^niem ve xa hdi, quan niem van hoc thi van hoc lal \cii se cd thay doi. Thdi dai

van chuong ndi nhieu den tinh yeu hanh phiic lira do. tran the. ca nga. ca \e

dep ndi lam iSn ve dep hinh the, nghieng \e eai dep cua cuoc sg.ig pham

Iran... se dua van hoc den giin vdi cude sdng ddi thuc han. Trnven Kien la mot

tac phiim dien hinh cua giai doan nay. kei linh duac cac gia iri iinh than cua

thdi dai nen da tao ra iin tirgng ve tfnh chiii hien thuc dam net, chu ihuc ra

chua phiii da cd chii nghTa hien thuc.

Di vao tim hieu \'i\n de c(i ha\' khong c() clui nghia hien llurc iroiu:

Truyen Kien. hoan loan khong phai hi vim de tu than, mi. thuc dial la dc dai ra

van de nen tie'p can nen van hgc trung dai bang nhung phucrng phap nao la hop

.ly va ft sai sdt nhat. Cu the' han la dat van de phiKmg phap nghien cuu \a giang

day van hgc irung dai ra sao de cac the he ngii\ nay cd the liep nhan luot each

hiio hung va thuc su cam nhan het duoe cac iiia iri cua nci. Cluinu la cCum biei

thuc ra bdn thdn cac phucrng phdp nghien cfru khdng sai, nhung thieu sdt kii

chfnh d khau cac nha nghien cfru van dung ehiing dd nghien cfru ede deii tugng

nhu the nao.

Trong nghien cfru iriiycdi Kieic khi khdng duih Nguyen Du da hucre xao

ngireing cira ciia chii nghia hien thue, nghia Id ede nhd nghien cfru da xdn dung

va xem phucrng phap nghien euu xa hdi hge nhu la mdi phuerng phdp duy nhiii

va gian liep da khang dinh ehfrc ndng nhan thfre. phan anh eua xan hoe nhir

'nuil ehfrc ndng dcie tdn. \'e;^ nuil ly ihuyet phucrng phdp nghien ei'ru xa hdi hoe

vdn hge khdng siii. nhung eoi lU) nhir Id mdt phuong phdp dux nhdt de nghien

cfru vdn hgc thi kii cd ngux' ecr sa xdo xa hcii hoe dung lue. Moi ngueri deu hiet

vdn hge khdng ehi Id nhdn thfre. deii lui^ng eua sdng tae xdn hoe xa nhdn thfre

119

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc.

ly luan hoiin loan khac nhau. eoi chue ndng eua van hoe ehu yeu la nhan Uure.

rd rang da xem nhe hoac thu lieu dae trung iham my eua xan hoe. Neu di vao

nghien cuu nhu'ng sang tac van hoe eu the. vdn dp dung each noi xan hoe la su

phan anh eiia eude scing, hien nhien khd ma giai thfch rd duoe nhung van de

khac eiia van hge. Mat khae ehiing ta xdn phai ghi nhan van hoe qua ed tdc

dung nhan thfre, neu khdng thira nhan diem nay thi qud trinh nghien euu eimg

se trd nen phien diein. Tuy nhien. nhu ehiing tdi da trinh bay cr tren. nghien euu

^van hge ma qua eau ne trong nhu'ng tim tdi xe ban ehiii vd ndi dung eua van

hge dd ddn den nhfrng kien giai sai lam theo huc'rng xa hdi hoe dung lue.

May ndm qua vieie thiio luiin nghien cfru van hoe lir gde dd nhdn thfre

luan eta gidm di nhieu. ede nhd nghien cfru da phdt hien ra hiu cap eua phuemg

phap niiy va Um den nhfrng each liep can xan hoe khde mdi hou. xa nghien

cfru hinh thfre, ngdn ngfr. nghien cfr ldm ly van nghei. dd trd thdnh then ihucrng.

Nhirng neu ehi di vao lim ldi nhii'ng bieii hod nd.ig lire eiia ban than .igo.i ngir

va vcri di. loiii khd .uing sd.ig tiio hi.ih llu're eu;i eiui nghia Ifmh thiie irons Iv

luan vdn hoc cfms khdns hdn hi each nhin loan dien xe xa.i hoe iiuns ehu noi

ehung. Nei. nhu the nd ehi di vao ban ihdn tdc phdm van hge nhu mdt khdch

the dde idp ma khdns nhin nhan nd trons idns the khdns sian xan hod. xa hdi

cu the dde trung eiia nd. khdng thiiy duere dau an thdi diii dd the hien trong ide

phdm nhu thd nao. Do vay thi eiing khdng tiep can het nhfrng tinh hoa ma lucii

tdc pham trong mdt thdi diii eu the ed the mang lai eho ngudi doe. Truyen

Kieu a day la mot vf du. Thue chiit ehi. the sang liio nghe thudt khdng eh. diii

dien cho ho xdi ur edeh Id eon ngueii ea nhdn. nui Id eon ngudi eiia xd hdi. eua

thuc te cude scins. cua khdns sian vdn hod... Nshien ei'ru van hoe nhu mdt

hien tirerns linh thdn lien kei tdc sia xdn hoe xdi ddi scing thue lai. ma khdng

dd ddng den thanh qua da ed eua eae quan didm tu tucing. nhfrng trdm tfch xan

hoa cimg ldn liii trong khdng gian iiy xdi nhfrng man sae van hod. xd hdi diie

strung thi llure sai kim. \'di phuerng phdp nghien cfru loai hinh hoe xan hod xan

hoc iruns dai, ciing nhu Truyen Kieu dd duae tiep nhdn mdt edeh lucrng ddi de

120

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc..

dang. Ngudi ta khdng edn phai dat nhfrng viin de kieu nhu ddu la dons gop x a

dau la hiin che eiia lae gia nay hay uie phdm kia... Den ddy uie gia xan hoe

cung nhu lac phdm vdn hge ducre nhin nhan nhu mdt tdng the hoan ehinh xa

theing nhai, kei tinh irgn xen linh hoa eua ed nhdn efmg nhu eua ihdi dai. Do

chfnh la uu the ma phucrng phap nghien cfru loai hinh hoe xan hod mang lai

cho lac phdm van hge, dae biet la Uie pham xan hge trung diti.

Qua ddy ehiing ldi mucin de nghi can phai thanh loan quan diem eho

rang ehi ed phucrng phap sang Uie hiein thue ehu nghia nu'ri ec) gid in edn

nhirng phucmg phap sang tac khae ki khdng ed gia iri. Dae hiet ur xiee lim

hieu trong vdn hge the ky XVIII - XI^^ ndi ehung xa trong iruyen Kieu ndi

rieng cd hay khdng cd ehii nghia hien thue ehiing tdi nit ra can ec) mdi su kel

herp eiia nhiem phuerng phap nghien cfru. liep edn khde nhiiu de hieu diing nhat

la.

nhfrng thdng dieip nui eae lae gid irong qua khfr nuuin gui gam lai eho ehung

Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hicn

thuc.

T.AI LIEI THAM KHAO

1/ Bdrit Xuskgp: Sd phan luh .sif ena ehu n:'hia liien ihiu (Kip 1 ). NXB

Tac pham mdi, hdi nha van Viet Nam. H.. 1980.

2/ Bdrit Xuskdp: Sd phdn hjh .sir ena chu injiia hien ihif, (Uip 2). NXB

Tac pham mdi. hdi nha van Viet Nam. H.. I9S2.

3/ BUI Duy Tan: Khdo vd hum mot sd ide :^ia. ide phdm vdn hoe Irun-

dai Viet Nam (tap I). NXB Giao due 1999.

4/ Bui Duy Tan: Khao vd Inan mot .sdtde •j,ia. ide phdm vdn lun tiiim.^

dgi Viet Natn (tap 2). NXB Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi 2001.

51 C. Mac. Angghen. Lenin: Vevdn hoe vd n-he thnal. NXB .Su that.

H., 1977.

6/ Dao Duy Anh: iff dien Trnyen Kieu. NXB Van hoa thong im, 11.,

2000.

7/ Diio Thai Tdn: /Id Xiidii Ilianv^ ti'f eoi ii'^ndn vdo the tin . .NXB Ciiao

due 1996.

8/ Dao Xiuin Quy: Lai hdn ve ehu n<_^hJa hien thiie troin^ iruxen Kieu

eiia Ni^iiyen Du. TC Van hgc, sd 9- 2000.

9/ Dang Thai Mai: Dac sdc ena van hoc cd dien \'iet Nam qua noi diiin.^

'iruyen Kieu (in trong /V'^'/zycv/ Dn ve lae i;ia vd tdc pham). Trinh Ba Dinh

tuyen. NXB Giao due 2003.

10/ Dimg Thanh Le: Trnyen Kien vd the loai trnyen Nom. .NXB Khoa

hgc xa hdi, H., 1978.

1 1/ Dimg Trim Cdn. Doan Th| Diem: Chinh phu n'.^am khiii (Lai Ngoe

Caniz khao dfnh \a eidi thieu). NXB Van hoc, H.. 1964.

T)

Van detinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc

12/ Ddng Van Thanh: .S.. sdnh Kun Van Kieu iruxen irun, (Jiun va

Viet Num (Pham Tii Chau dich,. Trong sach Mmh Thanh tieu thinet hum

tun^.

1 ?>! Hoai Thanh: Qnven .sdn-^ eiia e

'Hoai Thanh todn tdp. tap 2), NXB Van" hoe. H.. 1999.

14/ Hoang Nggc Phach: TdTdm. NXB Dai hoc guio due chu>en nghiep

1998.

\5I Huyen Y: Tdy Dn Ky qua cdch nlim n'j,i(oi hoe Fhqt. NXB \ an hoa

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