Mấy vấn đề về cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập của nhân dân Lào giai đoạn 1893-1945

MAY V A ^ DE VE CrOC D A r TRA]\H GIA]\H<br /> DOC LAP c i l A ]\HA]\ DAN LAO GL%.I DOA]\<br /> • • •<br /> 1893-1945<br /> <br /> DO THANH BINH*<br /> NGHlfiM THI H A I Y ^ N "<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> N gay tu khi thUc dan phUdng Tay<br /> xam nhap va xam lUdc, nhan dan<br /> cae nUdc thupc dia va phu thudc da viing<br /> Ngay tu khi thUc dan xam lUdc va dat<br /> ach cai tri, nhan dan eae nUdc thudc dia da<br /> vung len dau tranh manh me de bao vp dit<br /> len da'u tranh manh me de bao vp dat nUde nude, gianh dpc lap dan tpc. Qua trinh diu<br /> va giai phdng dan tpc. Qua trinh d i u tranh tranh nay trai qua hai thdi ky; Thdi ky diu<br /> eua mdi dan tdc dien ra d mUc dp khae tranh chd'ng xam lUdc va thdi ky d i u tranh<br /> nhau, vdi nhflng sic thai khae nhau tao gianh ddc lap.<br /> nen nhflng mang mau da dang ehe bUc<br /> 0 cac nude chau A thdi ky thU nhit, tieu<br /> tranh chd'ng ehu nghia thUc dan cuo'i the ky<br /> bieu la cac cude khdi nghia ciia nhan dan<br /> XIX d i u the ky XX. Cach mang Lao la mpt<br /> An Dp (cupc khdi nghia Xipay 1857-1859),<br /> vf du diln hinh.<br /> phdng trao Thai Binh Thien Qud'e b Trung<br /> 1. Con difdng ciiu nUdc t r o n g d a u Qudc (1851-1864), cupc chien d i u cua nhan<br /> t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n toe c u a n h a n dan Viet Nam dUdi sU lanh dao cua TrUdng<br /> d a n Lao Dinh (1862) hay cupc ehien d i u ciia nhan<br /> Nhin tren binh dipn qud'e te, nam 1945 dan Khdme dUdi sU lanh dao cua Hoang<br /> la mpt th^ thach, la sU kiem nghiem ciia than Achasoa... Trong bdi canh lich sii dd,<br /> lich sii dd'i vdi cupc d i u tranh chd'ng thUc phong trao d i u tranh chdng xam lUde b Lko<br /> dan, de quo'c dl di tdi dfch dpc lap cua cac cung dien ra manh me tren k h i p d i t nUde<br /> nude thudc dia va phu thupc. ThUe te lich tu ThUdng Lao den Ha Lao. Tieu bilu ed<br /> sii cho t h i y cd nhieu con dUdng de di tdi cupc khdi nghia eiia Ong Kpo va Cdmadam<br /> dich dpc lap, t h i n g ldi ciia cich mang Lac (1901-1937), khdi nghia ciia nhan dan<br /> la mpt minh ehflng ve sfl xac dinh chfnh Xavanakhet dUdi sU lanh dao eua Phd Ca<br /> xac con dUdng da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc Dupt (1901-1902) rdi cupc khdi nghia eua<br /> cua nhan dan eae bd tdc Lao. Chau Pha Patchay (1918-1922)... Nhflng<br /> <br /> <br /> *GS. TS. Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi<br /> " Th.S. TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen<br /> W&y van de vi cugc dau tranh. 63<br /> <br /> cupc khdi nghia ciia cac dan tdc d Lao deu lUit ra ddi d chau A n h i m mue tieu ddc lap,<br /> nhim mue tieu chd'ng ap bUe, bde lot, chd'ng df n chu. Cude d i u tranh do giai cap tU san<br /> sfl thdng tri ciia thUe dan Phap. Cac cupc be ac do cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao<br /> ndi day nay mang tinh q u i n ehung tU Bic nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md ra mpt dUdng<br /> den Nam, quy md d i u tranh dien ra kha hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan<br /> rpng ldn va trong mpt thdi gian dai. tdu di den thanh cdng.<br /> PhUdng phap va hinh thfle da'u tranh ehu<br /> Dudi anh hUdng cua Cach mang thang<br /> yeu la vu trang khdi nghia, dung ldi danh<br /> M (di Nga, phdng trao dau tranh giai phdng<br /> du kich, cd khi dUng tap kich ca cfl diem<br /> da a tpc tren the gidi cd sU thay ddi ldn lao<br /> quan sU eua dich. Ben canh vipe ehien dau,<br /> npi dung each mang va phUdng hUdng diu<br /> lanh tu mpt sd cupc khdi nghia quan tam<br /> trt.nb. Do vay, d khu vUe chau A trong<br /> den xay dung can eU dia, cham lo san xuit,<br /> nhflng nam dau t h e k y XX, ben canh phong<br /> nang eao hieu biet cua dan thdng qua viec<br /> trr 0 tu san dang dien ra sdi ndi, d nhieu<br /> md ldp hpe day chfl cho dan... Dieu dd cho nude xuat hien phong trao vd san vdi sU ra<br /> thiy t i m nhin xa va sU chuin bi cho tran dd; eiia mdt loat cae Dang Cong San. (Dang<br /> ehien lau dai eiia cac lanh tu khdi nghia. Cong San Inddnexia nam 1920, Dang Cong<br /> Tuy nhien, mpt dieu de nhan t h i y cac cupc San Trung Quo'c nam 1921, diu nhflng<br /> khdi nghia d Lao ket cue deu that bai, mac na -n 30 d Viet Nam va nhieu nUdc khae).<br /> du r i t quyet lipt nhUng deu d mUe dp tU<br /> phat, thieu td chUe chat che. Su nghipp Nhu vay, trong eudc dau tranh gianh<br /> gianh dpc lap dan tpc khdng t h i thUe hipn dpc lap, mdi dan tdc cd sU lUa chpn nhflng<br /> dupe bdi "cdc tdng ldp tu trUdng, tgc trUdng con dudng di den dpc lap khae nhau, phu<br /> lanh dgo cdc cuoc khdi nghia dd vdi bdn hdp vdi hoan canh cua dan tpc minh.<br /> chat giai cdp cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien 6 Trung Qudc,Viet Nam, lich sfl dUde<br /> lich svt hgn che luc bdy gid, nen khdng the chUng kien eudc vung day eua cae giai ting<br /> di ra dUdng ldi, phUcfng thUc ddu tranh trong xa hpi vao nhflng nam eud'i the ky<br /> ddng ddn" (1). Dd cung la ban ehe ehung XIX d i u the ky XX. NhUng mdi lin vung<br /> eiia phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUde day la mpt lin that bai. Tfl phong trao Thai<br /> eua nhan dan cac nUde thupc dia thdi ky Binh Thien Quo'c eho den Cach mang Tan<br /> nay. Hdi d Trung Qud'e hay con dUdng cflu nUde<br /> Su xam nhap ciia chii nghia tU ban ciia eu Phan Bdi Chau, cu Phan Chu Trinh<br /> phUdng Tay vao cic nUde thude dia da d i n rdi cude khdi nghia Yen Bai d Vipt Nam<br /> den sU bien ddi ldn lao ve kinh te - xa hdi. deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan,<br /> d khu vUe chau A, xa hdi bi phan boa, giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde nay khdng cd<br /> nhflng giai t i n g mdi x u i t hipn va tham gia kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu<br /> vao ddi sd'ng ehinh tri ma tieu bieu n h i t la di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung. Con dUdng giai<br /> ting ldp tu san dan tpc. T i n g ldp tU san phdng dan tpc thUe sU chi ed the la con<br /> nay vUa cd mdi lien he vdi kinh te de qud'e, dUdng vd san dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang<br /> vUa tiep thu tU tudng tU do phUdng Tay Cong San.<br /> cung vdi ndi day dflt eiia ngUdi dan m i t VUa la nUdc ldng gieng lai cung trong<br /> nude. Tfl cudi the ky XIX, dae bipt nhflng bdi canh soi dpng ehung cua khu vfle chau<br /> nam d i u the ky XX, phong trao tU san lin A, sU chuyen bien ve con dUdng cflu nUde<br /> 64 Rghi&i cijru Lich siSr. sg 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> eiia Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c diln ra manh giai cip tu san (tU san mai ban va tU san<br /> me, rat rd net, nhUng d Lao lai khdng cd sU dan tpc), t i n g ldp t i l u thUdng... thi b Lko,<br /> chuyen bien theo quy dao nhU vay (d day ve cd ban v i n tdn tai hai giai cip chfnh ciia<br /> chi dd'i sanh vdi Viet Nam). Su khae biet dd xa hpi phong kien la ndng dan va quy tpc<br /> cd can nguyen tU dieu kien phat trien kinh phong kien. Chinh sach khai thac cua Phap<br /> te - xa hpi eua Lao. Va ehinh nd tao nen net ddi vdi Lao mang tinh cha't nho hep, tuy<br /> khae bipt eiia each mang Lao. nhien, cung da lam nay sinh them nhflng<br /> thanh p h i n xa hpi mdi nhU: cdng nhan, tU<br /> ThUe dan Phap hoan thanh qua trinh<br /> san, tieu tU san thanh thi (chu yeu la ngUdi<br /> xam lUdc Lao vao nam 1893 va nam 1899<br /> Viet), NhUng so" lUdng nay qua nho h6 va<br /> Lao chfnh thUc trd thanh mpt xU trong<br /> yeu dt, nen hp khdng t h i dam dUdng dUpc<br /> "Lien bang Ddng DUdng" thupc Phap. Tren<br /> sU menh lich sii va tao nen nhflng trao lUu<br /> 80 nam eai tri Ddng Dudng thUe dan Phap<br /> tu tUdng ldn nhu d Viet Nam va mot sd<br /> da hai l i n tien hdnh khai thac thupc dia<br /> nUde k h i c trong khu vUc.<br /> vdi quy md ldn (Khai thac thupe dia l i n thfl<br /> nhat 1897-1914; khai thac thupc dia lan Quy tpc phong kien Lao trd thanh eong<br /> thU hai 1918-1939). Chfnh cupc khai thae cu die lUc eua Phap thdng qua vipe thUc<br /> thupc dia nay da du nhap phUdng thfle san hien chfnh sach "hdp tac vdi ngUdi ban xii"<br /> xua't tu ban vao Ddng DUdng va lam bien ma Phap ap dung tren toan coi Ddng<br /> ddi ldn ve cd eau kinh te cung nhU cd ciu xa Dudng. So' lUdng thanh p h i n giai cip nay<br /> hpi eiia cac nUdc trong "Lien bang". Tuy khong nhieu so vdi dan sd Lao. O day cin<br /> nhien, vdi ban chit thuc dung, sU d i u tU ban den giai cip vd san d Lao. Do dae diem<br /> vd'n eua Phap tap trung chu yeu vao Viet dia hinh ciia Lao nen ndng dan Lao sdng b<br /> Nam, rieng dd'i vdi Lao va Campuchia chi nhflng khu vUc xa thanh thi. Bipn phap<br /> dupe coi nhu "vung d i t bai" ciia Viet Nam khai thae kinh te ciia Phap ap dung b Lko<br /> trong con m i t ciia ngUdi Phap. it tac dpng den ndng dan Lao vi th^ hp<br /> khdng bi phan h o i manh me (nhU b Vipt<br /> Khi tim hieu ve tinh hinh kinh te Lao<br /> Nam) de bd sung vao dpi ngu vd san. Cdng<br /> dudi thdi thupe Phap, cac nha nghien cflu<br /> nhan d Lao chu yeu la cdng nhan mo. Mot<br /> dung cum tU "khu vUe san rieng" hay "khu<br /> dac diem cin chu y la giai cip vd san b Lko<br /> vUe kinh te du trU" de chi thUe trang kinh<br /> cd gd'e gae tU ngUdi Lao r i t ft, chu yeu la<br /> te eiia Ldo. ThUe te cung cho thay; "Ldo la<br /> ngudi Viet (chiem ty le 1/3 den 3/4). Trong<br /> thugc dia cua Phdp, nhiing sii thd'ng tri cua<br /> khi kha nang lao dpng n i t ra tU ndng thdn<br /> thiic ddn Phdp dd khdng ldm thay ddi bao<br /> bd sung cho cae ddn dien, h i m md khdng<br /> nhieu tinh chat kinh te tU nhien cua Ldo,<br /> dang ke, thUc dan Phap bupe phai dieu<br /> md chi dem lgi cho nen kinh te dd nhiing<br /> dpng lao ddng thUa tU Viet Nam sang la<br /> thdnh phdn kinh te'tU bdn rieng biet" (2),<br /> dicu ta't yeu. Do vay, c i u thanh giai cip vo<br /> Neu nhu d Viet Nam, tUdng Ung vdi sU san d Lao khdng the mang dac trUng giai<br /> bien ddi kinh te trong qua trinh khai thac cip cua rieng dan toe Lao ma nd phai mang<br /> eua tu ban Phap, ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai dac diem la mot bp phan ciia giai cip vo<br /> cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia san Ddng Duong. Day chfnh la san phim<br /> chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan hoi sau ma thue dan Phap da tao nen b Lko trong<br /> sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat nhflng nam thang "khai hoa" a viing da't<br /> hipn trong xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan. nay.<br /> IH^Y v ^ d^ vi cugc dau franh. 65<br /> <br /> TU dac diem tren eho thiy, giai cip vd T/iii" hai, trong khoang thdi gian tU<br /> san d Lad la mpt bo phan giai cip vd san b thang 8 den t h i n g 10 tren d i t Lao, lUc<br /> Ddng DUdng, mpt bp phan giai cip vd san lUdng each mang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu ke<br /> qudc te nen nd cd diy dii tfnh chat dai dipn thu; quan Trung Hoa dan qud'e va quan<br /> cho mdt lUc lUdng san x u i t tien tien. Anh mang danh nghia quan dpi Ddng minh<br /> da cd mat tai Lao.<br /> Nam 1939, Chien tranh the gidi thU hai<br /> bung nd. Phat xit DUc mau chdng md rpng Thiil ba, trong bdi canh dd, npi bd cac lUc<br /> chien tranh toan chau au. O Ddng Nam A, lUdng dan tdc Lao cd sU phan hda sau sic<br /> sU kipn quan Nhat t i n cdng vao Lang Sdn theo nhflng xu hudng khae nhau:<br /> (Viet Nam) vao t h i n g 7 nam 1940 chinh<br /> - Xu hudng doan ket dan tpc, kien quyet<br /> thfle danh d i u sU can thifp cua Nhat vao<br /> p h i t dpng quin ehung dUng len khdi nghia<br /> Ddng DUdng. Ke thu ciia nhan dan Lao ndi<br /> gianh chinh quyen, tuyen bd ddc lap eiia<br /> rieng va nhan dan Ddng DUdng ndi ehung<br /> lUc lUdng each mang.<br /> liic nay la quan phipt Nhat va thUe dan<br /> Phap. Chfnh tinh the nay cung dien bien - Xu hudng mud'n ed dpc lap dan tpc,<br /> tinh hinh qudc te da tao nen nhflng tinh nhUng bing con dudng thUdng thuyet,<br /> hudng dac biet d Lao. tranh thii sU ung hp ciia Ddng minh (Anh,<br /> My). Thai dp dd'i vdi thUe dan Phap khdng<br /> Su kipn Nhat tien hanh dao chinh Phap<br /> dflt khoat rd rang.<br /> d§m 9/3/1945 va vipe quan phipt Nhat<br /> tuy§n bo' d i u hang quan Ddng Minh vd - Mud'n Phap quay trd lai va cdng nhan<br /> dieu ki^n ngay 15/8/1945 da tao nen thdi ed Lao dpc lap trong Khdi lien bipp Phap<br /> ehung, thdi cd ngan nam ed mpt doi vdi cac Tuy vay, Iflc lUdng each mang Lao lai ed<br /> nUdc Ddng DUdng. Qua qua trinh chuin bi nhflng nhan td thuan ldi: Cd Dang Cong<br /> lau dai, nhan dan Vipt Nam dudi sU lanh San Ddng DUdng lanh dao - mdt Dang tre<br /> dao ciia Dang Cdng San Ddng DUdng da trung nhUng cd ea 15 nam chuan bi cho<br /> chdp thdi cd ti§'n hanh tdng khdi nghia tren cude d i u tranh gianh ehinh quyen; Nude<br /> toan quo'c, t^o nen "ludng dipn" thang T i m Lao lai n i m sat Viet Nam - mpt nUde cd<br /> tU Bic vao Nam. Ngay 2/9/1945, Viet Nam phong trdo each mang sdi ndi, da nhanh<br /> tuyen bd dpc lap. Nude Viet Nam Dan ehii chdng lam cupc Cach mang thang Tam<br /> Cong hoa ra ddi, nhan dan Vipt Nam vdi tU thanh cdng lap nen nUde Vipt Nam Dan<br /> thcf la chii nhan ciia d i t nUdc ddn quan dpi ehu Cong hoa. Tinh hinh iy da tac dpng<br /> Ddng Minh vao giai giap quan dpi Nhat. tfch cUe vao each mang Lao. Luc lUdng each<br /> 6 Lao tien trinh each mang gianh va mang Lac da tranh thu thdi cd, phat dpng<br /> tuyen bd dpc lap trong hoan canh khae bipt quin ehung vung len khdi nghia, gianh<br /> 80 vdi Vipt Nam: dupe chinh quyen b cac tinh li (Vieng Chan,<br /> Xavanakhpt, Kham Mudi, MUdng Phudn,<br /> Thii nhdt, nhan dan Lao khdi nghia Hiia Phan, Pae San...). Dudi ap lUc eua<br /> gianh chfnh quyen d cae dd thi, nhUng d quin ehung va sU van dpng eua lUc lUdng<br /> vving ndng thdn rdng ldn v i n edn tdn tai Lao yeu nUde, Chinh phu Lam thdi Lao<br /> phin ldn tan quan cua Phap. Day la dieu Itxala da dUde thanh lap. Ngay 12/10/1945<br /> ba't lpi cho each mang Lao.<br /> 66 R g h i ^ curu Lich sit. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> (xipxoong tula) - ngay Lao tuyen bd' ddc lap den Lad do 'lUe day" chU khdng phai do<br /> da di vao lich sii nhU mdt bUde ngoat can "lUc hut". Tai sao ed hipn tUdng trai quy<br /> ban trong phong trao d i u tranh gianh dpc luat nhu vay? Dd chfnh la do chinh sach cai<br /> lap d i n tpc, dan chu ciia nhan dan Lao. tri va khai thac eua Phap dd'i vdi xU sd nay<br /> Trai qua q u i trinh van dpng eiia lich sii, phuc vu cho mue dich thUc dan cua hp.<br /> con dudng eUu nUde, gianh dpc lap cua NgUdi Viet den Lao dUdi thdi Phap thupc<br /> nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao lUa chpn, dd la con dupe phan thanh hai loai: Di eU tU phat do<br /> dUdng each mang vd san. Cach mang Tula dieu kipn lam an thuan ldi hdn. Mae dii<br /> Lao thanh cdng khdng phai la mot sU "an thien nhien Lac k h i c nghiet, dia hinh hiem<br /> may" hay "an theo" bdi thdi cd chi tao ra trd, nhUng viec Phap sap nhap Lao vao<br /> kha nang t h i n g ldi, neu khdng cd sUc manh khd'i Ddng DUdng da hinh thanh mpt dia<br /> thUe lUe thi khdng t h i ed thanh qua each ban thd'ng n h i t va tao dieu kien cho ngUdi<br /> mang (Cung dUng trUde cd hpi gianh dpc dan ehuyin ddi dia ban sinh sdng de dang;<br /> lap, nhUng each mang Campuchia khdng Hinh thfle thU hai la di cU cd td ehUc. Hinh<br /> thanh cdng). Tuy nhien, cung cin nhan thUe nay phuc vu eho mue dich khai thae<br /> tha'y r i n g t h i n g ldi cua cich mang Lao thupc dia cua P h i p . Do dae diem dan eU<br /> nam 1945 la ket qua ciia tinh doan ket dan eiia Lao nen P h i p thUe sU khd khan trong<br /> tpc Lao va dan tpc Viet. v i n de tim kiem ngudn nhan lUe phuc vu<br /> eho cupc khai t h i c thupc dia l i n 1 va lin 2<br /> 2. D o n g g o p ciia Viet k i e u t r o n g<br /> d xfl Lao. De khic phuc tinh trang dd, Phap<br /> cuoc d a u t r a n h g i a n h doc lap c u a<br /> da dUa ngUdi Vipt sang lao ddng tai Lao.<br /> nhan dan Lao<br /> NgUdi Vipt sang Lao dam trach cae ehflc<br /> NgUdi nUdc ngoai (ngUdi Viet) gdp phan nang khae nhau: Mot bp phan lam cdng<br /> gianh ddc lap d Lao la mpt hipn tUdng dae ehUc, phuc vu bp may hanh chfnh ciia<br /> bipt trong lich sii phat trien ciia eae nUdc Phap. Sd' lupng nay kha ddng. Tinh den<br /> tren tren the gidi. De t h i y dUde sU ddng thdi dilm nam 1937, ngUdi Vipt chiem 47%<br /> gdp eiia ngUdi Viet dd'i vdi each mang Lao, Sd vi tri cic cdng chUe cao cip ngUdi ban xfl<br /> trUde het cin lam ro ve sU ed mat eua ngUdi<br /> trong bp may hanh chinh tai Lao (3). Mpt<br /> Viet tren vung d i t nay.<br /> bp phan ngUdi Viet k h i c sang Lao lam eu<br /> Qua trinh di eU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao li, phu lam dudng va phuc vu trcng cac<br /> dien ra trong sud't chieu dai lich sii. Su cd ham md. Ddi sd'ng cua hp khd cUc dUdi sfl<br /> mat eua ngUdi Viet sinh sd'ng tai Lao trUde giam sat chat che cua cac vien quan ly<br /> nam 1893 xuat phat tU nhu ciu ca nhan ngudi Phap. Hp sinh sd'ng chii yeu d cae do<br /> do lam an buon ban hocie la lanh nan do thi cua Lac. Do khdng ban che vipe di cU va<br /> tinh hinh chfnh tri trong nUdc bat dn. So' cin nhan lUe phuc vu cho khai thic xU Lao<br /> lUdng nay r i t nhd va khdng ed so lieu eua Phap nen nam 1942 lUdng ngUdi Viet<br /> ehinh xac. Nam d Lao len tdi eon sd 40.000 ngUdi (4).<br /> Hien tUdng di cU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao Nhu vay, trong thdi ky thupe Phap, ngUdi<br /> tang len theo thdi gian tU khi vung d i t nay Viet chiem ti le khdng nho trong dan so'<br /> thude ve thUc dan Phap. De cap tdi vin de Lao. Day la mpt dae diem xa hpi Lao thupe<br /> nay cac nha nghien cUu ddng thuan trong P h i p ed quan hp tdi sU van dpng ciia each<br /> quan diem khi nhan xdt r i n g ; NgUdi Viet mang Lao.<br /> nr^Y vin ili vi cuQc ddu h>anh. 67<br /> <br /> NgUdi Vi$t sdm dinh eU va sdng hoa "ngUdi Vi^t da gifl vai trd ndng cdt ban<br /> ddng vdi ngUdi Lao. K§' thUa truyen thdng d i u va la xiic tac quan trpng. Vipe tuyen<br /> cua mpt dan tpc anh hung, yeu dpc lap, tu truyen va td ehflc cung dUdc tien hanh<br /> do, ngUdi Vipt da sat canh ciing nhan dan trUde tien trong Viet kieu. Phai nhan thiy<br /> cac bp tpc Lao chdng lai chinh sach thuoc r i n g ban d i u dd la phUdng thUe ddn gian<br /> dia cua thuc dan Phap. va thuan ldi n h i t " (5). D i u nam 1930,<br /> Dang Cdng San Viet Nam ra ddi, den<br /> Nude Lao, n i m cl phfa Tay Bic ban<br /> thang 10/1930 ddi ten thanh Dang Cong<br /> dao Ddng DUdng, g i n t r u n g tam luc dia<br /> San Dong DUdng tren tinh t h i n qud'e te vd<br /> Ddng Nam A, n i m an ngfl tren true dUdng<br /> san, gin ket each mang ba nUde Lao, Vipt<br /> tu phfa Tay sang phia Ddng, hai d i u cua<br /> Nam va Campuchia hUdng tdi mue tieu<br /> nhflng viing d i n cU ddng due, cd nen van<br /> ehung giai phdng dan tpc. Viet kieu b Ldo<br /> hoa lau ddi la Xiem (Thai Lan) va Vipt<br /> ddng nin hg la cdu ndi quan trgng giUa<br /> Nam. Ddng thdi, Lao cung ehung dUdng<br /> phong trdo cdch mgng Ldo vdi Dang Cong<br /> bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc, mpt nUde ldn b<br /> Sdn Ddng DUOng. Nhflng td ehflc eua Hpi<br /> khu vUc chau A. Quan sat tren ban dd khu<br /> each mang thanh nien b hko chuyen<br /> vUc thi vung d i t Lao n i m b trung tam<br /> thanh cac chi bp Dang. Vipt kieu d Lao<br /> mang ludi cdng san dUdc hinh thanh tU<br /> theo ddi sat sao tinh hinh chinh tri b trong<br /> nhflng nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX. Thdng qua<br /> nUde, hudng Ung phong trao X6 viet Nghp<br /> con dudng nay, lanh ty Nguyin Ai Qudc va<br /> - Tinh, cae phong trao bai cdng da dien ra<br /> cac ddng chf ciia NgUdi da dem chii nghia<br /> b cac khu mo, bai thi , bai khoa d eae do<br /> Mac - Lenin d§'n vdi nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde,<br /> thj. Ngay tU "eud'i thang 3/1931 cd quan<br /> ti§'n bp va xay dUng nen phong trao each<br /> an ninh Phap da xac dinh rd rang Dang<br /> mang Lao.<br /> Cong san Ddng DUdng da md boat dpng<br /> Nam 1924, ddng chf Nguyen Ai Qudc ve sang Lao..." (6). Nam 1932, ban chip<br /> Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) gay ditng cd sd, hanh Dang Cong san toan Xfl Ai Lao dUde<br /> sang lap hat nhan van dpng each mang thanh lap (gpi la XU uy). NhUng sU kipn<br /> Ddng DUdng hudng theo chan ly ciia thdi nay bi mat tham Phap phat hipn va khiing<br /> dai. To' chUc Hdi Vipt Nam each mang bd. Nhieu cd sd Dang bj tan vd, p h i n ldn<br /> thanh nien ra ddi, boat dpng rpng k h i p cac dang vien bi b i t va tu day. Sau ddt<br /> khdng chl doi vdi nhan dan trong nUde ma khiing bd tring, dUde sU ho trd eua Qudc<br /> ca vdi nUdc ngoai. Thanh vien ciia hoi da t l Cong san, ban lanh dao Dang d nUde<br /> din Xiem va hoat dpng manh me trong ngoai chinh thUe dUde thanh lap tai<br /> eong ddng ngUdi Vipt sdng cl vung Ddng Bic Macac (Trung Qudc). Theo tinh t h i n eua<br /> Xiem, ndi giap bien vdi Lao. TU dd, ngUdi hpi nghi ban lanh dao Dang ngoai nUde<br /> Viit yiu nUdc d Ldo dd bdt mdi lien lac vdi hpp tu 14 den 26/6/1934 va ngay 7/9/1934<br /> td chiic cdch mgng bin Xiem. XU uy Ailao l i n 2 dUde thanh lap dam<br /> Do chfnh sach cai tri niia vdi cua thUe trach vai trd lanh dao each mang Lao. TU<br /> dan Phap nen dac dilm eua xa hpi Lao la cudi nam 1938 d i u nam 1939, thUe dan<br /> 81^ phin hda giai cip chUa hoan ehinh. Giai Phap va tay sai da md nhilu ddt dan ap<br /> cip cdng nhan Lao chUa du manh, do dd va khiing bd d i m mau. Mpt lin nfla Xfl uy<br /> chUa thuc sU dam dUdng dU(?c sfl mpnh Ai Lao tan vd, each mang Lao di vao giai<br /> lich 8ii thdi dai cua minh. Chinh vi the doan thoai trao.<br /> 68 Rghi&n cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> Nhin lai phong trao each mang b Lko trong nhflng nam thang chien tranh each<br /> trong nhflng nam 30 cua t h e k y XX ta nhan mang, gdp p h i n dUa each mang Lao gianh<br /> tha'y Viet kieu da gdp p h i n dUa chii nghia t h i n g ldi, ddng thdi cung md dUdng cho sU<br /> Mic- Lenin den d i t Lao. Nhflng cd sd Dang phat trien lien minh chien d i u Viet- Lao.<br /> d i u tien da dUdc gay dung. Mac du lien Lien minh vUa mang tfnh dan tpc, vUa<br /> tiep bi thUc dan Phap khung bd', song mang tfnh giai cip vo san t h i hipn tinh<br /> phong trao khdng ngUng dUdc phuc hdi va t h i n quo'c te trong sing, m l u mvfc, thuy<br /> p h i t trien. Qua dd, q u i n ehung dUde tap ehung. ,<br /> dUdt lam quen vdi d i u tranh each mang.<br /> 3. Vai tro cua D a n g Cong san Dong<br /> Cung vdi sU van dpng ciia each mang Diidng doi vdi qua trinh dau tranh<br /> Ddng DUdng, tfnh den thdi diem trUde each m a n g ciia n h a n dan cac bo toe<br /> t h i n g 8/1945 b Lao lUc lUdng chfnh tri va Lao.<br /> vu trang da cd bUdc phat triln manh. Ve<br /> T h i n g ldi cua each mang do nhieu nhan<br /> phfa Viet kieu, Td'ng hdi Viet kieu da thanh<br /> td tao thanh, nhUng trUde het la do c6<br /> lap ddn vi vu trang d i u tien liy ten la Viet<br /> dudng ldi dung din. Cich mang Lao la mpt<br /> Nam dgc lap qudn (11/5/1945). Thang<br /> bd phan khang kbit eiia cich mang Ddng<br /> 6/1945, lUc lupng nay da dUdc dieu dpng ve<br /> Dudng va each mang the' gidi, vi the thing<br /> cac can cU d Vieng Chan, Tha Khet,<br /> ldi ciia each mang Lao nam 1945 g i n chat<br /> Xavanakhet chuin hi lUc lUdng. Ve phia<br /> vdi sU dao Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng.<br /> Lad, nhdm ngUdi Lao yeu nUde luu vong d<br /> Thai Lan dUde sU iing he cua Seri Thai Do hoan canh lich sii (nhU da de cap b<br /> cung da xay dUng lUc lUdng cua minh, phan tren) nen trong q u i trinh v^n dpng each<br /> cdng ngUdi ve nUde xay dUng ed sd. Vin de mang dl tap hdp q u i n ehung. Dang bp cdng<br /> dat ra cin thd'ng n h i t hanh dpng gifla hai san d Lao nhan rd q u i n ehung d dd thi bao<br /> lUc lUdng khi thdi ed each mang den. Tren gdm dan tdc Lao va dan tpc Viet, tuy khae<br /> tinh t h i n Lao- Viet doan ket, Viet kieu d nhau ve dan tpc nhUng cung ehung tren dia<br /> Lao tdn trpng quyen quyet dinh ciia quan ban hoat dpng, cung da'u tranh chdng ke<br /> chUe Lao. Khi nhan dUde sU iing hp ciia thu ehung la de qudc Phap va phong kiln.<br /> hoang than Phet Xarat va sU tan thanh eua Khi tinh the each mang x u i t hipn, liin<br /> dng Pha nha Kham Mao (tinh trUdng tinh minh chien ddu ddn tgc Ldo - Viet da dUdc<br /> Vieng Chan) vao cudi thang 8/1945, Viet hinh thanh tao nen mui giap cdng manh<br /> E e u td ehflc mit tinh ldn tai Chd Mdi me lat do che dp ap bflc gianh dpc lap.<br /> (trung tam ciia Vieng Chan). Tai cupc mft<br /> Trong qua trinh each mang. Dang Cong<br /> tinh nay, dng Pha nha Kham Mao thay mat<br /> san Ddng DUdng da khdo ldo ket hdp chat<br /> ehinh quyen Lao tuyen bd Lao - Viet doan<br /> che ldi ich dan tpc vdi ldi ich giai cip khdng<br /> ket chd'ng ke thu ehung. TU dd, boat dpng<br /> chi gifla ngudi Lao, ngUdi Vipt ma cdn vdi<br /> ciia Viet kieu tren d i t Lao la hdp phap.<br /> nhan dan T h i i Lan yeu nUdc. Hoat dpng<br /> Vipt kieu d Lao da sat canh cung nhan dan<br /> eua Dang Cong san Xiem va sU iing hd ciia<br /> Lao gianh dpc lap ngay 12/10/1945.<br /> nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde Thdi thudc phong<br /> Do dac diem ciia xa hpi Lao nen lUdng trao Seri Thai da gdp p h i n thuc diy "sU<br /> Viet kieu chiem ti lp kha ddng trong dan phat trien eiia chu nghia cdng san d Ddng<br /> cU. Hp da ddng gdp cdng sflc cua minh Bic Xiem nhU mdt hau cU cua Dang Cong<br /> Way van di vi cuOc da'u franh. 59<br /> <br /> san Ddng DUdng" (7) hau t h u i n eho each 9, nhan dan Lao gianh dUde chfnh quyen d<br /> mang Lao. Khdu hieu chien lUdc "Vd sdn Kham Mudn, Xavanakhpt, Xieng Khoang,<br /> tdt cd cdc nUdc vd cdc ddn tgc bi dp biic Sim NUa, Phong Xaly va cudi cung la<br /> dodn kit lgi!" dd dUOc Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng Luong Prabang" (9). Rieng Ludng Prabang,<br /> Duong van dung phu hdp vdi thiic ted nUdc chfnh quyen thUe sU thupe ve lUc lUdng<br /> Ldo vd khu vUc. each mang khi vua Xixavangvdng tuyen bd<br /> Trong tien trinh cdch mgng, Ddng dd loi thoai vi ngay 15/11/1945 (Sau ngay Lao<br /> dung mdu thudn hdng ngu dich phdt trien tuyen bddpe lap 12/10). NhU vay, qua trinh<br /> liic lUOng cdch mgng; chdp thdi ccf, kien khdi nghia thang Tam Lao la qua trinh<br /> quyi't phdt dgng qudn chdng ndi day khdi gidnh quyin ldm chu tii trung Ucfng rdi lgi<br /> nghia xoa bo bd mdy chinh quyen de qudc tiep tuc gidnh chinh quyin d nhiing dia<br /> vd phong kien nhdm gidnh chinh quyen vi phUcfng khde. Day la dac diem each mang<br /> tay nhdn ddn. Lao khae vdi each mang thang Tam cua<br /> Vipt Nam vi each mang thang Tam d Viet<br /> Dieu nay the hipn r i t rd trong thdi ky<br /> Nam di tU khdi nghia tUng phin, giai<br /> khdi phuc phong trao each mang nam<br /> phdng tUng vung thanh lap can cU dia each<br /> 1942-1944. Dang nhan t h i y va ldi dung<br /> mang va chinh quyen each mang d dia<br /> mau t h u i n gifla thUe dan P h i p va quan<br /> phUdng mdt thdi gian trUde khi tinh the<br /> phipt Thai Lan dl tao dieu kien dUa phong<br /> trUe tiep each mang xuit hipn tien len tong<br /> trao quin ehung Viet kieu b Thai Lan boat<br /> khdi nghia giai phdng ea nUdc bing bao lUc<br /> dpng cdng khai khdng chi la hoat ddng ai<br /> each mang ket hdp ea lUc lUdng chfnh tri<br /> hflu tUdng trd ma cdn td ehUe xay dUng lUc<br /> va lUe lupng vu trang, ket hdp ca dd thi va<br /> lUdng vu trang d ehien khu Na-khon, Xa-<br /> ndng thdn.<br /> con (Thai Lan) va p h i t trien cae td ehflc<br /> cflu qudc d Lao. Cupc dao ehinh dem ngay Su khae bipt nay la sU sang tao cua each<br /> 9/3/1945 da chim dUt nhflng thang ngay mang Lao dl di tdi dieh ddc lap. Song ehinh<br /> "ddng sang di mdng" gifla quan phipt Nhat nd cung phan anh sU hgn che md Ddng<br /> va thfle dan Phap. Su kipn Nhat h i t cing chUa khde phuc dUOc trong qud trinh xdy<br /> Phap tao nen tinh the each mang tren toan diing liic lUcfng cdch mgng Id xdy diing lien<br /> Ddng DUdng la mpt thu^n ldi ldn cho each minh cdng- ndng d Ldo.<br /> mang d Lao. Khi tinh the each mang trUe 6 Vipt Nam, Dang da xay dUng khdi lien<br /> tiep xuit hipn, lUc lUdng chfnh tri da qua minh cdng ndng vflng manh, khi thdi ed<br /> r^n luypn d i u tranh ket hdp vdi lUe lUdng each mang trUe tiep x u i t hipn ca nUde n h i t<br /> vu trang khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen b t l ndi day lat dd chinh quyen dieh. Vay tai<br /> nhflng dia ban xung yeu (8). Cac dia sao lai cd ban che nay d Lao? ThUe tien<br /> phUdng mau chdng gianh chfnh quyen tU khach quan chUng minh r i n g ndng dan va<br /> tay quan phipt Nhat (Vieng Chan, cac dan tdc thilu so' d Lao da kien cUdng,<br /> Xavanakhpt...) va anh dung ehien d i u b i t k h u i t chdng phong kien ngoai xam,<br /> chd'ng thuc dan Phap khi ehung quay trd chdng Phap bing nhflng cupc khdi nghia vu<br /> lai chilm dd tbi . trang vdi quy md ldn trUdc khi cd Dang. Sfl<br /> Cupc tdng khdi nghia thang Tam Lao da ban che nay ed t h i giai thieh d khia canh<br /> nd ra trUdc bet d thu dd rdi nhanh chdng do dac dilm eiia xa hdi Lao thude Phap nen<br /> lan rpng k h i p ndi. "TU 23/8 den cuoi thang sU eiu thanh giai cip vd san d Lao phin<br /> 70 Rghito eiru Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> ldn l i ngUdi Vipt va ho sdng chu yeu b khu Rut kinh nghipm tfl han ch^ nay, sau<br /> vUc thanh thi cua Lao. nam 1945, trong thdi ky khang chiln chd'ng<br /> Phap, Dang da chii trUdng vfin dpng quin<br /> Do ehua lien minh dUdc vdi giai ca'p chiing ndng dan va xay dUng cftn cfl 6 ndng<br /> ndng dan nen trong tien trinh each mang thdn tao nen hau phUdng viing chic cho<br /> dl nhan t h i y nhflng b i t ldi ma each mang each mang Lao.<br /> Lao phai ddi mat:<br /> Nam 1945, la mot moc lich sii dac bi$t<br /> Thd! nhdt, can cii each mang phai xay quan trpng doi vdi khu vUc Dong Nam A, bdi<br /> dUng b nUde ngoai (b Thai Lan) trong khi day la khu vUc d i u tien tren the gidi tiln<br /> dd vung ndng thdn va rUng niii rdng ldn la hanh khdi nghia, t i & cdng manh me vao h$<br /> nhflng ndi xay dUng can cfl tdt cho each thdng thupc dia cua chii nghia de quoc sau<br /> mang khdng dUdc phat huy. khi Chien tranh thS' gidi thfl Hai k i t thiic.<br /> Thanh qua each mang Lao dUiJc coi la hi$n<br /> ThU hai, each mang chi phat trien b cac tUdng dac bipt trong lich sii phong trao each<br /> dd thi, khdng cd sU lien he gifla thanh thi mang the gidi va khu vUc. Tai sao each<br /> vdi ndng thdn. Khi Nhat dao ehinh Phap, mang lai thanh cong 6 mpt nUdc khi x6t vl<br /> ndng thdn - ndi khdng ed ed sd each mang lUc lupng chfnh trj va tinh hinh kinh t^ xa<br /> trd thanh ndi tru i n ly tudng ciia thUc dan hpi khdng c6 nhiJng ylu to cin vk dii nhU<br /> Phap. Khi cd cd hpi, nong thdn lai la ndi ma mpt sd nUdc khae trong khu v^Jc? Chiing tdi<br /> ke thu dung d l bao vay lUe lUdng each cho r i n g nhflng vfi'n de da trinh bay cl tren<br /> mang b dd thi. da gdp p h i n giai dap cau hoi nky.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Cayxon Phdmvihan (1979), M^t vdi kinh (6), (7). Geoffrey C. Gunn (1988), Political<br /> nghiim chinh vd mdt sd vdn di vi phUcfng hUdng struggles in Laos (1930-1954). Edition Duang<br /> mdi cua cdch mgng Ldo. Nxb Si^ Th$it, Hi Ndi, tr. Kamol. Siam Square, Bangkok, Thailan ( Ban<br /> 140. tiifng Anh), tr. 42, 62.<br /> (2). Xedop, Su phdt triin kinh tdcua Ldo td sau (8). Dia bin xung ylfu chfnh li cic dd thj. Dd<br /> chien tranh the gidi thd hai den nam 1958, Nxb Sil thj li cic trung tfim chinh trj cila ca nU6c, li ndi<br /> Thit Hi Npi 1961 ( Ban tig'ng Nga). chfnh quyln djch m^nh nhUng cung li ndi li^c<br /> (3), (4). Vu Thi VSn Anh (2007), Nguyen nh&n lupng cich m^ng phit thin nhi't. NhQng dja bin<br /> vd cdc dot di d&n cda ngUcfi Viet den Ldo, T^p chi xung yiu li Vi§ng Chin, Thi Kh?t, Savanakh6t...<br /> [Bao cio tdng keft thcii k^ 1930-1946, Tu h$u vi6n<br /> Nghign ciiu Dong Nam A, so 2, tr. 39, 41.<br /> nghien cflu ljch sii Qufin Si;( Vi$t Nam, tr. 79]<br /> (5). LUdng Ninh, Ddt nUdc Ldo lich sd vd van<br /> hoa, Nxb. Chfnh trj Qudc gia. Hi Npi, 1996, tr. (9). Vi$n nghien cliu D6ng Nam A, Lich svt<br /> 197. Ldo, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xi h$i, Hi N§i, 1997, tr. 238.<br />