Một số tác động tích cực của chính sách thực dân Tây Ban Nha ở Trung và Nam Mỹ

MOT SO TAG DdNG TICH Cl/C CUA CHINH SACH<br /> THUC D A N TAY B A N NHA QT TRUNG VA NAM MY<br /> <br /> LUONG THI THOA<br /> PHAM THI THANH HUY£'N*<br /> <br /> <br /> phQdng thQc sinh hoat vd phQcfng thQc ton<br /> T rong Tap ehi Nghien cQu Lich sQ, sd<br /> 6 (331) thfing XI-XII nfim 2003,<br /> chiing tdi da cd mpt bai viet vdi tieu dl:<br /> tai ciia tdt cd nhQng nhdm ngQdi bdn dia,<br /> khdng mdt ai biit dQdc dd cd bao nhiiu bp<br /> "Chinh sdch thQc ddn cua Tdy Ban Nha ddi tdc bi nd dich, bi hdnh ha, bi sa ngd vd bi<br /> vdi cQ ddn da do trin luc dia chdu My vd giit chit" (1). Tuy nhien, cung cfin phai<br /> hdu qud cda no (thi'ky XV - XVI)". Trong bfii nhan thfi'y rfing: cdng cupe khai thfie thupc<br /> viet dd, do gidi han ciia tU lipu nen chung tdi dia eiia thUe dfin Tay Ban Nha d Trung vfi<br /> mdi ehi de cfip den nhQng tac dpng tieu eUc Nam My da tao nen mpt so tac dpng khach<br /> eiia chinh sach thUe dfin do Tay Ban Nha quan mang y nghia tfch cilc ddi vdi thupc<br /> gay ra cho cdc thupc dia chfiu My. dia nhU: tao ra sU pha trdn chung tpc, tao<br /> ra mpt sd yeu to' mdi trong nen kinh te<br /> Cd the ndi, chinh sfich thUe dan cua Tay<br /> thupc dia cung nhU sU tiep xuc, giao lUu<br /> Ban Nha dd'i vdi cdc qud'c gia d Trung va vfin hoa giQa cac nUde phUdng Tay vdi Tan<br /> Nam My da de lai nhieu hdu qua tieu cUc The gidi... d mpt khia canh nfio dd, nhQng<br /> cho eac dan tpc ndy: dd Id sU buy dipt ve tfic dpng nfiy eung mang lai nhQng thay ddi<br /> dan so' eua chau My, sU khai thfie bdc lot ldn, cfin ban cho khu vUc Trung vfi Nam<br /> triet de cae ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien My, gdp phfin tao nen mpt My Latinh vdi<br /> cung nhu thanh qua lao dpng cua ngUdi nhQng dfic trUng kinh td - vfin hoa dpc dao,<br /> dan cac nUde bi xam chiem, dd Id sii huy rieng ed ciia nd.<br /> diet eac nen vfin hda truyen thdng ban dia<br /> vfi chinh sfich phan biet chung tpc da man Tao ra sii pha tron c h u n g toe<br /> ddi vdi ngUdi da mfiu, cupe sd'ng eua ngudi<br /> Dfiy la tac dpng dfiu tien mfi sU nhfip eU<br /> dan d cac qud'c gia hi thiic dan Tay Ban<br /> eiia thuc dan chau Au vfio chau My dfi<br /> Nha chiem ddng hfiu nhU khdng ed sU cai<br /> mang lai. Hp qua nfiy Ifi tfit nhien, khong<br /> thien ndo dang ke. Alvin M.Joseph da nhan<br /> the tranh khdi khi nhQng ngUdi da trfing<br /> xdt: "SQ khai hod cua ngiidi chdu Au ddi<br /> trfin sang xam lUpc thupc dia d mpt vung<br /> vcH My Latinh dQdc coi Id giai doan den tdi<br /> dfi't vdn la lanh thd cua ngUdi da dd.<br /> nhd't trong lich sQ lodi ngQdi, bdi vi nhQng<br /> ngQdi khai hda dd dp dat quyin liic cda Theo thdng ke cd khoang 750.000 ngUdi<br /> minh lin cudc sd'ng, len lanh thd, tdn gido. Tay Ban Nha dfi nhfip cU den The gidi Mdi<br /> <br /> <br /> • PGS.TS. Khoa Lich sit - Trudng Dai hpc Sii pham Hfi Npi<br /> " Th.S. Khoa Lich sd • TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi<br /> mot s6j6cdOng Hch eye... 61<br /> <br /> trong thdi ky thupe dia SofdSl<br /> (2). Hp h l u het deu den tQ Supha trdn chiing tpc dkhu vuc Trung vd Nam My<br /> nhQng vung nong nghipp<br /> lac hfiu d phia Nam Tfiy Ngirtri da NguM Indian Nguilida<br /> trfing den<br /> Ban Nha. TQ cho Ifi Ifinh<br /> thd rieng ciia ngUdi<br /> Indian (ngUdi da dd), chfiu<br /> My da trd thfinh chdu luc Ngiidi Ngiriri<br /> mestizo zambo<br /> cda nhQng ngQdi nhap cQ.<br /> Chinh sU nhfip eU ciia<br /> ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha ndi NguM<br /> Mulatto<br /> rieng, ng^di chfiu Au ndi<br /> chung, cung vdi vipe dUa<br /> peninsular (nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha<br /> ngUdi no le da den tQ chfiu Phi sang dfi tao<br /> sinh ra d Tfiy Ban Nha) (chiem 4,69%), cdn<br /> ra sU pha trdn chiing toe d cae thupc dia<br /> lai 3,05 tripu ngUdi Ifi thupc nhdm criollo<br /> chau My. Trai qua qufi trinh sinh sdng, ba<br /> (nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha sinh ra d chfiu<br /> thfinh p h i n dfin eU ehinh d thupc dia Ifi<br /> My (chidm hdn 95%) (4). Sii phfin bipt giQa<br /> ngUdi da trfing, ngUdi Indian vfi ngUdi da<br /> ngUdi peninsular vfi ngUdi criollo khdng<br /> den dfi hofi trdn vdi nhau, tao ra nhQng<br /> phai bdi ddng mau ma bdi ndi sinh. NhUng<br /> nhdm ngUdi lai, chii yeu la ngUdi mestizo,<br /> trong xa hpi d thupc dia, sU phan bipt dfing<br /> zambo vk mulatto. Cd the minh hoa sU pha<br /> cfi'p giQa hai nhdm ngUdi nfiy tUdng ddi rd<br /> trdn chiing tpc dd bfing sd dd dudi dfiy (xem<br /> rpt. NhQng chQc vu cao qu^ nhQ tdng trfi'n,<br /> sd dd 1).<br /> tdng gifim muc, chii tich Hpi ddng cd vfi'n...<br /> Trong so' eac nhdm ngUdi lai, ngUdi dfinh cho ngUdi peninsular. Trong khi dd,<br /> mestizo trd thfinh thfinh p h i n dfin cU chii<br /> ngUdi criollo thi lai giQ vai trd quan trpng<br /> yeu d nhieu ndi nhU Mexico, Trung My vfi<br /> trong boat dpng kinh te: chii md, chii<br /> khu viic cao nguyen Andes.<br /> xUdng, thUdng nhfin, chu cfic hacienda<br /> Mfic du sii xam lUdc eiia thUe dfin Tfiy (dien trang)... Do vfiy, ngUdi criollo ludn<br /> Ban Nha dfi tfin sat vfi huy dipt ngUdi da ludn dfi'u tranh dl nfim chinh quyen. Cupe<br /> do, nhung vfio cudl thdi ky thupc dia, dfin dfi'u tranh giQa ngUdi criollo vfi ngUdi<br /> sd Indian da cd dfi'u hipu tfing trd lai. Theo peninsular Ifi mpt trong nhQng nguyen<br /> Ude tinh d i u the ky XIX, tdng dfin sd d cae nhfin dfin den cudc dfi'u tranh giai phdng<br /> thupc dia chfiu My cua Tay Ban Nha Ifi 17 dfin tpc d My Latinh the ky XIX - XX.<br /> tripu ngUdi, trong so' dd khoang 7,5 tripu Ifi<br /> ngudi Indian (chidm 44,1%); 3,2 tripu Ifi Nhu vfiy, cupe xfim lUdc thiie dfin cua<br /> ngudi da trfing (18,8%), ngUdi da den chiem Tfiy Ban Nha dfi tao ra d chfiu My mpt cpng<br /> khoang 0,75 tripu ngUdi (4,7%), vfi 5,5 tripu ddng dan eU da ehiing tpc. Su hofi trdn<br /> cdn lai Ifi sd ngUdi lai vdi nhilu loai khfic chiing tpc nfiy Ifi cd sd tao ra sU giao lUu<br /> nhau (mestizo, zambo, mulatto) chidm kinh td, vfin hofi giQa ngQdi ban dia, ngQdi<br /> 32,4% (3). da trfing vfi ngUdi da den. Dd cung chfnh Ifi<br /> Trong sd 3,2 tripu ngUdi da trfing ed dilu kipn hinh thfinh nen vfin hofi da sfic<br /> khoang 150.000 ngUdi thupc nhdm tpc d chfiu My nhU hipn nay.<br /> 62 Rghien cuu Ljch sJr. sg 4.2009<br /> <br /> Tao ra m o t so y e u to mdi trong n e n tQ nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao. Hp cdn gidi thieu<br /> k i n h te thuoc dia cho ngUdi Indian biet den banh xe, thQ mfi<br /> ngUdi Indian thfim chf chUa he dUde nhin<br /> Ben canh tac dpng mang tinh chfi't tU<br /> thfi'y. Bfinh xe dfi cho phdp ngUdi Indian<br /> nhien Ifi sU hda trpn chung tpc, chinh sfich<br /> che tao ra xe bd, xe ngiia thay the cho sQc<br /> thiie dan eua Tfiy Ban Nha cdn tao ra d<br /> kdo ciia con ngUdi trUde day.<br /> chau My mpt so yeu to mdi trong nen kinh<br /> te thupc dia. TrUdc khi bi ngUdi Tfiy Ban "NgQdi Indian rdt thich thu nhQng sdn<br /> Nha xam chiem, nen kinh td cua ngUdi da phdm cua nin cdng nghi chdu Au. NhQng<br /> dd mang tfnh chfi't tu nhien tu cfi'p tU tuc. mdi ten dQdc gdn kim loai to ra Qu viit hdn<br /> NhUng tfnh chfi't dd da thay ddi bdi nhiing hdn so vdi nhQng mui tin gdn dd. Viic sdn<br /> hoat dpng kinh te phuc vu cho muc dfch ban trd nin hieu qud hdn vdi sQ xudt hien<br /> thiic dan ciia ngudi Tfiy Ban Nha. Cung vdi cua sung... " (6).<br /> qufi trinh xfim lUde vfi khai thae thupc dia,<br /> Ben canh dd, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha trong<br /> ngudi Tay Ban Nha da mang den chfiu My<br /> qufi trinh khai thae kinh te da tao ra<br /> nhQng gidng efiy trdng, vfit nudi mdi la mfi<br /> nhQng yeu to mdi trong nen kinh te thupc<br /> d dd chUa he biet den.<br /> dia. Mfic du thiic dan Tfiy Ban Nha ludn thi<br /> Ngay trong chuyen thfim hiem Ifin thQ hfinh chfnh sfich kim ham ddi vdi nen kinh<br /> hai ciia minh (1493), Critxtdp Cdldmbd dfi td cua ngUdi ban xQ, nhUng dfiu sao nin<br /> mang sang thupc dia mpt sd gidng rau vfi kinh td dd vfin phfit trien theo mpt cd cfi'u<br /> con vfit nudi. Trong qufi trinh khai thfie vfi da dang hdn trUde, bao gdm nhieu ngfinh<br /> nhfip cU, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha mang theo nhu khai thfie md, chfin nudi, edng nghipp,<br /> nhQng dpng vfit cung cfi'p thiie phfim nhU buon bfin vdi chfiu A vfi Tay Ban Nha...<br /> gfi, ldn, cQu, de, bd sQa...; nhQng gidng efiy<br /> trdng mdi: lua mi, lua mach, mach den vfi Trong cac nganh kinh te mdi xufi't hipn<br /> yen mach, nho (de san xufi't rUdu vang), cfi thdi ky thupc Tay Ban Nha, khai md dfi<br /> phe... Theo thdng ke, ed khoang 170 loai ddng mpt vai trd chii yeu trong sii phfit<br /> gidng rau vfi efiy trdng dUde ngUdi Tay Ban trien cua nen kinh te thupc dia. O ndi dfiu<br /> Nha dUa sang chfiu My (5), trong sd dd cd cd khai md, ndi dd thfinh phd mpe len vfi<br /> nhieu loai hipn nay trd thfinh ngudn thu phat trien thinh vUpng. Vf du nhU thfinh<br /> chfnh cua san xufi't ndng nghipp d chau My. phd Pdtdsi (Peru) - ndi ed md bae Pdtdsi - ed<br /> Mpt sd dpng vfit cd sQc kdo nhQ la, ngiia, dfin so len den 160.000 ngUdi vfio giQa the<br /> bd... eung dQde ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dem ky XVII (7), trd thfinh thfinh phd" ldn nhfit d<br /> den chfiu My. TrUdc khi cd sU xufi't hien eua chau My, bd xa ca thu dd Mexico. NhUng<br /> nhQng lofii dpng vfit nfiy, ngQdi ban dia d den dfiu the ky XIX, khi Mexico trd thfinh<br /> chau My thudng dung lUng ngudi dl mang ngudn cung cfi'p khofing san chinh thi<br /> vfie nhQng hfing hda nfing (gpi Ifi cac Pdtdsi dfin thu nhd lai thfinh mpt lang vdi<br /> tameme), vfi chi cd lac dfi khdng bQdu Ifi dan sd chi khoang 8000 ngUdi (nfim 1800)<br /> dpng vfit cd sQc kdo duy nhfi't dUde sQ dung (8).<br /> d vung Andes.<br /> Thu nhfip tQ hoat dpng khai md Ifi<br /> NgUdi Tay Ban Nha ciing da mang den ngudn tfii chfnh chii yeu nudi dUdng tofin<br /> chfiu My tfi't ca nhQng kinh nghipm eua hp bp bp mfiy hfinh chfnh thupc dia. Den nfim<br /> ve trdng trpt, trong dd ed nhilu dieu hp hpc 1800, eac thupc dia cua Tay Ban Nha vfi Bd<br /> TB