Một số vấn đề về chương trình môn Lịch sử trong hệ thống giáo dục ở Mỹ và Canada

LICH jSfl vdi NHA TRfldNG<br /> <br /> <br /> MOT SO \AJ% BE v t ClIlJOiVG TREVH<br /> Md]\ L i e n Sir TROIVG H E THOMG<br /> GiAo o r e d MY vA C A I \ A D A<br /> <br /> <br /> TRAN THI VINH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T rong h^ th6'ng gifio dye 6 My vfl<br /> Canada, lich sfl Ifl m§t trong s6<br /> nhflng mon hoc hflt bu6e b efle efl^p phd<br /> 1. Vj tri mon Ljch siJf trong he thong<br /> giao due cf My va Canada<br /> Cung nhu cae mon hoc khac trong<br /> thong. Vi trl cua mon Ljch sfl trong nhfl trUdng phfi thfing, viec day vfl hoc mfin ljch<br /> trUdng phd thong do dUOc khflng djnh, sfl eung trai qua nhi^u bi6^n doi thfing qua<br /> khong con Ifl vfl'n de phai bfln cai. Tfl't ea cae cuoc cai each trong lich sfl giflo due My<br /> hgc sinh muon c6 BSng tS't nghidp Trung vfl Canada. Thflc te cho thfl'y, khfing phfli<br /> hoc phd thong (High School Diploma ci My ngay tfl diu ngudi ta efi nh|n thflc that sU<br /> hay Secondary School Diploma b Canada) d^y du vfl khach quan dfii vdi vj tri ciia mon<br /> bflt buoc phai hoan thflnh 30 tin chl ljch sfl trong h^ thong giao due noi chung.<br /> (credits) b cflp Trung hoc phd thong (idp 9 0 My, sau cai each giao due vflo dau thflp<br /> d^n ldp 12) trong do eo 18 tin chi bflt buoc nien 60 the ky XX, cac nhfl giao due mfii cfi<br /> (compulsory credits) vfl 12 tin chi tfl chon each nhin mdi tofln di^n, diy du hdn ve bo<br /> (optional credits). Lich sfl Ifl mgt trong so mfin lich sfl trong nhfl trUclng. SU thie'u hut<br /> cac mon hgc hflt buoc, cflng vdi cac m6n ki^n thflc lich sfl ciia hoc sinh, dfle bifit Ifl<br /> hgc khac nhU Toan, Tieng Anh, Vflt ly, kifi^n thfle ve Ijeh sfl xa hfii vfl lich sfl vfln<br /> Ngoai ngfl... Trong tinh hinh d6, vigc day hoa dfl khien eho cac nhfl hoach dinh chinh<br /> vfl hoc ljch sfl dUdc ehu trong nhu m6t sach phai xem xfit lai cong tflc day va hoe<br /> Ijeh sfl trong cac trUdng pho thfing. Nhihig<br /> mon hgc cd ban 3 cae trUdng pho thong b<br /> bit on vfi* xa hfii trong th§p nifin 60 th^ ky<br /> My va Canada. Bfli vi^t nfly sfl tflp trung<br /> XX, sfl xung dot ve' cac gifl trj vfin hoa, lich<br /> phan tich m6t so vflfn di vi vj tri mfin Ljch<br /> sfl trong xa hfii My thin ky nfly hfit ngudn<br /> sfl trong h | thong giao due b My vfl<br /> tfl nhi^u nguyfin nhfln, trong dfi co su thi^u<br /> Canada, chu^n qud'e gia mon Ljch sfl,<br /> hut nhflng hieu biet ve ljch sfl xa hfii vfl vfln<br /> sflch giflo khoa lieh sfl vfl tfli li^u giflng hfia. Trong boi eflnh dfi, hflng loat dfl an<br /> day ljch sfl b cac truing phd thfing b My dU^c th\Ie hi^n trong nhihig nflm 1960 •<br /> vfl Canada.<br /> <br /> <br /> 'PGS.TS. Khoa Ljch sfl, TrUdng D^i hoc Su pham Hfl N$i<br />  Bghlfai etiru Hch aJr. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> 1970 nh&m thflc diy vfl nflng cao chtft cflng cho thtfy nhflng thfich thflc dflt ra ddi<br /> lUi^ng d^y vfl hpe ljch atJl 6 cflc trUdng phd vdi cflng tfic d^y vfl hgc ljch svt b My. Theo<br /> thfing. Vi$c gi&ng d^y mfin ljch avi ixSfjc kdt qua didu tra ciia Trung tfim nghifin cflu<br /> tfing cUcing vi nfki dung, sdlUi^ng gid d^y vfl vfl phfin tich cfic vtfn dd xfl h$i thudc D^i<br /> phuong thflc gidng day. Vi n$i dung, b^t hgc Connecticut, 66% hgc einh b cfic trUdng<br /> dSu tfl nflm 1960, mfin ljch sfl bao gdm ck trung hgc b Yale, Northwester, Smith,<br /> ljch si^ xil hOi vfl tjeh sfl vfln h6a (1). Sau c&i Bowdoin khfing d^t yfiu cSu khi Ifim bfli<br /> eflch giflo dye vflo cudi thflp nifin 1980, kidm tra trfic nghidm vd ljch siJl nUdc My,<br /> Trung tflm qudc gia vd Ljch sfl trong eflc chl efi duy nhfi't m^t hgc ainh tra ldi dflng<br /> trUdng phd thfing (National Center for tofin b^ 34 cflu h6i. Ch! cd khoang 60% hgc<br /> History in the Schools - NCHS) dU(?e thflnh ainh bidt nhflng thfing tin vd ndn dfin chu<br /> Iflp nflm 1988 nhhm myc tifiu tflng eUcJng vfi hidn phflp My, khoang 70% hgc sinh<br /> nflng Iflc gidng d^y vfl hgc tflp mfin ljch sfl dU0e hdi khfing bidt vd nhflng cu(ic chidn<br /> cho giflo vifin vfl hgc sinh cfic trUdng phd tranh mfi nUdc My tham gia. TbU^ng nghj<br /> thfing. Cflng tflc d^y vfl hpe Ijeh aijt dUgc SI Joseph D. Conn cho rflng: "Kdt qua didu<br /> tflng cU6ng vdi nhflng kdt qua kha quan, tra cho thfi'y thd h$ tri ngfly nay thidu hijt<br /> dfle bi$t vflo nfla sau thflp nifin 1990, sau nhflng hidu bidt vd ljch sfl dfin t ^ , vd cflc<br /> khi Chuin qu6c gia mfin Ljch sit dugc gifi trj dfin chii. Chflng ta khong dfinh gifl<br /> ehinh thfle han hflnh nfim 1996 (2). thfi'p cfic trUdng phd thfing trong cfing tfic<br /> d^y vfl hgc ljch sii, nhUng chung ta bu$c<br /> NhQng nfim diu thfi'ki XXI, nhflng thay<br /> phai yfiu efiu cfic nhfl giflo d\ic 6 eflc eflp phd<br /> ddi nhanh chfing cua tinh hinh thd gidi da<br /> thfing phai tfing cudng gd'p dot cd gfing ctia<br /> dflt ra nhflng thfleh thflc m6i cho cfing tfic<br /> hg dd thd h$ tr£ cfi dugc nhflng kidn thfle vd<br /> day vfl hgc ljch sii b cac trUdng phd thfing.<br /> ljch sfl vfl vfin hda dfin t$c" (4).<br /> Sau su ki$n nudc My hi tfn cfing ngfly 11-9-<br /> 2001, du lufin cho r4ng nhflng hilu bidt cija Sfl thidu hyt kidn thflc Ijeh sfl cua thd<br /> ngudi dfin My ve Ijeh sfl thd gidi, dfle bi§t Ifl h§ tre d\S(jc cfic nhfl nghien eflu My nhin<br /> khu vflc ngofli Bfic My vfi chfiu Au cdn qufi nhfln nhu lfi "m^t hidm hga dfln t$e". Td<br /> it 6i. ChuySn gia giflo dye kifim phfing vifin USA Today News ngfiy 28-2-2008 cfing bd<br /> BBC News, Mike Baker cho r&ng: "Si^ ki§n kdt qua m$t cu$c didu tra xfl h$i hgc vd<br /> 11-9 bSng chdc dfi b u ^ chflng ta thffy du^e nhflng hidu bidt cua 1200 thanh nifin My<br /> sfl eSn thidt phai tflng eUdng hidu bidt vi 17 tudi vd ljch aii dfln tOc. Kdt qua cho<br /> thfTy ehi cfi 43% sd ngUcri d u ^ hoi cfi dU(?c<br /> ljch sfl nhflng khu vflc khfie nhau trfin thd<br /> nhiing kidn thflc cd ban vd cugc ngi chidn d<br /> gidi cung nhu phai hilu vd ljch sfl tfin gifio,<br /> My, 25% sd ngudi d u ^ hoi cho r^ng C.<br /> ljch sfl vfln hfia vfi chinh trj, nhflng vfl'n dd<br /> Columbus tim ra chfiu My sau nfim 1750<br /> mfl trfldc dfiy chung ta da khfing chfl ^<br /> chfl khfing phai vflo nflm 1492. Khoang<br /> dung mflc. Dfiy Ifl luc chung ta nh$n thflc<br /> 50% nhflng ngUdi dugc hoi khdng bidt<br /> rfi hdn tfim quan trgng eiia mfin ljch sfl<br /> ho$c khfing nhd cflc sfl ki$n cd ban cfi Hfin<br /> trong nhfi trudng. Ljch sfl Ifl mfin hgc cung quan ddn Ijeh sii nUfic My. Tren ed sd<br /> cfTp cho chflng ta kidn thfle cd sd di hidu nhflng kdt qua dU^c efing hd, bfli bflo nhdn<br /> thd gidi hfim nay" (3). m^nh, *%ai mUdi Ifim nflm sau khi cd bfio<br /> Cflng trong thdi gian nfiy, cflc kdt qua cfio "Mdt hii'm hpa ddn tgc" (A Nation at<br /> thdng kfi cua cflc cugc didu tra xa h^i hgc Risk) vd tinh tr^ng thidu hut kidn thflc<br /> BT^t atf v6n di v& chirona Mnh...<br /> <br /> ljch sii, vfin hfia cfla thanh thidu nifin My, thflc ljch sii bfit buOc ddi vdi nhflng ngUdi<br /> cong tfic d^y hgc ljch sfl da dUgc tflng cUdng nh$p cu mudn trd thflnh cfing dfln<br /> trong cfic trudng phd thong. Tuy nhifin, cfic Canada. Theo Lufit nhflp cU ciia Canada,<br /> kdt qua didu tra ngfly hfim nay cho thfl'y nhflng ngudi mudn cfi qude tjeh Canada<br /> mgt thv^e td lfi phai chfing chung ta chi tflp phai trai qua bfli thi vidt vfl phfin hdi vfl'n<br /> trung vflo nhflng mfin hgc nhU Tofln, Tidng dfip vd Ijeh sfl chinh trj - xa hdi vfl lich sfl<br /> Anh mfl bd qufin efle mfin khoa hgc xa h^i vfln hfia Canada tfl 1867 ddn nay (8).<br /> khac trong dfi cfi mfin Lich sii" (5). GS<br /> Kathleen A.Steevss, D^i hgc George O My, Bg Giflo dye Lifin bang da ho trd<br /> Washington cho r^ng ChUdng trinh hfinh vi§c thuc hi§n cac dfl fin nhSm tflng eUdng<br /> dgng "Khong dd cho tre em nflo tyt hflu" do vi§c giang day vfl giao due ljch sfl cho hgc<br /> Tdng thdng My Bush dd xUdng (No Child sinh phd thfing. Du an "Ngfly ljch sfl dan<br /> left behind, Public Law 107-110, 2001) trfin t§c" (National History Day - NHD) do GS<br /> thUe td dudng nhu chu ydu ehi du^c thflc Cathy Gorn, Dai hgc Maryland tidn hflnh<br /> thi dfil vdi eflc mfin Toan vfl tie'ng Anh, Ifi mgt trong sd nhflng dU an nfiu tren.<br /> trong khi dfi mfin Ijeh sfl chUa dugc chu y Khoang 700.000 hgc sinh vfl 40.000 giao<br /> dung mfle (6). vien trung hgc phd thong da tham gia du<br /> fin NHD. Vfii sfl tfli trg eua Chinh phii,<br /> l l n h hinh day vfl hoe mon lich sfl d cae hflng loat cac hgi thao, eflc chUdng trinh<br /> trUdng phd thfing d Canada cung gflp phai dflo tao gifio vien dUdc thfle hi^n, hgc sinh<br /> nhflng vfl'n de tUdng tfl. Bao cao ve" Tinh dugc khuydn khich Ifla ehgn vfl thflc hien<br /> hinh d^y hgc Ljch sii do Vifin dieu tra xfl cac dd tfli ve ljch sfl dfln tgc; cac trUdng phd<br /> hgi hgc Ipsos b Toronto (Ipsos News thfing dugc tfing cudng thiet bj day hoc,<br /> Center Canadian's Views on History ngudn tai lifiu day vfl hgc lich sfl, thiet ke<br /> Education) eho biet, 76% sdngudi dUde hoi eflc trang web ve Hch sfl... Vfii ke't qua dat<br /> lo ng?i vd tinh trang thie'u hyt kien thfle dugc cua du an nfly, GS Cathy Gorn cho<br /> ljch sfl dfln tfie eiia gidi tre, 83% so ngUdi rfing, trfin thUc te "viec Iflm cho hgc sinh<br /> dUde hdi yeu cdu tfing gfip doi sd gid hgc yeu thich mfin ljch sfl khfing phai la dieu<br /> ljch sfl trong trUdng phd thong, dfle bi^t Ifl khfing thd Ifim dUdc" (9). Ben canh do, Bg<br /> lich sfl Canada, 81% sdngudi duge hdi keu giao due Lien bang da dUa ra eflc giai<br /> ggi Chinh phu lifin bang cin quan tflm thudng thudng nifin cho giao vien mfin lich<br /> hdn ddn vi^c cfing tac giao dye ljch sii sfl nh&m khuydn khich phat nflng lUe ciia<br /> trong nhfl trUdng (7). Mfic du Ljch sfl lfi gifio vifin. Nfim hgc 2007-2008, ChUdng<br /> mfin hgc hfit huge trong eae eflp hgc phd trinh giai thudng dfinh cho giao vien day<br /> thfing nhUng trfin thflc td ehi cfi 35% sd gidi Ijeh sfl My dUdc cong bd vfii tong gifl<br /> ngUdi dUde hoi cho rflng Ljch sii Ifl mfin trj len den 1 trifiu USD (10). Thflc td eho<br /> hgc Ua thich cua hg khi hoe trong trUdng thfi^y, cflc nhfl hoach dinh chinh sflch b My<br /> phd thfing. Trong tinh hinh dfi, Chinh phu vfl Canada da efi nhidu no lUc trong viee<br /> Canada da chu trgng ddn v i ^ tflng eUdng nhin nhfln dung vj tri, vai trd eua mfin Ijeh<br /> kidn thflc lich sii eho hgc sinh trong nhfl sii cung nhu tim quan trgng ciia cfing tac<br /> trudng nfii rieng vfl cho efing dfln Canada giao dye ljch sii trong nhfl trUdng nfii rieng<br /> nfii ehung, trong dfi efi vi?e kiem tra kidn vfl trong xa hfii nfii ehung.<br />  Rghl6n cilru Lieh aiS". atf 9.2012<br /> <br /> 2. Mdt so vfi'n dd vd Chu^n qu£>c gia nUdc My trong nhflng th§p nifin gfin dfiy.<br /> mon Lich suT (National S t a n d a r d s for Nflm 1989, dich thfln Tdng thdng My G.<br /> History) d My vfl Canada Bush (cha) dfi xem xfit vfl gfip y tofin bfi cfic<br /> Hd thdng gifio dye eiia My dUgc dflt dudi vfin bfln v^ Chudn qud'e gia mdn lich si,<br /> sfl tfli trg, qujin IJ vfl kidm sofit tfl ba edp: trong chuydn thfim Charlottesville, bang<br /> cfi'p Lifin hang (Fedoral), cfl'p Bang (State) Virginia, nhktn thfle ddy cfing tflc eai each<br /> vfi Dja phUdng (Local). Tuong ti^ nhU v$y, gifio dye trong tofln lifin hang (11).<br /> hd thfi'ng giflo dye ciia Canada cQng cd ba Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si dugc sii<br /> cfl'p Ifl; cfl'p Nhfi nUdc (Federal), cfl'p Tinh dyng rdng rfii trong trfin 30 bang b My vdi<br /> (Provincal) vfl Dja phUdng (Local). CAc tifiu tfl cfich lfi vfin ban hudng ddn, djnh hudng<br /> chufl'n vi d^y vfl hgc, vd ki^m tra dfinh gifi cho qufi trinh d^y vfl hgc mfin lieh s^ d<br /> chfi't lugng day hgc cfic mfin hoc trong nhfi trudng phd thfing cflng nhu thi^c hi^n cflc<br /> trudng chu ydu do Bd Gifio dye eflc bang d dfl fln vd tflng CUdng hidu qua gifio due ljch<br /> My (cfic Linh d Canada) ty quyfi't djnh trfin sii. Tuy nhifin, Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si<br /> cd sd nhflng quy djnh chung cua Bd Giflo khfing phai lfi vfln ban phfip ldnh mang<br /> dye Lifin bang. Cfing tfic quan Ijr vi§c d^y tinh bat budc mfl mang tfnh txf nguydn.<br /> vfl hgc ljch sfl cung tufin thu cflc quy djnh Trfin thflc t^, m^t sd bang d My dfi chii<br /> dd. dgng di xufi't efie chudn mUc rieng, phfl hgp<br /> TrUdc het, d cfip Lifin bang, Trung tfim vdi tht^e td eua bang minh hofle dja phUdng<br /> qudc gia vd Lieh sfl trong cfic trUdng phd minh, nhUng tfi't ca ddu cfi mfit diem chtmg<br /> thfing (National Center for History in the Ifl nhflm thuc hidn muc tieu giflo due qudc<br /> Schools - NCHS) true thuge Bg Gifio dye gia. Tinh hinh dfi cung phdn anh dfle diem<br /> lien bang (d Canada Ifl Bg Giflo dye Qudc da d^ng ciia ndn gifio dye My. Trong khi<br /> gia) cd nhiem vy quan ly vfi ho trg cflc bang dfi, ndu so sflnh vdi tinh hinh b Canada efi<br /> trong vi^c ho^eh djnh chinh sflch, chidn thd thdy sfl khflc bi^t. Chudn qudc gia mdn<br /> luge vfl thuc thi cac chuong trinh d^y vfl Lich si dugc sfl dung trong tofln bfi 10 tinh<br /> hgc lich sfl. Tfl nflm 1988, NCHS dfi thUc vfl 2 vflng Iflnh thd d Canada.<br /> hien cac dfl an nhflm tfing eUdng chfi't lUgng Trong ehUdng trinh gidng day ciia cfic<br /> day hgc ljch sfl dfin toe vfl lieh sfl thd gidi b cfip hgc phd thfing d My vfi Canada, mfin<br /> cflc cfip phd thong. tjeh sfl dUi^c dua vflo giang d^y tfl khfl sdm,<br /> Vdi BU cd vfi'n cua efie ehuyfin gia gifio thflm chi tfl eae ldp hgc tien phd thfing (efie<br /> dye vfl Hi^p hgi efle nhfi sfl hgc My ldp mSu gifio). Nhflng yfiu cflu dflt ra ddi vdi<br /> (American Historical Association - AHA), mdi cfi'p hgc duge quy djnh ro rflng trong<br /> NCHS dfl xfly dUng Chudn qud'e gia mdn Chudn qud'e gia mdn Lich si. Ngay tfl efie<br /> Lich si (National Standards for History) ldp mdu giflo, nhflng kidn thflc ljch sii da<br /> vfi cfing bd cfing khai tren trang web ciia dugc ldng ghfip trong cflc bfii gidng cua gifio<br /> Hi$p hgi cflc nhfl sfl hgc My 14m ed sd dd eflc vifin theo phUdng phfip "ehdi mfi hoe", "hgc<br /> bang vfi eae dja phUdng tridn khai cfic mfl ehdi". Theo dfi, hgc sinh cfic ldp mdu<br /> chuong trinh day vfl hgc lich sfl. Chudn gifio d\l(}c budc dfiu Ifim quen vdi nhiing<br /> qudc gia mdn lich si dUde soan thao vfi sfla kidn thflc sd dfing vd ljch sfl va dja ly, vd<br /> chfla nhidu lfin nhfim dap flng myc tiflu moi quan h§ gifla thd gidi horn nay v6i thd<br /> giao dye qudc gia vfl nhflng thay ddi eua gidi ngfly xua thdng qua cae cfiu ehuydn<br /> apt stf vfin d.& v& ehuxmg Mnh...<br /> <br /> ljch sfl, cflc nhfin vfit lieh sfl, dja danh Ijeh sfl, kdt ndi hidn tai vdi qufi khfl, sfl dung<br /> sii... b cdng ddng, dja phUdng minh dang bdn dd ljch sii, xfiy di^ng bidu dd vfl kha<br /> sdng. nfing budc diu 1^ gidi vin dd ljch sfl b^ng<br /> Ddi vdi hgc sinh tidu hgc (Elementary ngfin ngfl eua minh chfl khfing phdi hgc<br /> School), yfiu ciu dflt ra ddi vdi b? mfin ljch thufic ldng sflch giflo khoa (13).<br /> sfl Ifl cho hge sinh budc Iflm quen vdi Ddi vdi hgc sinh trung hge phd thfing<br /> nhflng nhfln vflt lieh sii, nhflng tfl'm gfldng (High School) ySu elu eua Chudn qudc gia<br /> yeu nUde cua ljch sfl nU6c My vfl thd gidi mdn Lich si Ifl cin phdi cfi ky nfing phfln<br /> thfing qua nhflng cflu ehuy§n ljch sfl, tich ljch sfl vfl tu duy dfic Iflp, phfin bi^t<br /> truydn thuyfi't dfin gian... Tfl dfi xfly dflng dugc vfl efi kha nflng sfl dyng ngudn tU li^u<br /> cho hgc sinh nidm tin vfio tinh eflch, bdn gde vfi efie ngudn tU li§u tham khdo khac,<br /> linh cua nhflng nhfin v^t ljch sfl, eua cfi khd nflng xfiu chudi cfic sU ki^n ljch sii<br /> nhflng eon ngUdi efi thflt trong ljch sii, bUde efi lien quan, khd nfing danh gifi, dira ra<br /> diu hieu dUdc tfic dfing vfl anh hudng cua nhfln xfit cfla cfl nhfln vd cac sU ki^n ljch sir<br /> hg ddi vdi lich sfl phfit tridn eiia dfin tgc, vfl tfl dfi cd khfi nflng dira ra quyet djnh.<br /> ciia bang vfi dia phUdng. Ddng thdi, hge Chdng han nhU dfii vdi hgc sinh ldp 11, khi<br /> sinh nhfln bidt vfl gidi thich dugc nhiing hoc ve chu de Nudc My trong thdi ky Chiin<br /> bifiu tUdng ciia ljch sfl dan toe, lich sfl cua tranh Viet Nam (1965 - 1973), yeu elu dflt<br /> bang, eua dia phUdng nhU qufic huy, cd lifin ra khfing phai ghi nhd may mfic cae sU ki^n<br /> bang, cd cua bang, cd cua efing ddng... Vd tU ljch sfl, cae con so, eflc tr§n danh, mfl lfi<br /> duy lieh sfl, hgc sinh cfip tidu hgc cfln phdi giflp cho hge sinh eo kha nflng khai thflc, sfl<br /> dung eflc ngudn tU li$u khac nhau vd chien<br /> bidt nhflng khfii niem dau tien vd khfing<br /> tranh Vi^t Nam thong qua sach giao khoa,<br /> gian vfl thdi gian, bifi't dflt sfl kien lich sfl<br /> efie trang web, thu vi^n di^n tfl, cac trung<br /> vflo dung trinh tU thdi gian, bidt sfl dung<br /> tflm luu trfl, kdt ndi cae sU kien de tra Ifid<br /> ljch va dien cae sU ki^n Uch sfl cd ban vfio<br /> eflc cflu hdi sau day:<br /> nien bieu... (12).<br /> - Nhthig ly do nao khien nUdc My tham<br /> Doi vdi hgc sinh trung hgc ed sd (Middle<br /> gia chidn tranh Vi$t Nam.<br /> School), Chudn quoc gia mon ljch sfl dUa ra<br /> - Vi sao nUdc My thua trfln?.<br /> nhflng kien thfle ed ban vi ljch sfl thd gidi<br /> - Tfie dgng vfl he luy cua cugc chidn doi<br /> vfi lieh sfl dan toe eung vdi nhflng yfiu elu<br /> vdi nudc My.<br /> cao hdn ve nhfln thflc vfl tu duy ljch sfl so<br /> vfii hgc sinh tidu hoe. Chfing han nhu ddi - Trfin cd sd dfi hoe sinh cfi thd dua ra y<br /> vdi hge sinh ldp 6, yeu elu dfit ra 14 trfin cd kiin dfinh gifl eiia minh vl vi^c ra quyet<br /> sd hieu bidt nhiing si^ kien Ijch sfl cd ban djnh (making decision) cd nen hay khfing<br /> cfin nhfin thflc dugc mdi lien hd gifla nhflng nen tham gia vfio eufie ehi^n va hgc efieh<br /> sU kifin, con ngUdi, dja danh lich sfl... dfii dua ra quydt djnh vflo nhflng tinh hudng<br /> vdi eufie sdng hfim nay. Hgc sinh cfin phai tUdng tu (14).<br /> hidu vfl ly giai dUiJc y nghia ciia cae ngfly le, Nhflm myc tieu tflng eudng tri thflc ljch<br /> ngfiy nghi, ngfly tudng ni|m nhU: ngfly Dgc sii cho hgc sinh phd thfing, Bg Giflo due<br /> Ifip, ngfiy Cflu chidn binh, IS Ta dn, \i Phye Canada da thi^c thi nhidu di^ an trong vfi<br /> sinh... Hgc sinh ldp 7-8 dvl(}c hudc diu Iflm ngofii trfldng phd thong. Hflng loat efie<br /> quen vdi cac ki nfing phfln tich si^ ki^n lieh trang web vd ljch sii Canada, eae gidi<br />  Rghian ciiru L|ch aJr. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> thudng c6 gifl trj vd Ijeh sfl dfln tdc vfl ljch - Thifi dgi thi nhdt: Si/ gdP gd cda Ba<br /> sii thd gidi dugc cfing bd nh&m khuydn thi gidi (ti khdi ddu din ndm 1620). Yfiu<br /> khfch gidi trd tim hidu vfl khfim phfi ljch edu vd kidn thflc ehudn eiia bao gdm hai n^i<br /> Bii. Theo thdng kfi nflm 2006 cua Trung dung: (i) so sfinh d$e didm ciia cflc xfl hdi:<br /> tfim nghifin eflu ljch sfl D^i hge Victoria, My, Tfiy Au vfi Tfiy Phi, a^f tUdng tfie ngfiy<br /> Canada, trong nflm 2005- 2006 c6 12 tridu cflng ldn cua cfic xfl hdi nfiu trdn sau nflm<br /> lugt ngudi vflo cfic trang web vd ljch sfl 1450 trong Ifln sfing di cU sang chfiu My;<br /> Canada. Cflc gidi thfldng cho hge sinh gidi (ii) qufi trinh ngudi chfiu Au di cU sang<br /> hai thfl tidng (tidng Anh vfl tidng Phflp) vi chflu My, sy tuong tfic vfln hfia vfi sinh thfii<br /> ljch sO dfln tOc trj gifl 492.000 dfila Canado gifla efle dfin tdc mfi trUdc dd khfing hd cd<br /> dfl dugc trao cho hgc sinh trung hge phd b{ft ky mfii hen hd nflo.<br /> thdng. Dfle bidt, vi^c thidt Iflp trang web - Thdi dgi thi hai: Qud trinh thudc dia<br /> Nhing bi dn chUa dUpc khdm phd trong hda vd dinh cU (1685-1763). Yfiu ciu kidn<br /> lich si Canada (Great Unsolved Mysteries thflc chudn gdm ba ndi dung: (i) vi sao chflu<br /> in Canada History) dfl thu hut a^f chfl f cua My l^i thu hflt nhflng ngudi chflu Au, vl sao<br /> dfing ddo hge sinh, sinh vifin. Theo dfinh hg dUa nhflng ngUdi nd 1$ da den di eilng,<br /> gifi, trang web dugc thidt kd khfing phdi ehi nhflng ngudi ehfiu Au di eU da dfiu tranh<br /> ddn thuin nhU mgt cfing cy d^y hgc thfing nhu thd nflo dd kidm sofit khu vUc Bfic My<br /> thudng hay m^t bfli gidng ljch sii truydn vfl bidn Caribe; (ii) nhflng vfin dd chinh t4.<br /> thdng, didu quan trgng lfi hge sinh, sinh xfl hdi vfi tfin giflo ndi b$t trong cflc thu^c<br /> vifin duge eung elp nhflng ngudn tU lidu dja eiia Anh b Bflc My; (iii) qufi trinh djnh<br /> khflc nhau, trong dfi ed tU li^u gde, dugc hinh cflc gifl trj eiia chflu Au b Bflc My.<br /> tham gia thdo lu^n, phan xfit ljch sii vfl dUa<br /> ra y kidn cfi nhfin ciia minh vd Ijch sfl dfin - Thcfi dgi thi ba: Cdch mgng vd sU hinh<br /> tgc (15). thdnh nudc My (1754-1820). Yfiu elu kidn<br /> thflc chudn gdm 3 ndi dung: (i) nguyfin<br /> 3. Chiidng t r i n h vfl e h u a n Icien thufc nhfin bflng nd vfl thdng lgi cua Cfich mang<br /> ve lich suf dan tpc t r o n g tri/dng pho My; (ii) tflc dgng chinh trj, kinh td, xa hfii<br /> thong d My ciia Cfich m^ng My; (iii) sfl hinh thflnh h$<br /> ChUdng trinh ljch sii dan tgc (Ljch sii thdng chinh trj My.<br /> nudc My) d phd thfing dugc thidt kd theo • Thdi dgi thi tU: Md r^ng ldnh thd vd<br /> tidn trinh ljch sfl, theo efie thdi d^i Ijeh sii, cdi cdch (1801-1861). Yfiu ciu kidn thflc<br /> cung vdi nhflng yfiu cfiu vd chudn kifi'n thfle chudn gdm 4 ngi dung: (i) qua trinh md<br /> rdng lfinh thd vfl tfic d^ng ddi vdi cfic eUdng<br /> ey thd eho mSi thdi dai. Vd d^i thd, Ljch sfl<br /> qudc chflu Au, ddi vdi ngUdi da dd; (ii) cfich<br /> nudc My duge phfin thfinh 10 thdi d^i (Era)<br /> m^ng cfing nghidp, dfing ngUdi nhflip cU vfi<br /> vfi dfldc gidng day bflt diu tfl ldp 5 ddn ldp<br /> qufi trinh md rdng lanh thd vd phfa Tfiy;<br /> 12. Bflt diu tfl ldp 5, hgc sinh da hgc ljch sfl<br /> (iii) ndn chinh trj My sau nflm 1800; (iv)<br /> nhu mgt mfin hge dgc Iflp. Tfl ldp 11 vfl ldp<br /> phong trflo cai eflch xa h$i, vfin hfia, tfin<br /> 12, hgc sinh dflgc hge m^t sd chuyfin dd<br /> gifio.<br /> chuyfin sfiu tu ehgn ve ljch sii dfln tdc. Theo<br /> - ThX dgi thi ndm: Ndi chiin vd Tdi<br /> chUdng trinh chu^n, efle thdi dai trong ljch<br /> thiii (1850-1877). Yfiu elu kidn thflc chudn<br /> sii nUde My bao gdm:<br /> gdm 3 ndi dung: (i) nguyfin nhfin cudc ndi<br /> mpt stf vgn dd vi ehifong Mnh...<br /> <br /> chidn; (ii) qufl trinh, tinh chfi't vfi tfic dfing chinh trj nUde My vfi qude td; (iii) cfic ehinh<br /> ciia ndi chidn ddi vdi ngUdi My; (iii) qufl sfich ciia nudc My sau Chifi'n tranh thd gidi<br /> trinh tfli thidt sau ngi chidn. thfl Hai; (iv) phong trflo dfiu tranh ehdng<br /> - Thdi dgi thi sdu: Su phdt triin cua phfln bidt chung tgc, binh dflng gidi vfl md<br /> cdng nghiip My (1870-1900) Yfiu cfiu kidn rdng quydn tfl do cfing dfln.<br /> thfle chudn gdm 4 n§i dung: (i) si^ phfit - Thdi dgi thi mUdi: Nudc My hiin dgi<br /> tridn cong nghidp vfi cd gidi hfia nfing (1968 din nay). Yeu ciu kidn thflc chufin<br /> nghidp da tfic ddng nhu thd nflo ddn xfl hfii gdm hai n§i dung: (i) sfl phfit tridn eua ndn<br /> My; (ii) lfin sfing nhfip cU sau nfim 1870, sfl chinh trj trong nU6e vfl qudc td; (ii) sU phfit<br /> da d^ng vfin hda; (iii) sfl phfit tridn ciia tridn kinh td, xa hgi vfl vfln hfia ciia nudc<br /> phong trflo cfing nhfin, tfie d^ng eua ehinh My hifin dai (16).<br /> tri dfii vdi kinh td - xa hdi; (iv) chinh sflch Thflc td eho thfi'y, chfldng trinh vfl kidn<br /> ciia Chfnh phii Liln bang vdi ngudi da dd thflc ehudn mfin Ijeh sfl khong di vflo<br /> vfl ehinh sfich ddi ngoai sau n$i chidn. nhflng ndi dung ehi tie't, nhflng bai giang<br /> - Thdi dgi thi bdy: SU xudt hi^n cua ey thd mfi ehi dUa ra nhflng ehii de chinh<br /> nUdc My hiin dgi (1890-1930). Yeu elu vfl mgt sd thi dy minh hga mang tinh chfit<br /> kidn thflc ehu^n gdm 3 ngi dung: (i) vi?c ggi y de nhflng ngudi thUc thi - thiy vfl trd<br /> giai quydt nhflng v^n dd eiia chu nghia tu d cac cfip hge, efle dja phUdng khfic nhau c6<br /> bdn cfing nghigp, do thj hfia vfi nhflng v^n thd phat huy quye'n tu chii vfi y tudng sflng<br /> dd chinh trj; (ii) sU thay doi vai trfi cua My tao ciia minh mgt each toi da trong day hgc<br /> trong cac vfi'n di qudc td thfing qua Chidn lieh sfl. Tren cd sd chUOng trinh vfl kidn<br /> tranh the gidi thfl I; (iii) nhflng chuydn thflc chudn, eflc trUdng phd thong cfi thi<br /> bidn cua nudc My sau Chidn tranh thd gidi thidt ke eflc ehUdng trinh giang d^y phfl<br /> thfl Nha:t. hgp vdi dia phUOng cua minh vfl lUa ehgn<br /> nhflng bg sflch giao khoa thich hgp de dat<br /> - Thdi dgi thi tdm: Dgi khung hodng vd<br /> dugc mye tieu giao dye quoc gia.<br /> Chiin tranh the gidi thi Hai (1929-1945).<br /> Yfiu ciu kidn thflc chuIn gdm 3 ndi dung: 4. Ve sach giao khoa lich sit of cac<br /> (i) nguyen nhfin eua cufic Dai khung hodng trt/dng phd thong My va Canada<br /> vfl tac dgng ddn xa hgi My; (ii) Chinh saeh Trong luflt giao dye cua My vfi Canada,<br /> mdi vfi nhflng bidn doi eua nUde My, sU bfit hgc sinh eae cfi'p phd thfing tfl ldp 1 den ldp<br /> dau chinh sflch phue lgi cua I^fl nUdc; (iii) 12 dugc sfl dyng miln phi hofln tofln efle<br /> nguyfin nhan vfl diin bidn ehinh eua Chien lo^i sflch giflo khoa, trong do cd giflo khoa<br /> tranh the gidi thfl Hai, cugc chien d trong ljch sfl. Sflch giflo khoa ljch sfl b cfl'p trung<br /> vfl ngoai nfldc My, vfi sU thay ddi vai trd hge ed sd vfl trung hgc phd thong b My bao<br /> cua My trong cfic v3!n dd thd gidi. gdm nhieu bd saeh khac nhau. B§ Giao dgc<br /> - Thdi dai thi chin: Nudc My sau chien Lifin bang Ifl co quan danh gia ehfi't lUdng<br /> tranh Hoa Ky (ti 1945 din ddu nhing ndm cua cac bd saeh vfl cdp giiy phfip lUu hflnh.<br /> 1970). Yfiu elu kidn thfle chuIn gdm 4 ngi Trung tflm qude gia vd ljch sii trong cfic<br /> dung: (i) sU bflng nd kinh td vfi chuydn ddi trudng phd thong (NCHS) trao quye'n lUa<br /> xa hdi My sau chidn tranh; (ii) Chidn tranh ehgn sach giao khoa lich sfl eho efle bang vfi<br /> L^nh vfl cac cugc chidn b Trifi'u Tien vfl Vi$t cac dja phUdng. Theo dfi, efie Phdng giflo<br /> Nam dfi anh hudng nhU thd nflo ddn nfi'n dye (District school Boards) hudng dfin cho<br />  Rghian cflu lilch ad", atf 9.2012<br /> <br /> efle trUdng phd thfing Ifla ehgn b{k sflch giflo<br /> tdi thiit hudng tdi thi ky XXI (The<br /> khoa dd sii dyng. Cfic trUdng phd thfing cd Americana Reconstruction to the 21"<br /> thd Ifla ehgn mdt trong sd nhilu bd sflch Century) vdi dd dfly 917 trang, duge sii<br /> giflo khoa khflc nhau dd sii dyng, ho$e efi dyng trong efie trUdng THPT d cfic bang<br /> thd thay ddi sfich gifio khoa ndu thfi'y cin Alabama, California, Florida, Connecticut,<br /> thifi't. Chdng h^n nhu t^i cac trUdng trung Colorado... Vd ndi dung, d mdi chUdng, m5i<br /> hge b Ottawa (Canada), vdi phAn ljch sfl thd bfii ddu ed phdn tfim luge n^i dung ehfnh<br /> gidi cfln hi^n d^i, gifio vifin vfl hgc sinh sfl<br /> (chapter outline), thdng kfi efie sfl ki^n ed<br /> dyng nhidu lo^i sflch giflo khoa khde nhau ban, hudng ddn hge tflp vfl phflt tridn cfic<br /> nhu cudn S(/ hinh thdnh thi gidi hi^n dgi ky nflng ljch s\i nhU phfin tich, so sfinh sU<br /> (Arthur Haberman, The making of the kiOn, dgc vfi hidu cfic bidu bdng, bdn dd Ijeh<br /> Modern Age), hofle cudn Ljch si thi gidi thi sii... Ddng thdi, eung vdi phfin ndi dung ljch<br /> ky XX (Richard Goff, Walter Moss, A sfl edn cfi eflc chuyfin myc kdt ndi nhU ljch<br /> Global History of the Thventieth Century), afl vdi hidn t^i, ljch sfl vdi vfln hgc - nghd<br /> hay cudn Thi ky XX, nhing biin cd lich si thu$t, ljch sfl vfl khoa hgc • ky thuflt (18).<br /> (Michael Adas, Peter N. Stearns, The Cfic efiu hdi vfl bfli tflp dUge thidt kdcho hgc<br /> twentieth century - Turbulent passage). smh d nhflng mfle dg khfic nhau: hgc sinh<br /> trung binh, hgc sinh kha, gidi vfl cd sd thich<br /> Ddi vdi bd mfin Ljch sfl nudc My, efie<br /> hgc ehuyfin sflu vd lich sii d bflc dai hgc sau<br /> trudng phd thfing ed the lua ehgn nhflng<br /> nfiy. Cfi thd thfiy sfich gifio khoa ljch sti thd<br /> sflch giflo khoa cua cflc tflc gid khfic nhau<br /> hi^n tinh lifin thfing trong dfio tao nhU mfit<br /> nhu cudn Nudc My - Lich si nin Cdng hba<br /> d§e trUng eiia nen giflo dye My vfl Canada.<br /> (James W. Davidson , Mark H. Lytle, The<br /> Ben c^nh sfich giao khoa, giao vien vfl<br /> United States - A History of the Republic),<br /> hge sinh cd thd tham khao cfic nguon tfli<br /> hofic cudn Su hinh thdnh nUdc My: Lich si<br /> li^u ljch sfl vfi cflng phong phfl vfl hofln<br /> Hoa Ky (Caron Berkm, Christopher Miller,<br /> tofln mien phi tren efle trang website, eflc<br /> Making American - A History of the USA)<br /> thu vi^n difin tfl, thU vi^n cua cfic trudng,<br /> hay cudn Lich si ddn tgc My ti 1492 din<br /> cfic dja phUdng... Trang web ciia Trung tfim<br /> nay (Howard Zinn, People's History of the<br /> qufic gia vd Ljch sfl<br /> USA 1492 - present).<br /> Sfich giao khoa lieh sfl My dUde bifin (http://www.nch8.ueta.edu) cfi try sd tai D^i<br /> soan efing phu vdi d0 dfly xfi^p xi mdt ngfin hgc California, Los Angeles dugc cfip nhflt<br /> trang vdi ngudn tU li$u ljch sfl phong phu, hflng ngfly, hflng gid vfi thuc sfl trd thflnh<br /> bao gdm ca tu li§u gde vfl cac ngudn tu lidu dja ehi tin cfly cua giflo vien vfl hge sinh cfic<br /> tham khdo khflc. H$ thdng kenh hinh bao trUdng phd thfing. Thfing qua trang web,<br /> gdm tranh dnh ljch sfl, bdn do, bidu dd r^t Trung tam dfi eung cfip tren 36 loai ngudn<br /> da dang vfl phong phu. Cd thd ddn cfl mdt tu hfiu gde vfl hflng trfim loai saeh tham<br /> sd thi du: cuon Nudc My - Lich si nin Cdng khao eho gifio vifin cflc trudng phd thfing<br /> hba, dflng cho cfic trUdng THPT (High nhdm myc tieu thUc hidn Chudn qu6c gia<br /> School), vdi dg dfiy 832 trang, bao gdm trfin mfin Ljch siJt (19). Truy cflp vfio trang web<br /> 80 bdn dd ljch sfl, 55 bieu bang, 65 tU lidu nfiy, giflo vien ljch sii cfic trudng phd thong<br /> tham khdo tfl efle ngudn khfic nhau cho khong chl cfi thd truy cflp cfic ngudn tfii li^u<br /> giflo vien vfl hgc sinh (17). Cudn NUdc My ljch afl khfie nhau, mfl edn tham khdo cflc<br /> mpt atf vfin di vd chtfong hinh..,<br /> <br /> loai giflo fin, eflc hinh thflc d^y hgc hidu trudng phd thong trflc thu^c Bg Giflo dye<br /> qua de dgt dUde ehuin qude gia vi nhflng Lifin bang (d Canada lfi Bd Gido dye Qudc<br /> chii dd ljch sfl cy thd. Bfin cgnh dd, Trung gia) cd nhi^m vy quan ly vfl ho trg cac bang<br /> tam qude gia giao dye ljch sfl cfin xfiy dUng trong vi§e hoach djnh chinh sfich, chidn<br /> vfl phflt tridn hfi thdng chUdng trinh gidng luge vfl thuc thi cflc chuong trinh day vfi<br /> day lich sfl online cho eae trudng phd thfing hge ljch sfl. Chudn qudc gia mdn Lich si<br /> trung hge trfin tofln nUdc My. Ngofli ra duge soan thdo vdi sy ed vfin vd ehuyfin<br /> cung cdn phdi kd dfi'n ngudn tU li|u dd sd cd mfin ciia Hi§p hfii cac nhfi sfl hge My, duge<br /> the tham khao hofln tofln miln phi bao gdm sfla ehfla nhieu Iln nhflm dap flng mye tifiu<br /> sflch giflo khoa ljch sfl, sflch chuyen khao, giflo dye qufi'c gia ciing nhu nhflng thay ddi<br /> cfic bfli bfio vfl tap chi tai mfit trong nhflng eiia nUde My vfl nhfln dugc sU quan tam sau<br /> thu vidn didn tfl ldn nhfl't d My vfl Canada: sde eiJa Tong thdng My.<br /> http://www.questia.eom. Nhu vfiy, vd cd - ChUdng trinh ljch sfl dan tgc Ojch sii<br /> bdn giao vien vfi hgc sinh d cfic trUdng phd nudc My) d eflc trUdng phd thdng My dugc<br /> thong b My va Canada c6 nhflng didu ki^n thiet kd theo tien trinh lich sfl, theo cfic<br /> vfit chfl't cdn vfl dii dd thUc hifin nhflng yfiu thdi dai lieh sfl, eung vdi nhflng yeu cdu vl<br /> ciu mfl Chufin qudc gia mfin Lieh sfl dd ra. chudn kidn thfle cy the cho moi thdi dai. Vd<br /> 5. Ket luan dai thd, lich sfl nUdc My dugc phan thflnh<br /> 10 thdi dai (Era) v4 dUdc gidng day bfit diu<br /> Tfl nhflng phan tieh neu tren, cd the di<br /> tfl ldp 5 dfi'n ldp 12. Bdt ddu tfl ldp 5, hgc<br /> dfi'n mgt vfli ke't lufin sau day:<br /> sinh dfl hgc ljch sfl nhU mfit mon hge dgc<br /> - Vi?c day vfl hge ljch sfl d eflc trUdng Iflp. Tfl ldp 11 va ldp 12, hgc sinh dUdc hgc<br /> phd thfing 6 My vfi Canada, nhflng nUdc<br /> mfit sd chuyen de ehuyen sfiu tU ehgn ve<br /> phat tridn va gifiu cfi vflo loai nhdt thd gidi,<br /> tich sfl dfin tgc.<br /> mfic dfl cfi nhidu lgi the vd ed sd vflt chfi't vfl<br /> cd sd phap ly, nhUng cung phdi ddi mflt vdi - ChUdng trtnh vfl kien thfle chu^n mfin<br /> khfing it vfi'n de nan gidi. Trai qua nhflng tich sfl khfing di vflo nhUng ngi dung ehi<br /> cugc cai cfich giao due, mon lich sfl da duge tifi't, nhihig bfii giang ey the mfl ehi dUa ra<br /> dfit dung vi tri cua nd - dd khfing ehi 14 mgt nhflng chii de chinh vfi mdt sd tlii dy minh<br /> mfin hgc thfing thudng mfl edn la mdt mfin hga mang tinh chfl't gdi y di nhflng ngUdi<br /> hgc nhflm giao due nhan each, tinh thin thuc thi, thiy va trd d cflc cap hgc, cac dja<br /> dfln tgc, long yeu nUdc, y thfle cfing dfln. Vi phuong khae nhau cd the phat huy quyen<br /> nhflng ly do dfi, lich sfl Ifl mgt mfin hge bat tu chii vfi y tudng sang tao cua minh mgt<br /> bufic trong cac trUdng phd thfing, ddng thdi each toi da trong dgy hgc ljch sir. 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Chflc chfln dd c u n g Ifl nhflng muc tieu<br /> NhUng vdn dh trfin dfiy chl tfi m^t sd ggi eiia cfing tae dgy vfl hgc ljch sfl t r o n g nhfl<br /> y m a n g t i n h t h a m khflo eho chflng ta. trfldng p h d t h d n g d Vi§t N a m t r o n g t h d ki<br /> T r o n g bdi c d n h sfl phflt t n d n n h u vii bao XXI.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> (1), (2). (6). Kathleen «.. Steevea. Working (11), (19). National Center for History in the<br /> together to Strengthen History Teaching in Schools (2004). About Ihe National Standards for<br /> Secondary Schools. History.<br /> H ttp ://www. h is to ri a n a. o rg/pub s/Fre e H t tp://WW w. a Bcne t. ucl a. e d u/ncsh/sta n d a rds. ht ml<br /> (3). Miker Baker. September il, 2001- The (12). Riverside UniHeld School District. NSH.<br /> lessons for History's subject in Schools. BDS News Http://www. edu pi at com/ss/hmsa/<br /> 22-9-2001.<br /> (13), (14). National Center for History in the<br /> (4). Linda Starr. Students flunk US History<br /> Schools. NSH.<br /> Test. Education World 7-7-2000.<br /> Http://wwwnchs.ucla.edu/stBQdard afth in gking&-<br /> Http7/www.education-world com<br /> 12-6.html<br /> (5). USA Today Newa. Education. 28-2-2008<br /> (16). University of Victoria. Annual Riview<br /> (7). Ipaos Newa Center. Canada's view on<br /> 2006.<br /> History Education, 10-9-2001.<br /> H ttp://WW w .CO m m u ni ca to ra. u VIC .ca/a nn u a 1 revie w/<br /> (8). http://www .c ic. gc. ca/e ngliah/ci ti ze n a h i p/ci t-<br /> annualreview2006<br /> test.aap<br /> (16). http://www.ncha.ucla.edu/Standards/us-<br /> (9). Cathy Gorn. Getting Studenta to Like<br /> history-conteot-sta ndards<br /> History ia Not Impoaible. History News Network,<br /> 26/2/2004. (17). James W.Davidaon, Mark H. Lytle (2004).<br /> (10). AHA Today (14-6-2007). American The United States- A history of the Respublic.<br /> Historical Aeaociation Blog. Prentice- Hall,inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.<br /> Http://blog.historian.org/Gducation/ (18). http://www.cla88K>ne.com/cz/index.htm<br />