Mù chữ và vấn đề nguồn nhân lực dân tộc thiểu số: kết quả khảo sát ở tỉnh Điện Biên

O.A*<br /> <br /> S6 4 (246)-2016<br /> <br /> NGON N G C & DOI S 6 N G<br /> <br /> UWrm i dvea<br /> <br /> INGON NGty HQC VA VIgT NGO* H Q C ]<br /> <br /> MU C H f VA VAN DE NGUON NHAN LV*C DAN TQC<br /> THIEU SO: K £ T QUA KHAO SAT 6 TINH DIfN BIEN<br /> ILLITERACY AND PROBLEMS IN HUMAN RESOURCES CONCERNING ETHNIC<br /> MINORITIES: RESULTS OF THE SURVEYS IN DIEN BIEN PROVINCE<br /> TRANTRI DOI<br /> (GS.TS; DH KHXH & NV, DHQG H i N^i)<br /> Abstract: The province of Dien Bien in Vietnam is the residential area of different ethnic<br /> groups, with the Thai being the largest. Based on criteria for defining 'illiteracy' and<br /> standards for 'elimination of illiteracy' stipulated in various decisions and circulars of<br /> Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training enacted between 1956 and 2008, and results of<br /> several surveys in 2013 and 2014 among 3497 ethnic minority informants in 7 out of the 10<br /> districts in the province, the p^jer paints a true picture of illiteracy among the ethnic<br /> minorities herein.- Through an analysis of illiteracy data disaggregated by age group and sex<br /> in comparison with the total population of the surveyed area, the paper concludes with<br /> assessment of the quality of human resources of Dien Bien province amidst demands of the<br /> country's integration and globalization<br /> K ^ words: illiteracy; human resources; ethnic minority; Dien Bien province; elimination<br /> of illiteracy.<br /> 1. Doi net ve tinh dan t$c mien<br /> niii Di^n BiSn<br /> 1.1. Bi^n Biin la m^t tinh dan tgc thieu<br /> s6 mien nM cktea phdt trien<br /> Di$n BiSn Ik mpt tinh thu$c dja b ^ dtn<br /> t0c thi^u s6 viing mien nui TSy BSc Vi$t<br /> Nam, vfjra c6 du6ng biSn gidi vdi L^o 6 phia<br /> Tfiy, \im c6 du6ng bien gidi v6i Trung Qu6c<br /> d phia BSc. Dia hinh trong tinh tuy c6 dong<br /> btog thung liing t h ^ Mu6ng Thanh, nhung<br /> chu yeu 1^ yuag ntii cao, trong do dinh Pu<br /> Den Dinh 6 hi^?n Mudng Nh6 cao 1.886 m.<br /> Cho den hien nay, to^n tinh c6 tdi 55,3%<br /> t6ng di$n tich dat tu nhiSn, trong d6 96,9%<br /> Ik ikt d6i niH, cbn chua 6agc khai thdc. Qua<br /> d6 c6 till n6i, ve dia hinh t\r nhien, Dien<br /> Bi€n th\rc s\r 14 m$t trong nhOng ^ a b ^ dan<br /> tgc thieu s6 mien ndi diln hinh cua viing<br /> Tay BSc.<br /> Tr€n dja b ^ cua tinh, hlfn c6 Idi 21 dan<br /> t0c vdi s6 dan 14 491.046 ngu6i [Tong dieu<br /> tra dan s6 nSm 2009, (2010)] cung sinh<br /> <br /> song. Trong so do, nguoi Thai chilm 38% la<br /> dan t$c c6 so dan ddng ddng nhSt, tfau: hai la<br /> dan tOc M6ng chilm 30%, 6 vi tri thu ba la<br /> nguoi Kinh (20%), tiep theo la nguoi Kho<br /> Mu (3,9%); nhDng dSn tpc khdc c6n lai nhu<br /> Ha Nhl, Khdng, Dao, Xinh Mun, Hoa, L4o,<br /> Tay \h nhiing c0ng d6ng chi c6 tir 5.200 din<br /> tren mpt nghin ngudi; nhOng dan tpc nhu<br /> Cong, Si La v.v. chi c6 duoi m0t nghin<br /> nguM. Ve m^t ngon ngil, cic dan tgc thieu<br /> so sinh song d Di$n Bien thupc vko nhiing<br /> ngft h$ rat khic nhau nhu Thii - Kadai,<br /> M6ng - Dao, Han - Tang va Nam A [Tran<br /> Tri D5i, 2015].<br /> S\r da dgng vS nguon goc ngon ngii khien<br /> cho cdc d§n t0c thieu so 6 day vira c6 nhitag<br /> n6t v9n hoi d$c trung c$i nguon cua minh,<br /> vira c6 n6t v3n h6a chung do tilp xuc iSn<br /> nhau trong ck khu v\ic Tky BSc. Day la m$t<br /> d§c (Kem mang Igi nhieu Igi th^ trong hoat<br /> d$ng vSn h6a phyc vy phat trien ben vthig xS<br /> h$i; song n6 cung d^t ra nhfing thich t h ^<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G C & Bin<br /> <br /> khong nhd trong vka Sk giO gin kh6i d?i<br /> doan ket cac dan toe vh &n dinh chfnh tri xS<br /> hpi. V6i m|it dp dan s6 trong tinh Ih 49<br /> ngu6i/km^ Di$n Bien hi$n 14 m§t trong<br /> nhiing tinh c6 ni$t do dan s6 th^p nli4t cAa<br /> c&nu6c.<br /> Hi?n tai, do di^u kipn tM nguySn, co cdu<br /> Icinh tl chu ylu cija tinh Dien BiSn id idnh te<br /> nong - Itoi nghi$p, sau d6 la hofit dpng khai<br /> thdc kho^g san vd du iieh. Trong ho^t d$ng<br /> kinh tl, ehat lupng ngu6n nhSn l\Tc la van de<br /> n6i c$m etja tinh D i ^ Bi6n. Ti If lao dpng<br /> qua d ^ t^o ci^ tinh theo s6 li$u cong bo<br /> nam 2007 chi li 21,4%; va hka het nhiing<br /> lao d§ng nay deu la nhiing can b$, cong vi€n<br /> chiic l&m vifc trong Idiu v^rc nlid nu6c hay<br /> edc to chiic d o ^ thI xS h0i; d^ng thM hp<br /> sSng t$p trung d thanh pho Di$n Bien Phl^,<br /> thi xS Mu6ng Lay vji cdc tli; trin-trung tSm<br /> cioa huy?n. Trong khi d6, Ik tinh dSn tpe<br /> thi^u so mien niii nhimg t^ khu v\rc ndng<br /> thon, ngu6n nhSn l\rc khdng nhiing cdn bat<br /> clip v^ s6 lupng, ma c6n bat c^p ea vh chdt<br /> lupng Cling nhu cor cau. Nhu s6 li$u cong b6<br /> nam 2007, to4n tinh c6 89.500 hO, nhimg c6<br /> tdi 29.368 hp d6i nghdo theo tieu chi lllc biy<br /> gid, ehiem ti 1$ t6i 32,81%.<br /> R3 r^g, vdi diSu kipn t\r nhi@n vk tinh<br /> trang kuih ta -x§ h6i nhu the, Di$n Bita li<br /> mot tinh dSn tOc mien ntii ch$m plidt tri^n.<br /> Chinh vi thI, vi$c Um hiiu \h phSn tich ch4t<br /> lupng nguon nhSn lire lao dOng 6 day Id m$t<br /> vice Itai cin thiet va rdt c4p b4ch eho ph4t<br /> trien kinh te dia phuong.<br /> 1.2. vi tieu chi xdc tfnh "mi ch/f"<br /> trong nghiin cAu ngudn nhan lytc lao dpng<br /> Trong nghiSn cihi chit lupng nguSn lihSn<br /> l\rc lao dpng, m0t dieu duong nliign \k chijng<br /> ta phdi tim hieu ve "trinh dp hpc van" hay<br /> "trinh dO van h6a" cila hp. Doi vdi mOt dia<br /> ban dan tOc thieu so mien nijd nhu tinh Bi$n<br /> Bifin, vi$c nghidn ciiu "tinh trang mil chft"<br /> ciia nguiii dSn b day 14 mpt trong nhOng<br /> cich \iia phii hpp. Vi. chinh chi so n4y nd<br /> cho chijng ta biet chit lupng thvrc t^ c ^<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> S 6 4 (246)-2016<br /> <br /> ngitdi lao dOng 6 d)a \xca dSn tpc thi^u s6 li<br /> nhu thI ndo.<br /> Tieu chl xac djah tinh tr?ng "mii chiT<br /> dupe sil dvmg trong nhiing nghien cftu cila<br /> chiing tdi v4 it bdi vlet ndy 14 d\ra v4o c4c<br /> Quyfe dinh va Th6ng ciia Bp GD v4 DT Vift<br /> Nam c6ng bS tiJr nam 1956 din nam 2008.<br /> Trong m0t b4i vi& da c6ng b6 [Trin Tri D6i<br /> (2013)], chibg tdi da giai thich 11 do vi sao<br /> chtlng ta l^i ph4i dp dyng nhiing tiSu chi<br /> n h ^ difn v ^ d^ "mil chii", v4 ci!ing vdi nd<br /> Id vin il "xda m i chiT v4 eh6ng "tdi md<br /> chii" d nude ta theo tiSu chuin Vi$t Nam<br /> chii khdng thI Id tiSu chuan quoe te<br /> [UNESCO (2006)]. Vd theo tiSu chuin Vift<br /> Nam, mdt ngudi dupe xem Id bi& chii (tic<br /> Id da "xda mil ehiF'/"thodt n?n mii ehtt") khi<br /> ngudi dd cd tilnh dp tuong duong vdi trinh<br /> d0 di hpe Idp 1 din 16p 3 Ijjc tieu hpc; cdn<br /> sau khi bilt chii, nlu khdng cdn giii dupe<br /> nhiing kien thiic dd hpc d thdi ki trade thi<br /> hp Id ngudi "mil chO trd l?i" hay "tdi mii<br /> chti" va nhu v$y, hp l?i id nhiing ngudi "md<br /> chii".<br /> Trong bdi vi& dd cdng b6, chiSng tdi tvmg<br /> phSn tich 11 do vi sao vdi dieu kipn ciia Vift<br /> Nam, cd 16, khdng nSn ik ngh) d^t van dl<br /> xdc dinh tinh trang *'mii chii" vd "xda md<br /> chO" theo tiSu chl do UNESCO n6u ra. Vi<br /> ddy la vin &k nhan hpc ngon ngU hay ngdn<br /> ng& hqc x3 hpi ciia tung qii6c gia nen n6<br /> phdi phy thu$c vdo tiSu chi cia mdt quoo gia<br /> cy thI do m6i tuong quan giiia kinh ti - x3<br /> hdi - vdn hda - gido dye ciia qu^c gia dd quy<br /> djnh. d ddy cung xin ndi rd Id ket qud phSn<br /> tich md chiing idi trinh l)ay trong bdi viSt 14<br /> ndi v^ hipn tupng "mii chii" tieng Vipt (ngon^<br /> ngO qu6c gia ciia Vift Nam); chiing tdi cda:<br /> ehua ed dieu kifn thao ludn vh tinh trang<br /> "mil chii" tilng mp de eda ngudi ddn t?c<br /> thilu sd sinh sdng trfti dia bdn.<br /> J.3. Cdch thiic thu thfp tir li$u Mphin<br /> tich Anh trgng "mil chO"<br /> <br /> S64(246)-2016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & oia S6NG<br /> <br /> Tr&i co.sd tidu chl nh|n difn tinh tiang<br /> "mu chii" nhu trSn, vdo thdng 1 n3m 2013<br /> vd thdng 2 ndm 2014, trong khudn kh6 thvrc<br /> hifn de tdi ciia D ^ hpc Qu6c gia Hd Ndi,<br /> chiing tdi da c6 cudc &ka ra dien dd d 12 xa<br /> phudng thudc 5/8 don vi hdnh chinh cip<br /> huypn. Trong sd 12 xa phudng dd chl ed<br /> phudng Nam Thanh (Tp Difn BiSn Phu), thj<br /> trin Di$n Bito Ddng (huyfn Difn Bi6n<br /> Ddng) vd xd Ang Nua (huyfn Mudng Ang)<br /> khdng thudc dipn "xa ddc bift khd khdn"<br /> theo Quyk dinh s6 2405/QD-TTg ngdy 10<br /> thing 12 ndm 2013 ciia Thii tudng Chlnh<br /> phii.<br /> Sau khi Idp phieu phong vdn, chiing tdi<br /> thu th|ip tu lidu theo each mSi m$t phieu<br /> phdng vin phdi do mpt phdng van vien (14<br /> smh viSn, HVCH v4 NCS ng4nh ngdn ngiJ<br /> hpc) tryc txip thyc liifn. Nhiing ngudi thyc<br /> hifn phdng vin trudc khi di khdo sdt diu<br /> dupe r^P hudn tren b4ng hdi v4 trdn phidu<br /> phdng vin v^ n0i dung vd cdch thdrc 1dm<br /> vifc. Nhu v$y, mSi phieu phdng vin Id kit<br /> qud 1dm vifc true tilp ciia ngucri nghien cuu<br /> dd dupe chuin b} vh ndi dung vd cdch thirc<br /> phdng van.<br /> Vipc lya chpn dja diem khdo sdt t^ thyc<br /> dia cCne diipe chiing tdi lya chpn theo<br /> nguyen tdc sau day. Do ddc diem dan t$c ciia<br /> tinh Dipn Bien, nhiing dja jjdn cd cdc ddn tdc<br /> DSnt^c<br /> Khing<br /> KhcrMd<br /> M6ng<br /> HdNM<br /> Thdi<br /> T4y<br /> Mudng<br /> Niing<br /> Dao<br /> <br /> T6nEsi<br /> SL<br /> 0177<br /> 067!<br /> 0424<br /> 0206<br /> 2010<br /> 0003<br /> 0003<br /> 0001<br /> 0002<br /> 3497<br /> <br /> %<br /> 04.69%<br /> 17.79%<br /> 11.24%<br /> 05.46%<br /> 53.30%<br /> 00.07%<br /> 00.07%<br /> 00.02%<br /> 00.04%<br /> 100%<br /> <br /> Thai, Mdng, Kho Mii la noi dupe uu tien<br /> phdng vSn. D6ng thdi, ca quan gido dye ^ a<br /> phucmg Id chd thi chii dOng lya chpn dja bdn<br /> de ehdng tdi khdo sat de thu thdp s6 lipu.<br /> E)6i tupng dupe phdng vin Id tat cd nhiing<br /> cu ddn tir 6 tu6i (tdic Id dd din tu6i di hpc<br /> b$c Tiiu hpc) trd ISn liifn dang cd mdt t^i<br /> noi cu trd vdo thdi diim dupe khdo sdt.<br /> Nhiing nguydn tdc vi cdch thiie thu th^p tu<br /> lifu nhu viia md td da dupe chiing tdi trinh<br /> hky chi tiit trong trong mpt nghien ciru trudc<br /> ddy cua mtoh [Trin Tri Ddi, 2014].<br /> Cdch 1dm ind chiing tdi md td d trSn Id di<br /> ddm bdo tinh khdch quan cua ngu6n tu lifu<br /> dupe thu thap dupe. Cd nhu vdy, nhOng<br /> phdn tich dya vdo tu lipu diin dd mdi phdn<br /> dnh bdn chit ciia vin di.<br /> 2. Tinh tr^ng '^mii chii' thvc te** cua<br /> ngiToi dan tpc thiiu s6 & dja ban tinh Di^n<br /> Bien hif n nay<br /> 2.2. SS lifu vi "mi chti Ihi/c ti" cua<br /> ngirdi din t$c thiiu so &Bi$n Biin<br /> Vdi cdch thiic thu th$p s6 lifu nhu tren,<br /> chiing tdi dd cd dupe kit qud vi tinh trang<br /> "mil chU thifc ti (MCTT)" (titc gim ed<br /> ngudi dang "mil chii" vd ngudi dd "tdi md<br /> chii) cda ngudi ddn tpc thiiu si d Difn Bien<br /> nhu sau.<br /> <br /> Mil chu'<br /> SL<br /> 089<br /> 50.28%<br /> 294<br /> 43.81%<br /> 147<br /> 34.66%<br /> 072<br /> 34.95%<br /> 458<br /> 22.78%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 002<br /> 100%<br /> 1062<br /> 30.36%<br /> <br /> %<br /> <br /> Tdi md cbii<br /> SL<br /> 049<br /> 27.68%<br /> 159<br /> 23.69%<br /> 072<br /> 16.98%<br /> 019<br /> 09.22%<br /> 280<br /> 13.93%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 0<br /> 0%<br /> 579<br /> 16.55%<br /> <br /> (Nguon: [Trdn Tri Doi ,2014])<br /> <br /> %<br /> <br /> MCTT<br /> 77.96%<br /> 67.50%<br /> 51.64%<br /> 44.17%<br /> 36.71%<br /> 0%<br /> 0%<br /> 0%<br /> 100%<br /> 46.91%<br /> <br /> NG6NNGC&BOIS6NG<br /> Trong si danh sdch 9 ddn tpc cd thu thdp<br /> tu lipu, nhiing ngudi thufc cdc ddn tOc Tay,<br /> Mudng, Niing, Dao cd s6 lupng dupe phdng<br /> van qud it (ting epng cd b6n ddn tpc chi 14 9<br /> ngudi). Do chS tinh Difn Bidn Id dia b4n cu<br /> trd khdng tmyin thing cua nhiing ddn tfc<br /> ndi tren, ding thdi do cdch liy don vi cu tni<br /> Id b4ii/14ng di phdng vin, cho nfn si ngudi<br /> thu thdp tu lifu thudc bin ddn tpc ay Ididng<br /> nliiiu 14 duong nhifn. Vdi l^i trfn thyc ti, cu<br /> ddn nhiing ddn tpc nhu T4y, Mudng, Ndng,<br /> Dao chl 14 ngudi tic noi khdc din cu tni tai<br /> Difn Bifn. Chinh vi the, 9 ngudi dupe<br /> phdng vin thudc bin ddn tfc ndy cd thi coi<br /> Id trudng hpp "d§c biff khdng diin hinh.<br /> Do vdy nhiing ddn tpe dd se khdng dupe<br /> chiing tdi dua ra di ddnh gid trong vif c phdn<br /> tich tinh trgng "md chii thyc ti" d tinh Difn<br /> Bifn. Cho nfn chi cdn lai 5 ddn tpc thiiu si<br /> (Khdng, Kho Mii, Mdng, Hd Nhl vd Thdi)<br /> dupe phdn tich vd so sdnh de nh§n x6t chat<br /> lupng nguin nhan luc lao dpng.<br /> 2.3. Nhfn xit chung<br /> Qua phan tich so lifu tit bdng ting hpp<br /> ndi tren, chiing ta cd thi xdc nhan rdng trong<br /> so nhiing ddn tfc cu tni truyin thing d tinh<br /> Difn Bifn hifn nay, ngudi Khdng 14 eu dan<br /> cd ti If "mil chii thyc ti" d miic cao nhit,<br /> vdi a If Ifn tdi 77.96% si ngudi dupe phdng<br /> van. Trong 7 huyfn thi, ngudi Khang dupe<br /> phdng van d hai huyfn 14 Tuin Gido vd<br /> Mudng Cha; trong dd ngudi Khdng d Tuin<br /> Gido cd U If "md chiifliycte" Ifn din mire<br /> 83.47%, cdn d Mudng Chd ti If ndy fliip<br /> hon nhung cOng d mire cao Id 67.73%. Mdt<br /> diiu ddng chii y nita Id, khi tdch biftrifng rS<br /> hai vin de "mu chii" v4 "tdi mu chii" thi<br /> ngudi Khang d Mudng Chd (53.22%) cd ti<br /> If "mil chii" cao hon ngudi Khdng d Tuin<br /> Gido (48.69%) nhung ngupc lai ngudi<br /> Khdng d Mudng Chd ed ti If "tdi mu chiT' d<br /> miretiiap(14.51%) hon, chi gin mft nila so<br /> vdi cu dan d Tuin Gido (34.78%).<br /> <br /> S64(246)-2016<br /> <br /> Cd ti If "mu ehtt thyc ti" cao d mOc thU<br /> hai trong 5 ddn t$c ndi trfn 14 ngudi Kho Mii<br /> (chiim 67.50% s6 ngudi dupe phdng vin).<br /> Ndi khdc di, vdd fl If "mil chiifliycti" nhu<br /> thi cling cd nghia 14 tinh tr^g "chua biit<br /> chii" ciia ngudi Kho Mii dang d mdc khd<br /> cao, chiim gin 2/3 si ngudi dupe phdng<br /> virL Trong 7 huyfn thi tn4 chiing tdi tfau<br /> th^p tu lifu, ngudi Kho Md dupe phdng v^<br /> d 3 don vi 14 Difn Bifn, Mudng Ch4 vd<br /> Difn Bifn Ddng. Trong si dd, ngudi Kho<br /> Mii d c4 ba huyfn cd ti If *'md chii" deu d<br /> miic tuong duong nhau (Difn Bign Id<br /> 40.00%, Mudng Ch4 14 44.00% v4 Difn<br /> Bien Ddng 14 44.58%). Rifng vi ti If "tJi<br /> md chii", hai huyfn Difn Bifn (27.69%) vS<br /> Difn Bi6n Ddng (32.46%) ed U If d mite<br /> tuong duong nhau; trong khi dd ti If najr d<br /> huyfn Mudng Chd thi thap hon, chi bdng<br /> qud nila ti If d hai huyfn ndi trfn (17.60%).<br /> Hifn tupng ti'di ngugic giiia ti If "md chif<br /> vd "tdi md chii" ciia ngudi Kho Mii trong<br /> nhiing dia bdn khdc nhau nhu thi phin ndo<br /> cflng giing nhu trudng hpp ngudi Khdng dil<br /> ndi d trfn; tuy nhiSn sy chfnh Ifch d ngudi<br /> Kho Mu khdng d mire tiiyc sy Idn nhu<br /> trudng hpp cda ngudi Khdng.<br /> Ngudi Mdng Id cu dan ed tinh Irgng "mil<br /> chii fliyc ti" d vi til fliil ba vdi U If 14<br /> 51.64% si ngudi dupe phdng vin. 6 Di^<br /> Bifn, cfng ding ngudi Mdng dupe phdng<br /> vin d 6/7 dcm vi cap huyfn thj 14 cdc huypi<br /> Tuin Giao, Mudng Ch4, Mudng Nhf, Dijn<br /> Bifn Ddng, Mudng Ang v4 tp Difn Bien<br /> Phu. Do cho, trong 6 don vj cap huyfn thi<br /> nditi-en,ngudi Mdng d Mudng Nhf vd tp<br /> Difn Bifn Phu 14 nhiing eu ddn song "dan<br /> xen" vdi nhOng dan tdc khdc t^ diim cu Irl<br /> dupe phdng van nen si lupng khdng nhiiu;<br /> chi d bin don vj cdn I^i, hp dupe phdng van<br /> nhu Id chii thi eu tiii d bdn/ldng.<br /> Giiia nhiing ngudi Mdng dupe phdng wk<br /> trong don vj cu tru Id bdn/ldng, ti If "mii chU<br /> tiiyc ti" cd flii ndi Id rit khdc nhau. Cy fliJ,<br /> niu nhu ngudi Mflng d Mudng Chd vd DiSn<br /> <br /> s i 4 (246)-2016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & B(n S6NG<br /> <br /> Bifn Ddng cd ti If mil chO xip xi mdc 50%<br /> (49.47%/ 50.00%) till ti If ndy d ngudi<br /> Mdng Mudng Ang chi Id 25.12%;tirongkhi<br /> dd d Tuin Gido 14 29.54%, 6 Mudng Nhf<br /> chi 14 13.33%. Ddy Id diim khdc bift nil b ^<br /> nhit khi ndi vi ttnh tr?ng "mu chii fliyc ti"<br /> cua ngirdi Mdng d tinh Difn Bifn. Diim<br /> khdc bift ndy ghi nhdn diiu kifn kinh ti xd<br /> hfi vd vdn hda d m5i huyfn thj ed lifn quan<br /> tryc tiip din mdc d$ "mil chii" cda c$ng<br /> ddng ngudi Mdng sinh song t?ii dja phuong<br /> [Trin Tri Ddi, 2013a]. Ddy Id mOt thyc tk<br /> cin dupe chii y thich dang khi phdn tich bdn<br /> chit cda tinh iiang "mu chG" vd '*tdi md<br /> chii" cia ngudi IJTTS.<br /> Hai ddn tdc Ha Nhi (vdi ti If 44.17%) vd<br /> Thdi (vdi fl If 36.71%) tiiy khdng d miic<br /> nhu ba ddn tdc ndi trSn nhung vin cdn d<br /> mdc cao. Xin chd ^ Id ngudi Hd Niil chi<br /> dupe phdng vin duy nhit d mOt bdn nen si<br /> lifu chua cho ph6p chiing ta nhdn thiy sy<br /> khdc bift giiia cdc vimg. Cdn dii vdi trudng<br /> hpp ngudi Thdi, do chi hp dupe phdng vin<br /> d tit cd 7 huyfn tlii nen miic df "mi chii<br /> thyc ti" cia hp ciing khdc nhau tily theo<br /> timg dia phuong. Cy thi, ngudi Thdi d Difn<br /> Bien Ddng cd ti If "mi chii thyc ti" cao<br /> nhit (59.70%), flip flieo Id ngudi Thdi d<br /> Tuin Gido (55.48%), Mudng Chd (49.99%),<br /> tp Difn Bifn Phi (33.78%), Mudng Nh6<br /> (28.73%), Difn Bifn (28.56%) vd Mudng<br /> Ang (23.60%). Vdi ti If nhu flii, e0ng ding<br /> ngudi Thdi 6 flnh Difn Bifn van thudc difn<br /> Id nhiing cu ddn phdi dupo coi Id c0ng ding<br /> "chua xda ini" niu can eiit theotifu chl quy<br /> dinh cua Nhd nude Vift Nam dd cdng bo<br /> ndm 1997 [B$ Gido dye vd D4o tao, 1997].<br /> Nhu vdy, khi phdn tich flieo th4nh phin<br /> ddn t0c trfn dja bdn flnh Difn Bifn, s6 lifu<br /> thu dupe cho phep chiing ta xdc dinh d tinh<br /> DSn t^c/ngurM<br /> <br /> Tu6i 6-17<br /> MC<br /> 07/50<br /> <br /> TMC<br /> 24/50<br /> <br /> Difn Bien dan t§c thiiu si thuOc difn "mu<br /> chii thyc ti" h i ^ nay Id 46.91%, mpt flnh<br /> tr^g mi chii khd cao. Nhu v§y, nhiing ddn<br /> tOc nhu Khdng, Kho Mi, Mdng, Hd Nhi v4<br /> thdm chi cd ngudi Thdi d day cdn diu chua<br /> d^t d i chuin '^da mi" do Nhd nude Vift<br /> Nam quy dinli. Trfn m$t dia bdn ddn t$c<br /> thiiu so noi ngudi Thdi chiim 38% ddn si<br /> cia tinh, ngudi Mdng chiim 30%) vd ngudi<br /> Kinh chi chiim 20%, flnh trang "mu chii"<br /> nhu tren cia cdng ding cdc ddn tpe chic<br /> chin via cd lien quan m^t thiit, via ed dnh<br /> hudng khdng nhd din tinh trang phdt triin<br /> vd s i dyng nguon nhdn lyc lao dfng trong<br /> vifc ddm bdo sy tdng trudng kinh ti xa hdi<br /> ciia tinh.<br /> 3. Tinh hinh "mu cbi thi^c ti" cia<br /> ngudi dan t$c thiiu si d Difn Bien phdn<br /> tich theo gidi vi d$ tuoi<br /> 3.1. S6 lifu "mi chUrthffc ti" cia ngirdi<br /> din t$c thiiu s6 d Bi$n Biin phan tich theo<br /> t^ tuoi<br /> Dudi ddy Id si lifu "mi chi thyc te' phdn<br /> tichflieodf tiiii cia 5 ddn tfc thiiu si trong<br /> tinh Difn Bifn. Trong bdng, d eft thu nhit,<br /> bfn c ^ tfn ddn tfc Id ting si ngudi ddn<br /> tfc dupe phdng vin, tiip theo sau diu phiy<br /> (,) id so ngudi "mi chii"/"tdi mi chii".<br /> Trong ba eft phan theo baluratuii (6-17,1854 nii/59 nam v4 sau 55 nil/60 nam) thi si<br /> flii nhit 14 si ngudi "mi chO" hay "tdi mi<br /> chii"; con si sau each ch^o (/) Id ting si<br /> ngudi trong df tiiii cda ddn tpc iy. Trong<br /> bdng, mil ddn tfc eing s@ cd hai ti If ve<br /> mie dp "mi chii" vd "tdi mi chft" Id ti If 1<br /> (ti If so vdi ting si ngudi d trong dd tuii<br /> ciia dan tpc) vd ti / | 2 (Id fl If so vdi ting so<br /> ngudi dan tfc dupe phdng van &k khdo sdt).<br /> So lifu 14 nhu sau:<br /> <br /> PhSn theo df tuoi<br /> Tu6i 18-54(n0r)/S9 (nam)<br /> MC<br /> 61/105<br /> <br /> TMC<br /> 24/105<br /> <br /> '<br /> <br /> San 55(nii')/60<br /> (aam)<br /> TMC<br /> 01/22<br /> <br /> MC<br /> 21/22<br /> <br />