Nguyễn Cư Trinh và vùng đất Nam Bộ thế kỷ XVIII

NGUYEN c a TRINH VA VUNG DAT NAM BO<br /> THE KY XVIII<br /> <br /> NGUYEN MANH D C N G '<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> QufiBdctrinh phfin tranh, cfit cfi Nam -<br /> trilu, Dfing Ngofii - Dfing Trong<br /> Ifipc di vfia duy tri sfi tdn tpi, vfia phat<br /> triln, quan ly vfi xdc ldp chii quyln quan ly<br /> Ifi mdt hidn tfipng d^c dfio trong ljeh stt trfin nhfing vfing dfi't mdi.<br /> phong kiln Vi^t Nam vfi khu vi^c Dflng A.<br /> 1. Viing dat Nam B$ cho tdi t h l ky<br /> Ldn ddu tidn mdt md thfic "khfie Trung<br /> XVII<br /> Hoa" (^ternative China) dfl hi$n di^n vfi<br /> tdn tpi d mdt khdng gian rdng Idn vfi Ifiu Theo efic ngudn thfi tjch eo, vfing dfit<br /> dfii trong ljch sii Vidt Nam. Nam Bp trong khoang 10 t h l ky trfidc t h l<br /> Dfipc giao trdn thii phfidng Nam, trong ky XVI cdn chua dfipc ghi chdp nhilu. Cfic<br /> thdi gian ddu, ho Nguyin da thyc thi khfi bd sfi lOidm dinh Viet SIJ! thdng gidm cuang<br /> thfinh cdng cac vfi'n de dm ndi vfi dli ngoai, muc (1), Lich trieu hiin chUdng logi chi (2),<br /> dfic biet da ciing c l chfnh quyen vfi ddn An Nam chi lUOc (3)... diu ed nhflng thflng<br /> vfidn len thfinh mpt vfidng qudc mpnh d tin vl vfing dfi't nfiy chii yeu tren phfidng<br /> khu vUc. Ldn ddu tifin nhu cdu phfit triln dipn chfnh trj vfi bang giao khu vfic, gSn<br /> da hidn thfie hfla, phfi hpp vdi d^c dilm vfl nhilu vdi tdn vfing dfi't dupc gpi lfi Chfin<br /> xu hudng cua thdi dpi. Tfi mpt "cd t h l phfin Lpp (Chenla); hay mdi quan hd gifla quoc<br /> bfio" - Dfing Trong lfi viing dfi't ciia nhfing gia Dpi Vi^t vfi vfidng qudc Chfin Lap ndi<br /> eon ngfidi mdi, trong mpt khdng gian xa hdi chung qua Dgi Viit sit ky todn thU, Phu<br /> vfi thdi doan ljch sii mdi. Dfit vfi ngfidi ndi biin tap luc (4), Viet sit lUOc... Trong khi<br /> day cho thiy m^t chuin hp hfinh xfi mang dfl, dfi khfi hilm hoi nhfing thfi tjch co<br /> tinh chfii khai phfi, tuy trong mdt dj ban Trung Qudc eung cd dfipc cac ghi chdp cy<br /> md hinh cu. t h l hdn nhfi Tiiy thu, Vdn hiin thdng khdo<br /> Tuy vfiy, trong bra canh tfi cudi t h l ky (Ma Doan Lfim), Thdng chi (Trjnh Tieu),<br /> XVII, Dang Trong da vfl se phai ddi didn Thdi binh hodn vH ky, ChU phiin chi CTri^u<br /> vdi nhilu thaeh thfic "phi truyin thing". Nhfi Quat)... Trong dd, dfic bi^t phai k l din<br /> Qufi trinh md rpng v l phfidng Nam ddi hdi Chdn Lgp phong thoky ciia Chu Dpt Quan<br /> chfnh quyln trung tam vfi qudn thdn eiia (ngfidi tham gia dofin sfl gia cua nhfi<br /> hp NguySn - Chua Nguyin phai cd ehiln Nguyen din Chfin Lap nfim 1296-1297) vdi<br /> <br /> <br /> "IhS. Vien Sfi hpc<br />  Kghien cfiu Ljeh si- srf * 2011<br /> <br /> nhflng dopn ghi chip cd gid tri: "Nfidc Chfin Thyc tiln ljch sii cho thfi'y, sfi phfit triln<br /> Lpp... Cd din mUdi cang nhfing chi cang eua efic nin vfin hfla cho dfi dUpe coi lfi<br /> thfi tfi, tfi't ea cfic cang khdc diu bj cfit lfim "thudn khilt" nhfi't cung khdng bao gid cd<br /> cpn ndn thuyin ldn khdng vfio dfipc. NhUng t h l phfit triln trong trpng thfii bi^t l§p. Sfi<br /> dfing xa mfi trdng diu thfi'y mfly leo, cfiy hfing thjnh lufin Ifi k i t qua cua mdt qua<br /> gifi, cat vfing, lau trfing, thang thit nhin trinh giao luu vfi hpp luy^n efic gid trj vfin<br /> qua thdt khdng d6 phfin bilt, vi t h l ngfidi hda, sy v$n d^ng, k l thfia sfing tao vfl nhfin<br /> chdo thuyin eho vide tim eang lfi vide ldn nhflng ylu tl' ndi sinh, ngopi sinh<br /> khd"... "Ti^ chS vdo Chdn B6 trd di, hdu hit (endogenous, exogenous factors). Vfio ddu<br /> Id ritng thdp cdy r^m. Sdng ddi cdng r^ng, t h l ky VIII, Chfin Lpp da diSn ra tinh<br /> keo ddi mdy trdm dam cSthu r^m rgp, mdy trpng phfin 1|LP, chia tach nhfing sp phfin<br /> leo um tiim, tiing chim mudng chen l&n tfin quyln lye dd khdng phai Ifi dfia xa hdi<br /> nhau d trong do. Di'n niia cdng mdi thdy trd lpi "trpng thfii ban dSu" mfi lfi sy chuin<br /> rugng ddng r^ng rdi, tuyit khdng cd mdt tdc bj cho mdt qufi trtnh vfln ddng, phdt triln<br /> cdy. Nhin xa chi thdy cdy lua rdn rdn md mpnh m i cua m^t thilt c h i chfnh trj tfip<br /> thdi TYdu riing hgp nhau thdnh tiing ddn quyln hdn, thing nhfi't cao hdn trong cfic<br /> tram ngdn con, tu tdp d ddy. Lg.i cd gidng t h l ky sau. Vi^c t i n tpi mdt khoang trong<br /> dd't ddy tre ddi ddng dac mdy trdm ddm. quyln li^c hay "mdt chu quyln md" phai<br /> Logi tre do, dd't cd gai, mdng rdt ddng" (5). chfing Ifi mpt trong nhfing dfic tfnh tieu<br /> Sau nfiy, cfic ghi ehdp khfic cua gifio si bilu d vfing dfi't Nam Bp mfi chiing ta nhfin<br /> Alexandre de Rhodes (thl ky XVII) trong thfic dupc. Ddng thdi, khi xem xdt chuyin<br /> Hdnh trinh vd truyin gido vl vfing dfi't bien kinh t l • xa hdi ctia Nam Bp qua 10<br /> "quanh hiu, hoang mgc", Phu bien tgp luc t h l ky, cd t h l thfi'y cfic chii trUdng, chfnh<br /> eua Ld Quy Ddn the ky XVIII mfl ta: "Phu sfieh vfi quyln uy ciia cfie vfidng trilu trj vi<br /> Gia Dinh, ddt Dong Nai, tit cdc ciCa bien tren dai dfi't miln Trung vfi cfic nfidc lfing<br /> Cdn Gid, Sodi Lgp, cu'a Dgi, ciia Tieu, todn gilng khu vfic cfl y nghia rfi't ldn doi cfic ldp<br /> Id ritng r&m hdng mdy ngdn dam"..; hay cfi dfin Nam Bp (7).<br /> "Thien gia litu ddo man di thd - Thiy da Vfio cuoi t h l ky XVII, do ndi chiln, tinh<br /> ngac ngU, luc xd h&' (NguySn Cfi Trinh)... trang sfiu cao t h u l n ^ g , npn bfit phu bdt<br /> Nhfi vfiy, lidn tyc tfi t h l ky VII-XII, Ifnh, do sy bdc Idt tfin bpo ciia giai cfi'p dja<br /> thfim chf din t h l ky XVIII, chfiu t h l sdng chu, efing diiu \ii%n thidn nhidn khdc<br /> Ciiu Long phat triln theo hfidng hoang da, nghipt, lUu dfin ngUdi Vi^t, phdn ldn Ifi<br /> qupnh hiu, vfing bdng ngUdi; Hay ndi cfich nhflng ngfidi ndng dfin nghdo khi, Ific ddu<br /> khdc chfiu tho nfiy trd vl vdi eanh tri thidn cdn le te, tfi phfit, da tiln sfiu xuong phfa<br /> nhien nguyfin sd tfidng nhfi chfia h i dfipc Nam dl khai hoang, l$p nghidp. Nfim 1698,<br /> khai phfi. Khi lUu dfin ngUdi Vidt din diu NguySn Hflu Canh (8) dUpc sai vdo Nam<br /> ed chung I n tfipng sfiu d^m dfiy Ifi vfing dfi't kinh lupc, ldp phu Gia Djnh gdm hai huyfn<br /> vdi eon ngfidi mdi, canh tfipng thidn nhidn PhUdc Long (Ddng Nai) vfi Tan Binh (Sfii<br /> hoang sd. Cung rfi't Ifiu y lfi trdn nhilu Gdn). Cfin cfi vfio tinh hinh thfic t l , NguySn<br /> vfing dfi't phfidng Nam, din t h l ky XVI- Hfiu Canh thiet l§p efic xa, thdn, phfidng,<br /> XVII, hidn tfipng tai khai pha, tai djnh c\i fi'p, djnh thul, 14P SO dinh, so diln; ngofii ra<br /> da diln ra trong boi canh ljch sfi mdi (6). cdn Ifip hai xa Thanh Hfi vfi Minh HUcmg<br /> RguySn Qu Trinh Ta vfing d6i...<br /> <br /> (9), "ldn ddu tien eho thd'y no lpc cua chfnh n h ^ , cfing nhfi tin tfidng bo dyng Tong<br /> quyen Dfing Trong nhdm to ehfic hopt dpng binh trfi'n Hfi Tidn, cfic sy kipn nfiy dfipc eoi<br /> budn bfin ciia ngUdi Hoa d vfing phfa Ddng lfi m^t budc phdt triin ddng ki trong qufi<br /> Water Frontier" (10). Nfim sau (1699), trinh md rpng vfi kiln ldp vfing dfi't Nam<br /> "Mfia thu, thfing 7, Npc Thu nfidc Chfin Bd(14),<br /> Lap lfim phan, dfip efic luy Bfch Ddi, Nam Nhfi vdy, cho din khi NguySn Cfi Trinh<br /> Vang vfi Cdu Nam, cudp bdc dfin budn. budc Ien vu dfii chinh trj vfi cd nhflng ddp<br /> Tfidng Long Mon lfi Trdn Thfipng Xuyfin gdp cy thl ddi vdi vfing dfi't phfidng Nam,<br /> ddng gifi Doanh Chfiu (nay thupc Vinh cfie diln biln (biln el) tren lfi ed sd quan<br /> Long) dem vide bfio Idn... Mfia Ddng, thfing trpng trong qufi trinh xfie ldp chu quyln<br /> 10, lai sai NguySn Hflu Canh lfim Thing tren vfing dfi't mdi sau nfiy,<br /> sufi't, Cai bp Pb^m Cam Long lfim Tham<br /> 2. Nguyin Cxi Trinh vfi viing dat<br /> mUu, LUu thii Trfih Bifin lfi Nguyin Hflu<br /> Nam B9 t h i k y XVIII<br /> Khfinh lfim tien phong, Ifinh qufin hai dinh<br /> Binh Khang, Trfi!n Bifin, vfi thude binh 7 NguySn Cfi Trinh (1716 - 1767) tfin chfi<br /> thuyen dinh Quang Nam, cfing vdi tUdng si Ifi Nghi, hidu Dam Am, quS d xa An Hda,<br /> Long Mon di dfinh" (11). Nfim 1700, huydn Hfidng Trfi, nay thupc tinh Thfia<br /> Nguyen Hfiu Canh ldn ddu tien din cfi lao Thign - Hue. Cha NguySn Cfi Trinh lfi<br /> Cfiy Sao, md ra thdi Ic^ mdi cho vipe khdn Nguyin Dfing Dp, von noi tilng vl tfii vfin<br /> hoang vfing d i t ndi dfiy, chfidng, thi dl sinh dd, lfim Tri huyfin Minh<br /> Linh, dfipc Chfia Nguyin Phfic Chu min<br /> Vdi nhflng sfi ki|n cuoi t h l ky XVII ddu tfii ban eho quoc tinh (dfide mang hp<br /> t h l ky XVIII, nhieu nhfi nghien cfiu da Nguyen). Lfi eon ut trong gia dinh cfl truyen<br /> danh gifi rfi't cao thfinh qua nfiy cua Chfia thd'ng vdn hoc, ngay tfi nhd Nguyin Cfi<br /> NguySn: da xac Ifip dfipc quyln Ific cua Trinh dfl noi tilng hay chfl (sau nfly dfidi<br /> imnh tai vfing trung tfim eiia Nam Bd, thdi Chfia NguySn Phfic Khofit, diln<br /> khdng dinh chu quyln cua ngfidi Vift trSn chfidng phfip dp deu do NguySn Dfing<br /> viing ddt mfi thfie te chinh quyln Chan Lpp Thjnh kiln Ifip, tfi Ipnh do NguySn Cfi<br /> ehfia khi nfio thfic thi mdt cfich ddy du chu Trinh thao). Dfidng thdi, NguySn Cfi Trinh<br /> quyen eiia minh (12). Sfi ki^n nfim 1698 lfi lfi ngfidi cd ed tri mfiu Ifipc, gidi quylt dofin,<br /> cdt mde quan trgng trong qua trtnh xfie ldp phfim ed kiln nghi tfiu bfiy diu lfi ndi ngay<br /> vfl thfic thi chu quyln eua Chua NguySn bfin thflng. Trong khi tham dU viic qudn,<br /> ddi vdi vfing dfi't Nam Bp (13). 11 ndm md mang ddt dai, gia yen biin gidi,<br /> TrUdc tinh hinh phfit triln h i t sfic cdng lao danh vgng rd rdng. Ddng thdi, lgi<br /> nhanh chdng cua khu vyc Gia Djnh dfidi gioi vdn chitong... Vdi vfing dfi't phfidng<br /> quyln quan ly ciia ehfnh quyen Chua Nam, "ddi ly cdng nghipp ldn nhfi't cfl hai<br /> Nguyen, Mac C i u (1655-1735) ngfiy efing dng NguySn Cu Trinh vfi Mpe Thifin Tfi"...<br /> nhfin thfi'y khdng t h l khdng dfia vfio chfnh Thfic vfiy, Nguyin Cfi Trinh gui gde Nghi<br /> quyln Chua Nguyen nlu muin tilp tyc ton Tinh, qui mdi Thita Thiin, ldm quan<br /> tai, on djnh, cung co vfi md rpng t h l lyc, Qudng Ngai, vd roi con dUdng quan Ig Id<br /> nen da dem tofin bp vfing dfi't dang eai qud trinh khai phd vung ddt cite Nam.<br /> quan v l vdi Chua NguySn. Cfing vdi vi$c Theo chfnh sii nhfi Nguyin Dgi Nam<br /> chfnh quyln Dfing Trong tranh thii, tilp thUc luc, cd t h l tflm Ifipe qufi trinh hopt<br />  Rghifln ciJru ljch ai. arf 4.2011<br /> <br /> Bdngl<br /> D 5 Ctfng al. dUtfc b6 16m Tri phu Thgu Phong,<br /> 'hong, dUtfc IfCy lfim Vfln ehfic.<br /> Thftng chflc Tudn vfl QuAng Ngfii, (Nghii bilu hdu), d^p yfin c u ^ nfii d^y cua ngiidi<br /> Thtich Bfch<br /> Nfim Tfin Mfli, dfing efl n6i v^ tinh canh khrfn khS cua dfln chiing, dd nghj Chfla<br /> Nguygn thay dft'i c6ch cai trj, Chfla khflng trA Iflj, Ong xin tfi quan,<br /> Nftm Qu( D$u, Chfla tri^u vd kinh, dupc thflng chflc Ky lyc dinh B6'Chfnh Quang<br /> Binh.<br /> Mfia Dflng, thfing 11, sai Cai d(li Thi^n Chfnh fldiflng rfi hp) lim thtfng sufft, KJ lyc<br /> Nguyfin Cu Trinh lfim tham mitu,<br /> Hogt ddng d vUng dd't Nam B<br /> mpnh mfi, nhfing gid dfiy, chfnh nhfing diiu cfing trai dfii vl phfa Nam, dfi bfit ddu xudt<br /> nfiy dfl trd thfinh "kl thii" vdi hp vfi dfidng hidn cfic vpng t ^ vfin thdn bdn epnh nhflng<br /> nhfi ngoai thuong • cfii gi lfim eho Dfing t h l gia vd tfidng nhfi Nguyin Dfing d Thiia<br /> Trong manh cung lfim cho dS bj t i n thfidng Thidn vdi Dfing Trj - Dfing Dd, Dflng Thjnh<br /> nhfi't. - Dfing Tiln, eha con Dflng Trj • Dfing<br /> Thinh, Dfing D | - Cu Trinh... Vfin milu<br /> 6 khfa epnh khfic, tfi t h l ky XVIII, thuy<br /> ddu tidn dupe xfiy d Trfiii Bign (Biln Hda)<br /> qufin Dfing Trong vfi cd thl ea lyc qufin da<br /> nflm 1715(30).<br /> khdng cdn mpnh nhfi t h l ky trUdc. Nguydn<br /> nhfin chfnh nfim d vide "hfiu chiln" gifia Nhu v^y, trUdng thfinh lfi mdt vfin quan,<br /> hai miln, ndn cfic Chfia Nguyin dfi khflng xufi't thfin trong gia dinh cfl truyin thing<br /> cdn chfi trpng nhilu din linh vyc qufin afi. khoa Cli, vfin hoe, NguySn Cfi Trinh lai<br /> Dfidi thdi Chua NguySn Phfic Khofit, theo dfipc dam nh^n nhilu nhi^m vy quan trpng<br /> nhu mo ta eua thUdng nhfin ngUdi Phfip trong qufin dpi. Theo dfl, 3 nfim sau ngfiy<br /> Pierre Poivre, efic chiln thuyin cvia Chfia gifi ehfic Tudn vu Quang Ngfii, nfim 1753,<br /> "dl tigu khiln hdn lfi dfing vfio cdng vide", "Mfia xuan, thfing 3, lfi'y NguySn Cu Trinh<br /> khi nhin mpt chiln thuyen lue nfiy "Tfli dfi lfim K^ lyc dinh Bo Chfnh. Bdy gid hofing<br /> dupc chiing kiln canh nhfi vua di cfiu cfl vl tli nhfi Ld lfi Duy M^t g i | n hp Trjnh Igb<br /> vdi t i t ca so thuyin ciia ngfidi" (28). tilm, hpp qufin dflng gifi thfinh Trtnh<br /> Quang thupc Trflii Ninh, mfiu dipt hp<br /> Cung trong khoang, thdi gian nfly, theo Trjnh, Trjnh Doanh sai qufin cac dao di<br /> bien nifin sii, sau nhieu nfim cfit cfi vfi hopt dfinh, khflng dupc, muin mUpn dudng d ta,<br /> ddng tren danh nghia lfi Chua, mfia Ha dfia thfi xin theo dfidng Trflii Ninh (thudc<br /> thfing 4-1744 "Biy gid cfl dilm tit cfiy sung Quang Binh) d l tiln danh. Chda sai Cit<br /> nd hoa, bdy tdi lfi bpn NguySn Dflng Thjnh Trinh ldm thu khUde tii. Doanh bin thdL.<br /> dang bieu xin chua len ngdi vUdng", sau Mfia ddng, thfing 11, sai Cai dpi Thi^n<br /> dfic fi'n Quic vfidng, chfnh thfle ldn ngdi Chfnh (khdng ro hp) Ifim thong sufi't, K^ luc<br /> vua d Phfi Xufln. Khfii nidm Dinh coi nhfi NguySn Cfi Trinh ifim tham mfiu, diiu<br /> cd quan hfinh ehfnh tinh nhfi mdt "dpo khiln tfidng si nfim dinh Binh Khang, Binh<br /> qufin" Ific nfiy cung mfi't ddn ^ nghia qufin T h u ^ , Trfi'n Bien, Phien Trln, Long Hd,<br /> sy ro rpt ciia nd, ft dfipc thiy xufi't hi^n hdn sang dfinh Chfin Lpp. Hp tiln dflng qufin h<br /> trong Phu biin tgp l{ic. Cfing vdi dd Ifl phfin Ngfiu Chii [Bin Nghd], d i ^ g dinh trpi (Bdy<br /> chia dinh thfinh phu (hay huydn) trong t h l gid gpi lfi dinh Ddn, tfic nay lfi chp Diiu<br /> ky XVIII, mpt ten goi dfi dfipc sfi dyng Ifiu Khiln, thudc Gia Djnh), kin qufin Ifnh,<br /> ddld phfa Bfic (29),.. chfia nhilu Ifidng thfic de lfim k i k h a i thfic"<br /> (31). Hdn nhiln, ngay tit ddu Ddng Troi^<br /> Trong hfing ngu quan Ipi trong vfidng<br /> chu trUang xdy dUng mdt chink quyin qudn<br /> phu, dja vj cua cfic quan v5 dang cd chilu<br /> sU, song viic kit hap vd sd dung ding thdi<br /> hfidng giam sfit. Cho di'n giUa thiky XVIH,<br /> Id ddc trUng rdt ro nit trong qud trinh<br /> vi thi cua Nguyin Ddng Di, Nguyin Cu<br /> chuyin ddi sang md hinh mang tinh ddn sif<br /> Trinh... dupe dgt d vi tri cao hOn bdt cd vi han.<br /> quan vdn ndo, song chiiu hUdng tfidng tiin<br /> Rguy&i Cu: Trinh vo vung dfit...<br /> <br /> Nhu da trinh bay, trong bdi canh xa hpi toan tfnh vl ngopi giao vfi md rpng anh<br /> Dfing Trong dang vfin hfinh vfi chuyen dd'i, hfidng, nhfi't Ifl vdi vfing dfi't phfidng Nam<br /> lue nfiy vi$c quan vfln ngfiy efing cd tilng (33). Tfi ddng thfii trong m^i bang giao khu<br /> ndi da gdp them vfio chfnh sfieh ddi ngopi. vpe, trdn f nghia ddi vdi vide xac l^p thfim<br /> Trong cflng cupe md rpng vl phfidng Nam, vfio lanh thd' vfing dfi't mdi, nhilu nhfi<br /> ddi sfieh ciia Chua NguySn da trd ndn mim nghien cflu eho rfing B-[1 ki^n nfim 1756<br /> deo, thpc t l hdn. Theo dd, si^ kidn nflm dfinh dfi'u chfnh sfieh "tdm thitc" h i t sfic<br /> 1755-1756 da cho thiy sy chuyin hfidng khoan ngoan. Dli vdi NguySn Phfic Khofit,<br /> mpnh me. Chfnh sfi nhfi NguySn chdp: "lfi ngfidi thdng minh, cfidng nghj, tham<br /> "Nfic Nguydn nfidc Chfln Lpp trtnh bfiy lam tfin nhdn, nhilu dye vpng, vide ^ ciing<br /> rdng vipe danh efidp Cfln Man lfi do tfidng qua quylt lfim..." (34); song cung lfi ngfidi<br /> Chieu Chfiy Ech gfiy ra, nay xin hien dfi't chfim lo ehfnh afi, luu tfim d^c bidt din tfli<br /> hai phii Tim Bdn, Ldi Lpp vfi ndp bfi ll hda qud'e gia, thfidng aai quan di tudn cfie<br /> cong cdn thilu vl ba nflm trfidc dl chupc dinh trfiii, rfin trfing cfic quan hfiu trfieh...<br /> tdi... Chua bid't lfi ndi ddi, khdng y ldi xin". nhd kheo khu xi vdi XUm, can thidp vfio<br /> Nguyen CU Trinh tflu: "Tfi xfia vide dyng ndi tinh cua Chaji Lap nSn da thu trpn<br /> binh chflng qua lfi de trfi di^t bpn ddu sd vfl vfing ddt Nam Bd. Do nhu edu khai thfic,<br /> md mEuig them ddt dai... Nlu bd gdn edu md rdng, bao vp, chinh sach ddi vdi vflng<br /> xa, e rdng hinh thd' cfich trd, binh dfin dfi't phUdng Nam da "mim hda" tinh chdt<br /> khflng lien tiep, ldy dfipc tuy dS, mfi gifi eflng rdn cua che dp quan chinh trong td<br /> thfic lfi khfl. Khi xUa md mang phii Gia ehfic chfnh quyln d dfiy. Trong nhuing<br /> Djnh tdt phai trfidc md d i t Hung Phfic, rdi thanh edng ehung eua Chua, phdn nao<br /> din dfi't Ddng Nai, khiln cho qufin dan trong dfl cd dfide tfi nhiing tham mfiu sang<br /> ddng du, roi sau mdi md din Sai Gdn. Dd Id suit eua b l tdi nhu Nguyen Cfi Trinh, mot<br /> cdi ke tdm dn ddn... Thdn xem ngfidi Con tu duy the eye, nhay cam thdi eudc va<br /> Man gidi nghe bp chiln, ngfidi Chan Lap nhflng toan tinh chien Ifidc lau dai.<br /> ciing da sd lfim. Nlu eho hp dfi't Sy khid'n hp<br /> Din nfim 1757, tiep tue nhfin dfipc sy<br /> chong gifl, "ldy ngitdi Man ddnh ngUdi<br /> tham mxfti tfi Trfidng Phfic Du vfi NguySn<br /> Man", cUng Id ddc sdeh. Vfiy xin eho Chfin<br /> Cu Trinh, Chua Vo vfidng quyd't djnh chinh<br /> Lap chupc tfli, ISiy dfi't hai phu fi'y, uy cho<br /> phue efic vfing dfi't Nam Bp bfing con dfidng<br /> thdn xem xdt hinb thl, dfit luy dflng qufin,<br /> hda binh. Theo dfl, nfim 1757, Nfic Nguydn<br /> ehia efi'p rupng dfi't cho quan va dan, vach<br /> nfidc Chaji Lap chet, N^c N h u ^ (chu hp)<br /> ro dja gidi, cho Id vfio chfiu Dinh Viin, de<br /> tam coi vipe nfidc. Bien thdn tfiu xin nhfin<br /> thu lly tofin khu", Chua bdn y cho" (32).<br /> dd Ifip Nhufin d l to an nghla, eho vflng biSn<br /> Trong khu vyc, nhfin to Xiem ddng vai cfidng. Chua bfit phai hiin hai phii Trfi<br /> trd dang k l trong vipe hoaeh djnh chfnh Vinh, Ba Thfic, rdi sau mdi y eho. Khi fly<br /> sach cua ehfnh quyln Chua NguySn. Nfim xay vipe con r l N^c Nhu^n lfi N^e Hinh<br /> 1756 (Canh HUng thfi 16), nfidc Xifim giii giet Nfic N h u | n de cUdp ngfii, con Nflc<br /> thfi din ehinh quyen Dfing Trong nhfic lai Nhufin Ifl N^e Tdn chay sang Hfi Tifin.<br /> "vipe hda than lau ddi" vfi de nghj tao diiu Thing sufi't Trfidng Phue Du thfia t h l tiln<br /> kipn cho thdng thUdng. Hdn lfi, dn dfing danh. Nfic Hinh chay din Tdm Phong Xuy,<br /> sau nhfing ngdn tfi ngoai giao dd lfi nhfing bj quan phifin Oc Nha Udng gilt chit. Biy<br />  nghl&n Clhi Ljch ad", atf 4.2011<br /> <br /> <br /> gid Mpe Thien Tfi (35) cung tfiu giup eho gifi nUdc eua dfin t^c d vfing d i t phUdng<br /> N$c Tdn. Nam" (40).<br /> Chinh sii nhfi NguySn ehdp: "Chua bdn Trong tinh t h l vfi mli tUdng tac quyln<br /> sfic phong cho N^c Tdn Iflm vua nfidc Chfln li^e khu vijfc, vide cd t h l chii ddng giao trpng<br /> Lpp, sai Thidn Tfi cfing vdi tfidng si nflm trfieh cho Mpe ThiSn Tfl diiu hda mil quan<br /> dinh hd ting vl nfidc. N$c Tdn bdn dflng hd gifla Hofing ttf nfidc Chdn Lap vfi sau<br /> dfi't Tdm Phong Long. Phue Du vd Cu nfiy vdi Hofing tfi Xidm Chilu Thdy vfi<br /> Trinh tdu xin ddi dinh Long Hi din xCt Chilu Xi Xoang (1764) cho thtfy sy tin<br /> Tdm Bdo (nay lfi thdn Long Hi, tfic Ifl tinh tudng cua Chfia NguySn (41), mfic dfl vfyy<br /> ly Vinh Long). Lpi d^t dpo Ddng Khdu d xfi Chfia cflng ludn l^nh cho qufin d^i d Gia<br /> Sa Ddc, dpo Tfln Chfiu d Tiln Giang, dpo Djnh trfi'n di theo "hd vidn". Von ndi php<br /> Chfiu Die d H^u Giang, Iiy qufin dinh vfio dfi't Chfla NguySn, hp Mpe thfla hiiu<br /> Long Hd dl trfi'n fip. Bfi'y gid N$e Tdn lpi mli quan hd gifla hai cfidng qudc Xidm vfi<br /> eflt nflm phii Hfidng tc, Cdn Vpt, Chfin Dfing Trong, trong vai trd diiu phli dd, ban<br /> Sum, Sfli Mpt, Linh Qu^nh di tp dn Mpe nhidn Hfi Tifin cung ed dUpc nhilu lpi Ich.<br /> Thien Tfi, Thifin Tfi hiin cho trilu dinh. Ddi khdi Quang Ddng tfi sau nhflng biln co<br /> Chua cho Id nflm phu fiy vfio quan hpt Hfi chinh trj d Trung Qudc, sau mdt thdi gian<br /> Tidn, Thien Tfi lpi xin dfit Gifi Khe lfim dpo npi tiiudc Chfln Lpp, hp Mpe, mdt ngopi<br /> Kifin Giang, Cfi Mau lfim dao Long Xuydn, kilu, ngopi tpc, sy nhpy bdn ciia mpt<br /> deu dat quan lai, chieu dan cfi, Ifip thdn fl'p, thUdng nhfin, cfl du thdi gian chfing ki6i<br /> lfim eho dja gidi Hfl Tien ngfiy cfing them nhflng biln dflng chfnh trj vfi tUdng quan<br /> rpng" (36). Cac sy kipn nfiy diu dfipc phan<br /> quyln Ifie Xiem - Chfin Lpp - Dfing Trong.<br /> finh trong tai li$u lich aii Chfin Lpp vdi<br /> Lfi dfin di cU, vdi truyin thing budn bfin,<br /> nhfing ldn chuyin nhfipng, cfit dfi't, dfing<br /> Mpe Ciiu da sdm phfit triln viing ddt Hfi<br /> d&'t de "tra dn" (37).<br /> Tifin trd thfinh mpt trung tfim thUdng mpi<br /> Nhfin ro vj tri chiln Ifipc quan trpng Ifiu "ghe thuyin d sdng biln qua lpi ndi dfiy<br /> dfli, nhilu mfit eua d i t Tdm Phong Long nhfi mflc Clii, th^t lfi ndi dpi dd hpi". Sy ldn<br /> (hilm ylu, nui cao, sdng dfii, nhilu rflng mpnh cua "cpng ding Hoa kilu", "khdng<br /> rfim, dfin efi thfia thdt, dS phdng thu) (38), gian Hoa kilu" d dai dfi't rdng ldn (42), eCmg<br /> ddi vdi miln Nam adng Tiln, NguySn Cfi thfli dd khdn ngoan vdi chfnh quyln ad tai,<br /> Trinh cfing Trfidng Phue Du xin Chua ngfidi Hoa adm trd thflnh mdt t h l lye kinh<br /> NguySn ddi dinh Long Hd (dl kilm aofit tl, vfi nhOng can thidp mang tfnh chfnh trj<br /> Tiln Giang, hai bdn bd H^u giang, bao gia tfing d dfiy. Diing vi chiin li/pc vdi<br /> trfim vfing vjnh Xiem... dyng y dl khong chinh quyin Ddng Trong, hdnh d^ng do<br /> c h i Cao Midn (39)) d$t dpo Ddng Khfi'u, dpo cdng ldm cfuj mdt quan hi giUa Hd TUn vdi<br /> Chfiu Die..., dfit cde ddn d Tfiy Ninh. Hdng chinh quyin trung itOng trd nin chdt chi,<br /> Ngfi, Cli lao Gieng, Sa Ddc, Chfiu Die vfi t l cdng cd lai trong cdng cudc binh dink vUng<br /> ehfic cfic tram lien lac thfidng xuyin hpp ddt mdi ndi thudc (43).<br /> tdc vdi Mpe Thidn Tfi d Hfl Tien khi edn Ngofii vide triln khai cfie boat d^ng an<br /> thilt... Vfl qua trinh dd "dfi gdp them<br /> ninh quoc phdng, Nguyen Cu Trinh cdn rit<br /> nhfing minh chfing sinh ddng vfi thuylt<br /> coi trpng cfic vdii d l kinh tl*, xfl hpi, vl an<br /> phyc di Ifim rd hdn ljeh aii dfing nfidc vfi<br /> sinh, tilp nhfin, t l ehfic sinh hopt cho Ifiu<br /> Rguy£n Cu Trtnh va vflng dot...<br /> <br /> dfin khdn hoang ipp Ip, eung nhfi trong Trinh da bj sfit hpi tpi Trfi'n Bign (Bifin<br /> mil quan hp vdi nhflng t h l li^c nhfi Chan Hda) (sau dfipc truy tpng hflm Dpi 1^ Ty<br /> Lpp, hp Mpe (44) hay xa hdn lfi XiSm luc khanh, thyy lfi Trung Nghj). Trong v i ^ xfi<br /> nfiy, Vfing Long Hd, dfidi quyln cai quan 1^ nhfing mdl tfidng quan chfnh trj, ngopi<br /> ciia NguySn CU Trinh lfi thdi 1^ binh yfin. giao, qufin sy vdi Mpe Thidn Tfi, Npc<br /> Sau mdt thdi gian cdn cfl lao ddng, khai Nguyfin, hay vi^c bo tri eiing nhfi cd nhflng<br /> hoang md coi lai dfipc thidn nhidn fiu dai, d$n dd vdi Anh Dfle Hdu... kifi'm ehl Mae<br /> tfin dyng vfi khai thfic tridt dl nhflng ylu Thidn Tfi "Thudn chi tdt khaeh. nghich chi<br /> to khfich quan, de'n luc nfiy ed dUpc di$n tdt tri ky tin dd", NguySn Cfi Trinh eho<br /> mao mdi "ddng npi mflu md, rupng vfidn thdy ban linh, vfi dti khdn ngoan t$n dyng<br /> xanh tot", "thfic fin nhilu" lfi vfing "dfi't t h l bo tri qufin sy, tilm lyc, sfic manh gifia<br /> hfia" cua ngfidi dan cfie ndi di cvt tdi. Dfin s l cfic ben hidn did" d vfing dfi't rdng ldn luc<br /> Long Hd tilp tyc dfipc phflt triln, sinh hopt nfiy, Cho nfin "chi trong vdng mdy ndm tit<br /> vfin hda tinh thdn cung ngfiy cfing phong 1755 din 1759, Nguyin Cu Trinh dd hodn<br /> phfi. Gdn 10 nfim eai quan dinh Long Hi thdnh cude liin kit Gia Dinh - Hd Tiin, thu<br /> (1757-1765), NguySn Cu Trinh cung ddng phue Mgc Thiin l^h vd kiem, sodt Ngc<br /> cam vfi thdu bilu noi thd'ng kho ciia ngUdi NguySn, khdng hao tin tUdng, sdt nhdp<br /> dfin tren vfijig dfi't mdi hoang sd tpo l^p trgn ven dong bdng sdng Cdu Long..." (46).<br /> cudc sing, tfi dd cfing gifip flng tfln tfim<br /> Nhfi ehung tdi da triiih bfiy, khi Thing<br /> phfit triln, nfing cao ddi song nhan dfin,<br /> sufi't Thi^n Chfnh dfide eii di danh ngUdi<br /> cung nhu tham gia khai hfla v l mfit dfin tri,<br /> Khmer (1755), vfi kit cue bi tham cua vj<br /> vfln hfla...<br /> tfidng nay cung dfide nhin nhfin tfi cuflc<br /> Sfi sach vfl nhfing nghien cfiu trfidc nay xung dpt gifia vo quan vfi vfln quan. Trong<br /> chUa cho biet nhieu ve quang thdi gian gdn xu t h l dfl, vipe chfia xfing "Vfidng" nflm<br /> 10 nam boat ddng eua Tham mfiu Dilu Gifip T^ (1744) eung lfi mot nguyfin nhfin,<br /> khiln Ngu Dinh Nguyen Cfi Trinh d vfing Theo dfl, hfing loat nhflng thay ddi da dien<br /> dfi't Nam Bd. "U ngodi bUn mUdi ndm, oai ra: Chfia Phu thfinh didn, cae vfin ban<br /> vgng ldy lOng, ddn Viit, ngUdi Man thdy trtnh len chua tfi thfln ddi thfinh tflu, dfing<br /> diu khdm phue", tfl thyc tien bieu hi^n nfiy nien hi$u vua Le, nhfing dra vdi thuflc quoc<br /> cfl the binh dung phdn nfio tfi'm long vdi thi dfing Thien vfidng, due I n quic vfidng,<br /> vfing dfi't, giai doan dUdc coi lfi binh yen, dfl'i Tfi dudng thfinh Tflng mieu, thfinh l^p<br /> phat triln, dflc bipt tao nen tang rfi't quan Lyc bp, dfl'i thfin qufin thfinh Vu lfim qufin,<br /> trpng trong qufi trinh binh djnh trgn ven. efic Vfin ehfic doi thfinh Hfin lfim vipn, dinh<br /> Trong khoang thdi gian nfiy, ehung tdi quan phyc vfln quan vfi vd quan... Phu<br /> xin Ivtu y qufi trinh trfin thii vfi md rpng Xudn trd thdnh mgt dd hgi phdn hoa, dep<br /> lanh tho cd vai trd quan trpng cua "gia de, chUa titng thdy (47)... Ddng thdi, khi<br /> (finh" Nguyen Cfi Trinh. Theo nghidn cfiu nhin nhfin lai ljch sfi sau sy ki^n qufin sfi<br /> cua tfic gia Trfidng Minh Dpt, Hipp tr&i Hfi nfim 1755, eho din culi ddi chua Vo vfidng,<br /> Tien, Anh Dfie Hdu lfi con trai ca cua fing ehfnh sii dfl khdng ghi nhfln mdt ldn ddng<br /> ten lfi Nguyin Cfi Dfit (huy danh Tfn) (45). binh nfio khae (48). Trong suit thdi kjf trj<br /> TrUdc dd, Cai ba Ky lue sy dinh Trfi'n Bien vi ciia Vo vfidng Nguyen Phue Khofit (1739-<br /> NguySn Cu Cdn, anh trai eua NguySn Cfi 1765), khuynh hudng ehfnh trj vfi doi ngopi<br />  Rghian cun Ljch siJ-. atf 4.2011<br /> <br /> hda hiiu da thu dUpe nhflng kit qua rfi't NguySn, nhanh chflng trd thfinh vfing phat<br /> Idn. Sii sflch dfl tflng chdp vl Chfia vdi triln kinh t l nfing d^ng (50). Trong nhflng<br /> "nhiiu dge vgng", vi|c ^ dfl quylt thi Iflm, bfidc phdt triln quylt djnh, nhfi't Ifl gifla<br /> song thyc t l da minh chflng thfii dd vfi t h l ky XVIII, NguySn CU Trinh ddng vai<br /> ddng thfii kha mim deo vfl nhfing toan tinh trd rfi't to ldn (61).<br /> khdn ngoan cua vj Chua nfly. M$t khfie, Tuy vpy, tfi nhflng nfim cuoi ddi Vo<br /> eung vi mdi vi|c xUng "VUdng", lo ciing c l vfidng, Dfing Trong dang suy thofli mpnh.<br /> vl ddi ndi vfi ddi ngoai ndn Vfl vUdng td ra Thye t l lfi, trong Idng ciia xfi hpi Dfing<br /> giao hao, hfiu nghj vdi khu vfic vfi vdi nhfi Trong, mpe dfi d thdi doan eye thinh nhdt<br /> Thanh. Gop ehung vdo ddng chu lUu do, vai vfi qufi trtnh hda trpn, tilp biln diln ra hit<br /> trd ciia nhiing udn thdn dd tde ddng mgnh sfie mpnh mg, nhfing ddng vfin hda • xa hpi<br /> din thdi dd ciia ngUdi ddng ddu Ddng ehu dpo "thdi thupng" ngdm chay lH sing<br /> Trong td kinh nghiim xd ly todn ctfc, thdu "kilu Bfic" (Dfing Ngofii): "ulng chdn sfi bjt<br /> tinh dgt l^ trin ea sd y thde ddn tdc mgnh bpc vfi n h l Ing ddng thau, dia bfit fin ulng<br /> me. Ro rfing, lue nfiy "Dfing Trong cdn mdt thi khdng cdi gi Id khdng phdi hdng Bdc"<br /> dpi ngu tri thfle cd ca kien thfle 1^ thuylt (52), "Ba phii Quy Nhdn, Quang Ngai, Gia<br /> ldn nfing lpc thyc tiSn dam nh^n nhflng<br /> Djnh thi thde gpo khdng xilt kl, khdch Bdc<br /> trong trfieh... vi chinh tri, ngogi giao vd<br /> budn bdn quen khen khflng bao ngdt" (53),<br /> qudn sU... vfi d Nam Bp t h l ky XVIII-XIX<br /> gidi quan ehfic tham nhfing dua nhau lfim<br /> hdu nhu khdng ed loai nhd nho bdc thdng<br /> gifiu... Cdn bp mfiy hfinh chfnh mang nfing<br /> kinh sd theo kiiu ehl gioi viic trich cd tdm<br /> tfnh qufin sp - sy lya chpn "khdng tranh<br /> chuang", do vfiy efic nhfi nho d dfiy nflm<br /> khdi" eua hp NguySn thdi gian ddu. Do<br /> dfide xu t h l cua ddi song, nguypn vpng eiia<br /> nhan dfin, tfi dd dl dfiii thfin, fing xii phfl ehfia cd mpt eai nhin so sfinh tfl nhiing thl<br /> hdp, de I ^ dfi'u Sn tren nhfing hopt dpng e h l khae trong khu vfic Ddng Nam A nen<br /> "hflnh dpo" cua Nho gifio Dfing Trong (49). "vide hfinh ehfnh ed cfii gi giong nhu d Nhfit<br /> Vfi, Nguyen CU Trinh Id gitang mat diin vfi d Tfiu", mpe dfi "theo tinh thdn ciia dfin<br /> hinh cua mgt quan chdc - tri thdc khai hda tpc minh" (64), md i^ng dfi't lfi md rpng bd<br /> trong qud trinh md nUde cda chua Nguyin, mdy quan lieu bdy nhieu, "Qufin dfin hai<br /> ngudi phdt ngdn eho nhiing suy tit trdn trd xfl thfin yfin tfn phyc, cam nhfin min dflc,<br /> cua bd phdn nho sl, hdng hdi ddn thdn ddi ddi phong ttfc" (55) cung cho thdy sp<br /> nhitng cUng ddy trdeh nhiim, bdc xuc day quy thu^n vdi chfnh quyln Dflng Trong, tao<br /> ddt trUdc thUc tiin thdi dg.i. mcfi dofin k i t vdi ngUdi Vipt, nhiing d mpt<br /> khfa cpnh nfio dd, cung phai thdy mpt thfic<br /> Qua trinh md rdng vfing dfi't Nam Bd t l lfi qufi trinh Vi^t hfla dfi diSn ra mpnh<br /> ciia Chua NguySn chii ylu thdng qua khai mfi, dfidng nhien d chS cd mfic dp ty cU cao<br /> phfi hda binh k i t hpp vdi dfim phfin ngopi (66).<br /> giao dl khfing djnh chu quyln. Trong qufi Tfl hai phfidng cfich mang dpm tfnh chit<br /> trinh dfl, v i ^ bao vd dfin chfing khdn hoang Bfic dfl dfi cho thfi'y no Ific trd vl vdi md<br /> vfi xfie Ifip ehii quyln Ifi hai qufi trinh aong hinh Nho gifio "chfnh thong" dang ddn Ian<br /> song vfi trpng dpi, Cho din gifla t h l ky tda vfi thdt ehpt mdt chfnh t h l t^p quyln<br /> XVIII, tofin bd khu vitc Nam Bd da hofin truyin thing. Vl qufi trtnh nfly, Li Tana<br /> tofin thudc quyln cai quan cua Chua nhpn djnh "cupe khdi nghia cua Tay Sdn da<br /> RguySn Cxt Trtnh va vfing dtit...<br /> <br /> lam gian dopn no Ific xfiy dfing mpt nin hoang tfi trong vfidng trilu din ngofli xa<br /> hflnh chanh d^m mau sfle dfln sfi hdn tpi hpi. "Trai qua thdi NguySn Phue Khofit bfio<br /> Dfing Trong", tren h i t vdi nhfing yeu td' cu, phdng bflt chfide nhau, lfim thflnh thfli<br /> mdi, vi$c xay dfing nhU t h l nfio thi "Dflng quen. binh si diu ngoi chie'u mfiy, dfia qua<br /> Trong khdng phai lfi phdn phfa Nam ciia tUa hoa, dm Id hfidng cl,., Coi vfing bpc nhU<br /> Dfing Ngoai. Vfidng quoc cua hp Nguyen cd cat, thdc gao nhfi bfin, xa xi rfi't mfic",<br /> qua nhilu ylu to' khfic bi^t" (57). Hp TrUdng Phfie Loan "nhfi chfia vfing bpc vd<br /> Nguyin trong thdi gian ddu da td ra thflnh sd*', NguySn Noan "lfi'y 120 vp 16, budng aau<br /> edng trong vipe xii ly cfie ylu to dd, nhfing chfia ddy chfiu ngpc", ndn "Diing ngUdi nhU<br /> sau nfiy vdn lya chpn md hinh kinh diln thi, hoi sao khdng md't nUdc\" (59).<br /> theo ehfnh the dp c h i tfi phfidng Bfic, mpt Vdi NguySn CU Trinh, trung thfinh vdi<br /> t h l c h i mfi qua nhilu t h l ky suy sup, lpi ehe dp, sdm phfit hi^n ra nhfing mfiu<br /> vfia CO gfing troi ddy... Cd t h l ndi, thilt ehl thufin, khuylt tfit ciia the chfi', nhfing mong<br /> Dfing Trong lfi phifin ban mdi eiia mpt mfl gdp ^ dl cai thidn nhfing da bfi't Ific. Lfi<br /> hinh cu; dd'n eudl thdi Chua Vo vfidng, nd ngfidi "dfing binh cfidng quyd't... vfio culi<br /> da d dinh dilm ciia sy phfit t n l n , tilp c|in ddi, cd dfing sd to efio tp quan trfidng nhung<br /> den mpn sfidn suy thofii. nhieu do sU chfi'p chinh cua quyln thdn<br /> Sau kbi Nguyen Phue Khofit mit, fiu Trfidng Phfic Loan", nhieu ldn phan fing<br /> Chua (Nguyen Phfic Thudn, 12 tuoi) len k l quyet hdt trfidc mpt TrUdng Phfic Loan...<br /> nghipp, Trfidng Phfic Loan lfi'y quyen Qudc song khflng xoay ehuyin dfide gi trong boi<br /> phd, xem trilu thdn chfing cd mot ai, eanh ehinh trj • xa hdi luc nay. Hai nfim<br /> chuyen quyln, gid't hai ngfidi ngay, bfin sau ngfiy Vo vfidng mfi't, mua He nfim 1767,<br /> quan, tdm thau moi viee trong tay mpt NguySn Cfi Tnnh lfim b^nh vfi qua ddi, khi<br /> minh... "Trfidng Phfic Loan cdm quyen, dd 52 tufl'i.<br /> ehfnh tri tfi chuyen. Ndi hfiu chfidng dinh 3. Nhan xet<br /> Tfln Thfit Nghiem, chudng Thuy cd Tfln<br /> Thfi't Vien (dfi'u lfi con Dfin quoc cflng Tfln 40 nfim sau ngfiy mfi't, nam Gia Long<br /> Thfi't Dien, bfiiy gid ngudi ta gpi lfi Nghiem thfi 5 (1806), NguySn CU Trinh dfipc truy<br /> qufin cdng) ddu dUdc chfia thfin yeu, nhfing tfln lfim Kiln Cfidng Uy Dofin Thdn Nghi<br /> ehi say me tfiu sfle, khflng de ^ den vi^c Thanh Du Nhfin Tfi Du$ Tri Hie'u Vu<br /> nUdc. Loan thdy the bfin khdng kifing ne gi, hoang dl, mieu hipu la The tflng, lfing gpi<br /> bfin quan, budn tfide, fln tiln tha tpi, hinh lfi Trfidng Thfii; nfim 1839, vua Minh Mang<br /> phat phien nhiSu, t h u l mfi nfing nd, nhfin xem Thfic lyc efic thfinh thiy NguySn Cu<br /> dan diu lfi'y lfim kho. Trong khoang 4, 5 Trinh nhieu mUu kl, cd chid'n edng, sfi<br /> nflm, tai dj hipn ra ludn, dfi't dpng, nui Id, nghidp rfic rd, mfi Ifiu chfia thd phyng d<br /> sao sa, nUdc dd, trflm hp dfli kdm, trdm milu dinh, bfin chudn y bd Le bfin, tflng<br /> efidp tfi tung. Trong nUdc tfi dd sinh nhilu phong quan tfide, cho thd phy d Thfii<br /> vi^e" (58), Chua Dup Tflng ehl nghi din vui mieu... Dfl lfi ghi nhfin vfi danh gifi toan<br /> chdi, xa xi. TrUde tinh hinh do, Nguyen Cu dipn cupe ddi boat ddng eiia Nghi Bilu hdu<br /> Trinh, dUdc dieu v l Phfi Xuan, thflng Lai NguySn Cfi Trinh,<br /> bp, cung nhfi nhflng trong thdn khae "cung NguySn Cu Trinh Id hinh mdu cua gidi<br /> khdng ngfin dUde tinh hinh rm ren", khung nho si Nam Hd tiin ky: trpng thfie hpc.<br />  Rghian eijru I4ch ai. atf 4.2011<br /> <br /> khdng nd khoa bang, nhfin quan thodng ngfidi Vidt, trong ay ung hp vfi fing xii<br /> md, cd ban vdn dya vfio chudn hd truyin khoan dung, hda hpp vdi cfie cpng ddng cfl<br /> thong Nho gifio, nhfing ed pha trdn thim ttf dfin ban dja vfi cde ldp ngfidi din trfidc, vdi<br /> chfi't vfin hda dfin gian, thyc tiSn, trfio tdm nhin sfiu ring, f chf mfinh li^t ca sy hy<br /> phfing eiia vfing dfi't phfidng Nam, ft xd sinh to ldn dfl xfie ldp dUpc chii quyln thi^c<br /> efing gifio dilu (60). tl. Viic chua Nguyin ddn xdc ldp chinh<br /> Nhin lpi ljch sii cd thl thfi'y, cu^ ddi thdc vdo gida thiky XVIII Id xu thi tdt yiu<br /> quan Id cda Nguyin Cu Trinh triing vdi trin ed sd eua tdt cd cdc yiu tdchu quan vd<br /> thdi tri vi cua Chua Nguyin Phue Khodt. khdch quan cdng tdn.<br /> Trong nhflng thfinh edng chung cua chfnh Qud trinh chuyin dli md hinh kinh t l -<br /> quyln Dfing Trong hdn khing thl khing kl xfi hdi Dfing Trong tfl gifla t h l ky XVIH,<br /> din vai trd ciia NguySn Cfi Trinh, d$c bi^t trong dd san xufi't vfi thUdng mai hda thfle<br /> ddi vdi vflng dfi't Nam Bd. Cupe ddi vfi sy gpo lfi mdt trong nhflng biln c l ddy J<br /> nghidp cua Nguyen Cfi Trinh lfi mdt cudc nghia. Nd trd thfinh ddng Iflc thuc diy<br /> trfidng ehinh Nam tiln. bfidc phfit triln xa hdn nfla xuIng phfa<br /> Cho tdi sfi kipn nfim 1757, hdu nhU Nam vfi tpo cd hdi ddy trpng tam kinh t l<br /> khdng cd nhdng bii'n d^ng ldn, cdn bdn xutfng phfa Nam ciia ngfidi Vi$t. Hp<br /> duac xdc ldp td budc ngodt cudi thiky XVII NguySn gia tfing hdng dfia dong bfing sdng<br /> dNam Bd. Hdn nfla, sy phfit tnen cua vfing Cvtu Long vfio trong hd thing chinh trj vfi<br /> dfi't mdi cai quan d ddu t h l ky XVIII vl mpi kinh t l ciia minh. No Ific dd gfip phai sp<br /> mfit dd cd tde ddng din khu vUe khdc, gdp dyng dd vdi Xiem dang bfinh trfidng sang<br /> phdn thuc ddy nhanh qud trinh xde ldp chu phfa Ddng, cung nhfi cu^c npi chiln quylt<br /> quyin. Ngfidi Vipt din ngfiy cfing ddng, anh lidt vdi Tfiy Sdn tfi tb^p nidn 70 vfi thfle t l<br /> hfidng manh me vfl trd thfinh chii nhfin dfi khiln hp lao dao vfi di vfio con dfidng<br /> thye sfi eiia vfing dit. Nam Bd trd thfinh suy vong. Tuy vfiy cura cflng, ddng bfing<br /> dja bfin sinh ty, vflng dfi't di cU, ndi giao sdng Ciiu Long, viing dfi't Nam Bp da cflu<br /> tranh gifia cfie t h l Ific, dl rdi euH efing hp NguySn,<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). "Chdn Lgp: Tfln nu6c, d vi phfa nam L6m mft cfln cfl qufln tnl5ng, khfing din nSi 1$ t h u ^ qufi<br /> Ap. Theo Dudng ihii Chfin Lfip cdn c6 tSn 1ft Cftt nhu nudc Nam minh?". Phan Huy Chu, Lich tniu<br /> Mi#t (Kha Me). Chfln L^p vin xUa 1ft thuflc quflc hii'n chuang logi chi, Nxb, Khoa hgc Xe h^i, Hft<br /> cua Phfl Nam, aau nftm Thfin Long (705 • 706) dcli NOi, 1992, tr. 34-36.<br /> Dudng, chia Iflm hai: nfla v6 phfa bftc cfl nhifiu gfl (3). "Sd niBn, hi§u Khai Nguy§n (713 • 714),<br /> niii, g9i Ifl Lyc Chfln L^p, tflc nay 1ft Cao Mifln; cua Huyin Tfing, so&i truSng Giao Chfiu Ifl Mai<br /> nfia cl phfa nam liin biln, nhidu hff, nhilu chim, Thfle Ix)an Iftm phan, hi^u zong Ifl Hflc Dl, ngofli<br /> nfln ggi 1ft Thuy Chin L^p, nay 1ft eftu tinh Nam k i t giao vdi qufin cua LAm ip vft Chfln L9p, t^^p<br /> Ky". Khdm dinh Vift sU thdng gidm cUtfng mi^c, hpp dupc 30 Vfn qufln BI, chiim cfi nudc An Nam*.<br /> Nxb. Giflo dye, D i NSng, 2007, tr. 193, Ll Tflc, An Nam chi litgc. Nxb, Thuftn Hfia - Trung<br /> (2), "T^i sao nhQng nUSc Lflm ftp, Phfi Nam, tflm Vfln hfla NgSn ngO Dfing Tfly, Hfl N§i, 2002,<br /> Chfln L^p, Al Lao, tuy diu 1ft nhfing nU6c nho mgn tr.117-118.<br /> RguySn Cu- Trinh vo vflng dit... 37<br /> <br /> <br /> (4). "Thdn Tong, nflm Thi§n Thufin thfl 5 tmh binh vft thu$c binh. Md r^ng dfit dUpc nghin<br /> (1132), Nhftm Ty, ngUcli nudc Chifim Thflnh 1ft bgn d$m, dupc hdn 4 vfn h^. bfin chiSu m$ nhiing d i n<br /> Cy Ban trffn v l nudc, di d i n tr^i Nh§t 1^ thi ngitcli xifiu dft tfl B6 Chtnh trd v^ Nam cho din d cho<br /> tr^i fi'y bat diigc giai v l Kinh sU. Chiim Thflnh bfin dfing. Thilt l^p xa thfin phudng ft'p, chia cflt gidi<br /> cflng Chin Lgip h^i qufin vfto cu6p Ngh§ An. Chfln ph^n, khai kh^n ru^ng nilOng, djnh l^nh t h u l tS<br /> Lfp tflc Ifl nU3c Cao Miin ngfty nay. IA Quf Dfin, dung, Iflm B6 dinh diln... Qufic sif quin trilu<br /> Phi bUn tgp tfic. Nxb. Vfln hfia Thfing tin, Hft, Nguyin. Dgi Nam thtfc luc, tfip 1, Nxb. Giflo d\ic,<br /> NOi, 2007, tr. 39-40. HflN^i, 2004, tr. H I<br /> (5). Chu Dft Quan, Chdn Lgp phong thi ky, (10). Theo GS.TS, Yumio Sakurai, khfii m$m<br /> Nxb, T h l gidi, Hft N^i, 2006, tr. 22-24, "V/aUr Frontier" nin dupc hiiu theo hai nghia: Thfl<br /> (6), (33). Nguyin Vin Kim: "Nam B? Vi?t Nam nhfit, n6 nhAm xfie djnh vi trf mQt trung tflm mdi<br /> - Mfil tracing kinh t l biln vfl mfii quan h? vdi cfle nfi'i d Dfing Nam A hai dao, ghi nh(ln vai trS cua<br /> qu6c gia khu vpc t h l ky XVI-XVII", T^p chi ngudi Hoa trong qui trinh phflt t n l n dfi. Ddng thdi<br /> Nghiin ctfu Lich sH, si l(357)-2006. cSn cho thfi'y m^t khSng gian md r^ng cho nhOng<br /> (7). Nam Bd tii thi ky VII din thi" ky XVI nhfl du hflnh ngUdi Hoa m i A.Reid ggi li "Chinese<br /> (PGS.TS NguySn Vfln Kim chu nhi^m) thu^c D l fln Century" 6 Dfing Nam A. Thfi hai, trln quan dilm<br /> KHXH d p Nhfl nudc: Qud Irinh hinh thdnh vd phdt r^ng ldn vl hoft dgng hing hai cua ngUdi Hoa d<br /> triin viing ddt Nam Bd (GS, Phan Huy L§ chu tri). Dfing Nam A, m^t m{Lt. khii nifm niy chi ra m$t ky<br /> (8), Nguyin Hflu Canh (Nguyin HQu Kfnh) 1ft nguyfin chuyin tilp gifia cfic th} trUdng v i mfng<br /> con thfl cua Nguyin Hau D?it vft Ifl em rufit ciia ludi bufin bin d$c trUng ciia Ky nguyen ThUdng mfi<br /> Thong suft't Nguyin HOu Hfto. Nftm 1692, fing Iftm v i d u tnic n h i nUdc kilu Mandala t h l ky XVII;<br /> Tgng binh danh dfp gi^c Bfl Tranh tfi Thu^n mfit khic, nin hai thUdng mdi nfi'i 6 t h l k j XVIII<br /> Thflnh, sau dfi du^c cfl Iflm Trfi'n thu dmh Binh zufi^t hi^n nhu nhQng n h i nUdc dia phUdng md rgng<br /> Khang. Nguyin Hfiu Canh mflft tfi Sfim Giang gfin din gldl hfn cua nS d tiln-thpc din mft ky (late<br /> t r l n dudng nit quin v l Gia Djnh. Chila t^ng pre-colonial). Xem Yumio Sakurai, Eighteenth-<br /> phong Hi^p tfin cong thfin. D$c tiln chudng doanh, Century Chinese Pioneers on Water Frontier of<br /> thyy Trung Cfin. Ngudi Chfln Lfp l$p din thd d Indochina, trong Water Frontier: Commerce and the<br /> dfiu bai Nam Vang... Nim 1813, vua Gia Long eai Chinese m the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880,<br /> sfla din thd Khai qufic cfing thfin Nguyin HQu Rowman and LittleSeld Pubhshers, INC, 2004, pp.<br /> Kinh. (Din d Nam Vang; trUdc kia Nguyin Hiiu 35-36, 41.<br /> Kfnh di kinh lUpc Chin Lfp dfing quin d dlfy; aau (11), (15), (17), (23), (31), 32), (36), (58). Qufic<br /> khi chit, d i n Chfln Lfp Iftm din thd ngay Hy, ggi afi quin trilu Nguyin, B^i Nam thtfc lgc, tfip 1,<br /> Ifl din Ll cfing). Xem th€m QuSc afi qufin trilu Nxb. Gifio dye, H i Ngi, 2004, tr. 112, 148-172,<br /> Nguyin; Dgi Nam liet truydn, t^p 1, tiln bien, 156-157, 163-165, 166-167, 165-172.<br /> Nxb. Thuftn HSa, Hul, 2005. tr, 126-128. (12). Vii Minh Giang: Chu quyin ldnh thi cua Vift<br /> (9), Dgi Nam thtfc luc ch6p: Bflt dfiu d$t phu Nam trin vdng ddt Nam Bd trong M^t sd'v&i di lich<br /> Gia Djnh. Sai ThS'ng sufft Nguyin HQu Kfnh kinh sCe viing ddt Nam B^ din cwSJ thiky XIX, Ky ylu H§i<br /> lupc dfi't Chin Lfp. chia dfl:t Dfing PhS'. Ifi'y xfi thao Khoa hpc, Tp. H 6 Chi Minh, 2006. tr. 385.<br /> Dfing Nai Iflm huy^n Phue Long (nay t h i n g Iflm (13), H$i Khoa hgc L^ch sfl Vift Nam: Lupc sU<br /> phu), d i ^ g dinh Trfi'n Bien (tfic Bifin HSa ngiy vdng dd't Nam B0, Nxb. T h l gidl, Hfl Nfi, 2008, tr.<br /> nay), lfi'y xfi Sfli Gon Iflm huy§n Tfln Binh (nay 32-33.<br /> thfing Iflm phu), dpng dinh Phiin Trfi'n (tfic Gia (14). H§i Khoa hgc Ljch sii Vift Nam: Z^pfc ad"<br /> Dinh ngfty nay), moi tlinb diu d$t cfic chflc Iilu vung ddt Nam B(S, Nxb. T h l gidi, Hfl Nfi, 2008, tr.<br /> thii, cai bf, k j lyc v i cac cO d$i thuyin thuy b§ 33, Xlm thSm NgS Vfln Lf, Vdng ddt Hd Tiin vd<br />  Rghian eijru Lfch ai^. stf 4.2011<br /> <br /> vifc md rgng ldnh thi, xdc l^p chu quyin vd thtfc duy tri qudn ddi. Li Tana: Xtf Ddng Trong. Lich sH<br /> thi ckH quydn cua Chiia Nguyin dNam fl(5, trong kinh tixd h^i Vift Nam thiky 17 vd 18. Nguyin<br /> Thdnh phi Hi Chi Minh hudng vi 1000 ndm Nghj djch, Nxb Tr4, Tp. Hd Chf Minh, 1999, tr. 79,<br /> Thdng Long - Hd N^i, Nxb. Tfi'ng hpp Tp H3 Chi Xem thim Nguyin Mfnh Dfing: Nhin lgi m6 hinh<br /> Mmh, 2010, tr. 666-676, Nguyfin Vftn Kim; "Nam phdt triin kinh ti- xd h0i Ddng Trong thiky XVI-<br /> Bf Vift Nam - MSi trudng kinh t l biln v i mfii XVIII. Trong TrUdng Dfi hgc KHXH&NV, Khoa<br /> quan hf vdl cfic quSc gia khu vpc t h l ky XVI- QuSc t l (DHQGHN), Dfi hgc Nantea. Angers,<br /> XVII", Tfp chf Nghiin ctfu Lich sH, stf l(367)-2006, Maine (Phip): Ddng gdp cua Khoa hgc xd h^i vd<br /> (16) Son Nam, Lich sti khin hoang miin Nam, nhdn van trong phdt tnin kinh ti • xd h^i. Ky ylu<br /> Dfing Phfi, Sil GSn, 1973. tr. 35, Hfl thfio Qufic tl, Hfl Nfi, 8-9/4/2011.<br /> (18), Nguyin Phiic Chu, Hiin Tfing Hiiu Minh (25). Xem Qufic afi qufln trilu Nguyin: Dgi<br /> (Qufic Chiia, 1691-1725); Nguyin Phue Chii (Trd), Nam lift truyfn, tfip 1, tiln bifin, Nxb. Thufin Hfia,<br /> Tiic Tfing Hiiu Ninh (Djnh Qufic Cfing, 1725- Hul, 2005 (myc Truyfn Nguyin Cu Trinh); xem<br /> 1738), Nguyin Phdc Khoit (Vfl vUdng, 1738-1765). thfim Cao Tp Thanh, Nho gido d Gia Dinh. Nxb<br /> (19), Sai Chinh thing cai cd Nguyin Cfiu Vin Vfln hfia Sfti Gfin, 2009, tr. 35,<br /> (con Nguyin Cfiu Dye) ddnh Ch&n Lgp vft dUa Nfic (26), (49). Cao Tp Thanh, Nho gido d Gia Dinh.<br /> Yem vl nUdc. Nxb. Vftn hfia S i i GSn, 2009, tr. 37, 40-42,<br /> (20). Nhfin sai Cai cd Ta bf dinh Binh Khang Ifl (27). Nftm tfi't, nftm x&u dugc do bfing lUpng<br /> Nguyin Cfiu Trifim lanh 26 thuyin qufln thuy bf thuyin din Dflng Trong trong mft nflm. Li Tana:<br /> cua dmh Binh Khang dl flng tilp, lfi'y qufin 4 Xtf Ddng Trong. Lich sH kmh tixd hdi Vift Nam<br /> thuyin cd Ta thuy dinh Quang Nam dl tilp giQ thiky 17 vd 18. Sdd, tr, 134<br /> dinh Binh Khang, (28), Oeuvres completles de P.Poivre. Intendant<br /> (21). Sai Dilu khiln Nguyin HQu Dofin di dflnh des Isles de France et de Bourbon, correapondant<br /> Chfin Lfp d?p yfin, de I'academie des sciences, etc; Paris. 1797. Notice<br /> (22). N^c Nguyfin nUdc Chin Lfp xfim Ifin sur la vie de P.Poivre, Ancient intendant des Islet<br /> ngUdi Cfin Man. (Bfi'y gid bf Ifc cua til trudng de France el de Bourbon, in nftm 1786; Li Tana: Xii<br /> Thufin Thinh c6 nhilu ngudi xifiu dft sang h dfit Ddng Trong. Ljch stf kinh tixd h^i Vift Nam thi<br /> Chin Lfp, ggi l i Cfin Man, cfi tfin nQa 1ft Vfi T;^ kyl7vdl8.S