Nhìn lại quan hệ Pháp - Việt Nam - Trung Quốc qua các bản hiệp ước cuối thế kỷ XIX

NHIN LAI QUAN HE PHAP - VIET NAM -<br /> TRUNG QUOC QUA CAC BAN HIEP U d C<br /> CUOI THE KY XIX<br /> <br /> v u D l / d N G NINH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hoang Pho" vdi Phap. Ngoai nhiing quyen<br /> T ijf giiia the ky XIX, quan he quoe te<br /> giiia nddc Phap vdi Viet Nam va<br /> Trung Quoe trci nen rfi't phdc tap. Nguon<br /> ldi dddc hdcing nhd ngddi Anh ve vi^c td do<br /> buon ban ci 5 eifa bien (Quang Chau, Phuc<br /> goc cd ban Id sd tranh chd'p Viet Nam gida Chau, Ninh Ba, Ha Mon, Thddng Hai),<br /> mot de qude thdc dan phddng tay vdi mot dddc thoa thudn ve mdc thue xuit nhap<br /> de che phong kien phddng Dong. Nddc khiu, hdcing quyen lanh sd tdi phan, Phap<br /> Phap xam Iddc muon bien Viet Nam trd eon doi them quyen td do truyen dao v i tim<br /> thdnh thuoc dia, nhdng dieu do dong cham each m6 ddcfng buon ban xuong vung Hoa<br /> den "quyen ton chu" ciia Trung Hoa doi vdi Nam. Cac nddc chau Au khae cdng gay siic<br /> quoe gia cl phddng Nam nay. Vdy nen moi 6p buoc Bic Kinh phai lin Iddt ky hiep Ude<br /> mau thuin giiia Phap va Trung Qude ve vdi Bi, Thuy Dien, Na Uy, Nga, Bo Ddo<br /> vd'n de Viet Nam la dieu khong tranh khoi. Nha...<br /> Qua eae ban hiep ddc da ky ket cung nhdng Td ndm 1856 den 1860, lien quan Anh -<br /> sd bien da xay ra vao n^a sau th§' ky XDC, Phap dddc Nga va My ho trd da gay ra euoc<br /> chung ta nhin lai moi quan he diy phdc Chien tranh Thuoc phien lin thd hai.<br /> tap d khu vdc nay. Quan xam Idde t i n cong Quang Chau, tien<br /> 1. Quan he P h a p - T r u n g tii sau len Thien Tan, doa danh thang vdo Bdc<br /> Chien tranh Thuoc phien Kinh buoc trieu dinh phai ky Hiep ddc<br /> Thien Tan (1857) md them nhieu eiia khiu<br /> Cuoe Chien tranh Thuoc phien ldn thd<br /> cho nddc ngoii vdo buon ban.<br /> nhit 6 Trung Quoe da buoc trieu dinh Man<br /> Thanh phai ky vdi Anh ban Hiep ddc Nam Diu ndm 1860, 18 ng^n quan Anh v i 7<br /> Kinh (1842), danh diu bdde diu tien cua ngin quan Phap dieu t i u chien danh pha<br /> mdl quan he b i t binh ddng giiia Trung eae e^a bien Dai Co, Thien Tan roi dda<br /> Quoe vdi cac nddc phddng Tay. Theo bdde quan tien thdng vao Bdc ICinh. Nha vua<br /> ehan ciia Anh, nSm 1844, My va Phap cung Ham Phong bo chay khoi kinh do, trieu<br /> gay sd, buoc chinh quyen Man Thanh phai dinh phai ky Hiep ddc Bie Kinh (1860) md<br /> ky Hiep ddc Vong Ha vdi My vd Hi$p ddc them cang Thien Tan, md rong nhiidng dia<br /> <br /> 'GS. D^i hoc Quoe gia Rk Noi ,;ay<br />  Rghien cdu Lich sir. s6 8.2010<br /> <br /> cho Anh va Phap cl Ciiu Long v i Hddng de doa "quyen ton chii" cua Bic Kinh doi<br /> Cang, boi thddng chien phi cho moi nddc 8 vdi nddc Nam. Cho nen mau t h u i n gida<br /> trieu lang bac. P h i p vd Trung Quo'c ve v i n de Bic Ky b i t<br /> d i u x u i t hien.<br /> Den luc ndy, cac hiep ddc da ky ket d i y<br /> Trung Quoe id mot de che phong Iden td Ve phia P h i p , mac d i u da buoc nhd<br /> chu rdi " i o dia vi phu thuoc, chii quyen hi Thanh phai ky mot so' hiep ddc b i t binh<br /> xam pham, nhieu quyen ldi thddng mai va d i n g d Trung Quo'c n h d n g do chda dddc sd<br /> quan thue rdi vdo tay td ban phddng tay. c h i p thudn tii Pari nen chiia r a tay ma vdn<br /> con dung bien phap ngoai giao de doi<br /> 2. Sii x a m l\idc ciia P h a p v a o Viet<br /> Trung Quo'c phai lui bdde d Bic Ky.<br /> N a m va p h a n iing c u a n h a T h a n h<br /> Giiia nam 1873, t h d cvia Thd'ng doe Nam<br /> Cung thdi gian do, nam 1858 thdc dan<br /> Ky la Do do'c Duypre (Duprd) giii Tong doc<br /> Phap md cuoe tien cong Da Ning, khdi d i u<br /> Quang Dong va Quang Tay eo viet: "Quyen<br /> qua trinh xam Iddc Viet Nam. Bon nam sau,<br /> ldi ciia nddc Phap g i n chat vdi quyen ldi<br /> Trieu (finh Hue ky Hiep Udc Nhdm Tudt<br /> ciia An Nam. Niidc Phap da chia tay vdi<br /> (1862), nhddng eho Phap ba tinh mien dong<br /> nddc nay (An Nam) thi ciing phai biet dn<br /> Nam Ky (Gia Dinh, Dinh Tddng, Bien Hoa vd<br /> nddc khac (Trung Quo'c). Vdy toi de nghi<br /> dao Con Ldn). Nam 1867, quan Phap danh<br /> ngai Tong doe eho n i t quan linh dang dong<br /> chiem ba tinh mien tay Nam Ky Id Vinh<br /> tren dd't An Nam eiing n h d Idiong grd them<br /> Long, An Giang va Ha Tien. The la chda d i y<br /> quan tvl Van Nam sang niia de tranh cho<br /> mddi ndm ke tii khi do bo len Da Ning, toan<br /> quan linh phai xa lang, xa nddc, t r i n h phai<br /> bo Nam Ky rdi vao tay thdc dan Phap.<br /> h a n h quan v i t va va nguy hiem. Dddc sd<br /> Vio d i u nhiing n a m 70, thdc dan Phap ddng y ciia chinh phii An Nam, toi cam<br /> bat d i u tien h a n h t h a m do roi tim each l i n doan bao ve cd hieu qua sd buon ban va<br /> ehiem Bie Ky. Thang 11-1873, t h a n h Ha quyen ldi cua Trung Quo'c cung nhd quyen<br /> Noi bi t h i t thii ( l i n t h d n h i t ) , quan Phap ldi ciia nddc P h i p . N h d vdy la khong eo sd<br /> md rong viec danh ehiem cac tinh dong hieu l i m nao va tinh hiiu nghi giiia hai<br /> bang song Hong (Hai Dddng, Ninh Binh, vddng quoe An Nam - Trung Quo'c v i n ben<br /> Nam Dinh). Do gap phai sdc cho'ng cd cua viing muon ddi" (1).<br /> nhan dan cie tinh, lai chda dddc chinh phu<br /> Paris tan t h a n h vi khi do Phap bi thua Do siic dp cua phia P h i p va t h i i do nhu<br /> trong cuoc chien t r a n h vdi Ddc (1870-1871) nhddc eua trieu dinh Hue, Hiep Udc Gidp<br /> nen chinh quyen P h a p d Nam Ky phai thoa Tudt (1874) (2) dddc ky ke't, mang ten<br /> thudn vdi trieu dinh Hue tra lai cae tinh "Hiep ddc Hda binh va Lien minh", trong<br /> mdi chiem nhdng v i n nuoi y do xam Iddc do quy dinh ve vd'n de ehii quyen n h d sau:<br /> Bic Ky. - "Vua nddc An Nam cong nhdn chii<br /> Viec Phap tien chiem Bic Ky gap phan quyen d i y du va tron ven cua nddc Phap<br /> tren cac d i t dai nddc i y hien chie'm" (dieu<br /> dng td trieu dinh Man Thanh vi Trung<br /> 5) tdc la td r a n h gidi phia n a m tinh Binh<br /> Quoe v i n eoi Viet Nam la "thuoc quo'c" cua<br /> Thudn trd vao Nam.<br /> ho. Sd x u i t hien doi quan td phddng Tay<br /> tdi, mot mat co the gay ra tinh trang m i t - "Nddc Phap cong nhdn quyen doc Idp<br /> an ninh d phia Nam Trung Quo'c, mat khac cua vua nddc An Nam khong phai t h i n<br /> Rhin lai quan b& Phiip-Vi&t Ram.<br /> <br /> phuc nddc nao, va biia Idii nao vua nddc An Quo'c khong the b i n g quan ddi vdi nhiing<br /> Nam c i n se giup dd de danh dep ma giii sii viee dien ra eo the ldm thay doi tinh<br /> cuoe tri an trong nddc chong vdi nddc ngoai hinh chinh tri d mot nddc sat Trung Quo'c<br /> de'n xam lang vd pha tan bon cddp dddng n h d Vddng quo'c B i c Kj^, mgt nddc den bay<br /> q u i y nhieu d mot p h i n bd bien nddc An gid v i n nhdn i n tin cua H o i n g de Trung<br /> Nam" (dieu 2). Hoa". De d i p tra, Ngoai trddng Phap viet<br /> trong thd tra ldi: "Bit cii mot hdnh dong<br /> - "Vua nddc Nam chiu y theo ehinh sach<br /> chd h i u nao eua phia An Nam, b i t cii mot<br /> ngoai giao hien hanh. Vua nddc An Nam<br /> y mudn ton chu nao eua nddc thii ba doi vdi<br /> khong dddc Idp vdi mot nddc nao mot<br /> Viet Nam se triic tie'p chong lai quyen ldi<br /> thddng ddc t r i i vdi thiidng ddc Idp vdi nddc<br /> ciia nddc Phap" (3).<br /> Phap hoac khong bao trddc Chinh phii<br /> P h i p " (dieu 3). D i u nam 1882, mot l i n n d a Tang Ky<br /> Trach giii thd phan Idling de'n Ngoai<br /> Nhd vdy, vdi Hiep ddc Giip T u i t 1874,<br /> trddng Phap Gangbetta (Gambetta), dai y<br /> P h i p da chinh thdc hda viee chie'm d i t tijf<br /> la Chinh phu Trung Quo'c Idiong thiia nhdn<br /> phia nam Binh ThuSn trd vdo (ke ca ba<br /> Hiep ddc nam 1874 vd quyen tdn chii eiia<br /> tinh mien Tay Nam Ky md trddc dd chda<br /> Trung Quo'c doi vdi An Nam cung khong he<br /> ky hiep ddc nhddng d i t ) . Ve phia b i c Binh<br /> thay doi du eho nddc Phap thiia nhdn<br /> Thudn, khi chda the thon tinh thi "Nddc<br /> quyen doc Idp cua An Nam. Do dd nddc<br /> P h i p cdng nhdn quyen doe Idp cua vua<br /> nddc An Nam Ichdng phai t h i n phuc nddc Phap khong the trien Idiai nhiing boat<br /> nao". Va hdn the niia, Phap cdn biia "se dong eua minh d Bie Ky neu Idiong eo sii<br /> giup dd de danh dep m i giii cuoe tri an thoa thudn eua Trung Qude .<br /> trong nddc chong vdi nddc ngoai de'n xam Vao d i u nhflng n a m 80, tinh hinh nddc<br /> lang". Ro rang la Phap muon n h i m vao doi Phap da phuc hdi, gidi c i m quyen Phap<br /> tddng Idiong dddc goi thang ten tren van d i y manh cong cuoe xam Iddc thuoc dia d<br /> Iden, do chinh la Trung Hoa trieu dai nha chau Phi va chau A. T h i n g 4-1882, P h i p<br /> Thanh. Tiep theo, "Vua nddc Nam chiu y dda quan ra Bic Ky d i n h chiem t h i n h H i<br /> theo chinh sieh ngoai giao hien hanh" ed Noi l i n thii hai. Vdi sii e i u eiiu cua trieu<br /> nghia Id tiep tue nhiing nhddng bo va le dinh Hue, To'ng ddc Liidng Quang l i<br /> thuoc vdo chinh sieh ngoai giao eua Phap, Tnidng Thu Thanh dang sd len vua Thanh,<br /> phai bao trddc cho Phap biet nhiing thddng dai y ' T a nen miidn tie'ng sang danh giae<br /> ddc ky vdi nddc k h i c vd khong dddc ky ke't md ddng gid eac tinh thddng du. Ddi khi cd<br /> dieu gi trai ngUdc vdi nhiing dieu da ky vdi bien thi ta ehiem l i y nhiing tinh d phia b i c<br /> Phap. Dieu d6 cd nghia la hoan toan tach song Hong" (4). Trieu dinh lien sai dieu<br /> Viet Nam Ididi "quyen ton chii" ciia Trung quan td cac tinh Quang Tay vd Van Nam<br /> Quoe. sang Bie Ky cung vdi cie dd dang Thai<br /> Binh Thien Quo'c (Cd den, Cd t r i n g , Cd<br /> Do chinh la ly do Idiie'n cho chinh phu<br /> n h a Thanh phan iing dii doi khi dddc chinh ving...) chd'ng tra quan Phap.<br /> phii Phap thong bao ve Higp ddc 1874. Dai Thang 11-1882, tai B i c Kinh da d i i n ra<br /> sii Trung Quoe d Phap Tang Ky Trach cuoe thddng Iddng giiia Ly Hdng Chddng<br /> nhieu l i n td thai do phan doi gay g i t de'n vdi Cong sd Phap d Trung Qude l i Buare<br /> Ngoai trddng Phap: "Chinh phu Trung (Bourr6e). Hai ben dong y tam thdi khong<br />  Rghien curu Lich siSr. sg 8.201Q<br /> <br /> thao ludn vd'n de quyen ton ehu cua Trung nhdn b i t cii mgt sii ddn xdp n i o cd gia trj<br /> Quo'c v i quyen bao ho eiia P h a p d Bic Ky nhu thira nhdn eho Trung Quoe mgt, thii<br /> m i b£i.n ngay vdo nhiing v i n de cu the, di quyen b a n can thi$p ndo dd, hoac se<br /> den ban diJ thao hiep ddc, bao gdm nhiJng nhddng lai cho Trung Qude mgt sii e i t xdn<br /> ndi dung chinh sau day: d i t dai ndo dd nhieu hay it dugc t r a hinh"<br /> (6). Bo trudng Hai quan Giordghibery<br /> - Quan doi nhd T h a n h se n i t khdi vimg<br /> (Jaureguiberry) qua quyet r i n g "Bac K^ cd<br /> lanh tho da ehiem ben ngoai bien gidi Van<br /> trien vong trd thdnh mgt p h i n thiet ydii<br /> Nam vd Quang Tay. Dap lai, phia Phap se<br /> eiia de qude Phap" va chu tnidng chiem cii<br /> ra tuyen bo' idiong lam b i t ed viee gi chd'ng<br /> h o i n t o i n xii nay (7).<br /> lai sii v?n t o i n lanh thd eiia vua An Nam.<br /> Do vdy, ban dii thao ve thoa thudn giiia<br /> - Nude Phap se md eon dddng song Hdng<br /> Buare vdi Ly Hdng ChUdng Idiong dUdc<br /> ndi lien Van Nam vdi bien. De Idiai t h i e<br /> thong qua, Buare bi trieu hdi ve nUdc.<br /> con dddng nay, Trung Quo'c chon Lio Cai<br /> de dat ed quan t h u thue xud't nhdp k h i u , 3. Thiic d a n P h a p h o a n t h a n h viec<br /> md ciia h i n g , Idp kho tdng, va hang hda t h o n tinh B a c Ky v a x o a bo "quyen ton<br /> qua day eoi n h d nhap vdo Trung Qude. c h i i " c u a T r u n g Quoe doi vdi Viet Nam<br /> - Hai ben se vach mgt dddng phan gidi Tiep tue theo duo'i chinh sieh thdn tinh<br /> song Hdng vd bien gidi Trung Quo'c, vung hodn todn nUde Nam, thiic dan P h i p tdng<br /> phia b i c thuge quyen Idem s o i t eua Trung cudng vien binh r a B i c Ky, ddng thdi dUa<br /> Qude, vung phia Nam thuoc quyen kiem t a u chien v i o eiia T h u a n An de gay siic dp<br /> soat cua P h i p (5). vdi trieu dinh Hue dang h e t siic roi ren<br /> Nhd vay, trong dieu kien khd chdiig lai sau khi vua Tii Diie bang hd ngay 17-7-<br /> quan P h i p , Ly Hdng Chddng c h i p nhdn 1883.<br /> nhQng nhddng bg n h i t dinh nhdm ehia se Trong boi eanh dd, Hiep Udc Quy Miii<br /> quyen ldi vdi Phap d Bic Ky, chie'm ta ngan (1883, phia P h i p ggi l i Hda Udc Harmand)<br /> song Hdng Id ndi co nhieu md khoang san, dUdc ky ke't. Trieu Nguyen chinh thiic thiia<br /> lai giinh dddc ldi ich tjong viec giao thddng nhdn nen bao ho cua nUde P h i p , de cho<br /> v i n h i t Id dddc P h i p mac nhien coi Lao Phap kiem s o i t todn bd ehinh sieh ngoai<br /> Cai nhd mot p h i n thuge lanh thd Trung giao eiia Viet Nam. Hiep Ude quy dirih<br /> Qude. nhiing dieu khoan cu the n h i m bie'n dd't<br /> Nhdng phan iing eua chinh phu P h i p do nUdc ndy thUe sii thdnh thudc dia eiia chii<br /> Giuyn Phery (Jules Ferry) ldm thu tddng nghia de quo'c P h i p : Binh Thudn thudc v l<br /> ciing n h u Thdng do'c Phap d Nam Ky Le Nam Ky, tir Khanh Hda den phia Bie Ddo<br /> Mia dd Vile (Le Mjnre de Vilers) hodn toan Ngang thuoc quyen quan ly cua Trieu dirih<br /> ngUde lai. Vdi chu trddng banh trddng nhUng ben canh eo mgt Idiam sii ngUdi<br /> thuoc dia tren pham vi the gidi, Phap bae P h i p dUde tii do ra vao yet Iden n h i vua;<br /> bd ban dii thao, trieu hdi Cong sii Buare vi ttt phia Bie Ddo Ngang trd ra, moi tinh cd<br /> trddc sau P h i p v i n khong thiia nhdn anh mot cong sii ngUdi Phap co nhi$m vy kiem<br /> hddng cua Trung Quo'c ddi vdi Bic Ky. soat h a n h dong ciia eac quan lai ngUdi Vi?t.<br /> Ngoai trudng Phap Lacua (Laeour) canh Quan linh P h a p ehiem ddng ciia Thudn An<br /> eio Buare: "Tdi co nhiem vu Idiong thiia vd Ddo Ngang.<br /> Rhin lai quan b& Phhp-Vi^t Ram...<br /> <br /> D i u nam 1884, quan Phap md rong vi^c - Trung Quo'c phai n i t quan Ididi Bie Ky<br /> danh chie'm eac tinh thdnh Bic Ky. Nhd vd se buy bd eac hiep Udc da tiing ky vdi<br /> Thanh tbd'y ro sii b i t liic eiia minh ve mat Vi?t Nam, cd nghia tii bd "quyen tdn ehu"<br /> quan sii, biet Idiong chong cii ndi phai c i u ddi vdi Viet Nam.<br /> hod. Cuoc ddm p h a n giuta Tdng do'c Tnic L? - P h i p se ldm chii B i c Ky, Idem soat dgc<br /> Ly Hdng ChUdng vdi dai dien chinh phii bien gidi Trung - Vi$t v i dUde tii do budn<br /> Phap Id Trung ta hai quan Phuoenie ban tren vimg bien gidi.<br /> (Fournier) da ke't thiie b i n g viec ky ket<br /> Quy Udc Thien Tdn 1884 (11-5-1884 tiie 18- TrUdc viee P h i p - T h a n h thoa thudn ve<br /> 4 nam Giap Than) mang ten "Quy Udc sd bo v i n de Bie Ky, n h a Nguyen phai c h i p<br /> ve tinh hiiu nghi va bang giao giiia nUdc nhdn viee siia ddi Hi?p Udc Quy Miii<br /> Phap va Trung Hoa" (phia P h i p goi l i Hiep (Harmand). Ngay 6-6-1884, nUde P h i p ky<br /> Udc Fournier). vdi trieu dinh Hue ban Hi$p Ude Giip Than<br /> 1884.<br /> Ndi dung Quy Udc (8) gdm 5 diem chinh:<br /> TrUde le ky phia P h i p ddi trieu dinh<br /> - Phap biia tdn trong vd bao hd bien gidi<br /> Hue phai trao lai i n tin eua Trung Hoa do<br /> phia nam Trung Qude giap gidi Bie Ky,<br /> Hoang de trieu Thanh da c i p cho Gia Long<br /> chong lai sii xam lang cua b i t eii nUdc nao<br /> nam 1803. Dai dien trieu dinh Id Nguyen<br /> vio b i t eii thdi gian n i o .<br /> Van Tudng Ididng de ddng c h i p nhdn ddi<br /> - Phia Trung Qud'c n i t ngay q u i n ddi hdi ndy, sau ciing phai di den thda thudn Id<br /> dang d Bie Ky ra Ididi bien gidi, ton trong qua i n se dUde nd'u chay ehii khong giii ve<br /> cac hda Ude da va se ky giiia P h i p vdi nUde Pari.<br /> Nam.<br /> Trieu dinh Hue mang i n bac cua vua<br /> - Phap khong ddi hdi phia Trung Qud'c Thanh ban eho vua nUde Nam - bieu tUdng<br /> bdi thudng chien phi, song bii lai, Trung "quyen ton ehii" eua n h a T h a n h - de p h i<br /> Qude phai de cho P h i p buon ban vdi Trung diie t h a n h Ididi bae tnide mat dai di$n<br /> Qude doe bien gidi giip Bie Ky theo quy Phap. Nghi thiic budi l i dUdc ke lai nhU<br /> dinh eua thUdng Ude se ky giiia hai ben. sau:<br /> - Nude Phap cam ket se Idiong diing mdt "Den ngay da dinh, moi ngUdi ngdi<br /> cau chii nao l i m thUdng tdn the dien quanh mot chiec ban trong phdng tie'p<br /> Thanh trieu trong hda Ude se ky giiia P h i p khach ldn cua P h u Kham sii. Cude hop r i t<br /> vdi trieu dinh An Nam ciing nhU xoi bd ddng ngUdi vi Dd do'c Cuoebe (Courbet) da<br /> nhiing cau tUdng tii trong t i t ca cae hiep ct( vao dd mdt sd' si quan eiia dng, eung<br /> udc da ky trUde day. nhiing si quan cua dpi quan ddng b d6.<br /> - Ba thang sau ngay ky Quy Udc nay, hai Tren bdn, ngUdi ta trong t h i y qua i n ciia<br /> ben se bd nhiem nhiing nhd ngoai giao eo Hodng de Trung Hoa: Dd l i mgt khdi bac<br /> todn quyen de Idp mot hoa Ude chinh thiic dat vdng mdi be day 10 em, nang 5,9 kg cai<br /> tren cd sd nhiing dieu khoan tren. c i n CO hinh mot eon lac d i n i m , tUdng<br /> trUng eho sit t h i n phuc. NgUdi ta in mgt<br /> N h u vdy, trong b a n Quy Udc sd bp nay, vai ban m i u ciia d i u i n n i y . 6 n g dai sii<br /> P h a p da dat dUdc nhuing ddi hdi can ban doe ban mo ta vd ki^m s o i t 1 ^ ngay tren<br /> Id:<br /> con d i u . Trong khi d6, nhiing ngUdi trong<br />  RghiSn ciiu Lich siSr. sg 8.2010<br /> <br /> d o i n tiiy tiing dat d giiia phdng khach mdt - 6 cie tinh phia b i c Ninh Binh cd chQc<br /> e i i b i Id rdn vd mdt ndi n i u b i n g dd't. quan Cdng sQ (Tru sQ - Resident) vd phd<br /> Npn.tdi ta ddt Id len, vd thdi diem eho nung Cong sQ ngQdi P h i p , t u a n theo menh Ignh<br /> chay s i p tdi. Mgt trong nhQng ngudi tham cua Kham sQ. C i e quan chQc P h i p khong<br /> du c i m chiee i n v i s i p viit vao trong Id, thi tham gia v i o viec dan sQ cua dia phQdng,<br /> Patdnot ngan ngUdi dd lai vd quay sang ndi nhQng khi Cong sQ de nghi cich chQc vien<br /> vdi dng thUdng thU: "Hay cdn Idp, chiing ta quan ngQdi Nam ndo thi phai cich chQc.<br /> se giQ lai con d i u ndy, v i nd se dUde giii di<br /> - Ngoii cQa bien Thi Nai (Quy Nhdn) da<br /> Pari...". 6 n g kia Idiong tra ldi ngay. Ong<br /> md, se md them cac eang thong thQdng d<br /> ghd vdo tai ngUdi phu t i eua ong, rdi lam<br /> Da N i n g (Quang Nam), Xuan Dai (Phu<br /> mot cii chi l i e d i u khong Ung thuan. M i y<br /> Yen) va cie ndi k h i c khi xdt t h i y e i n thiet.<br /> phiit sau, t a n tieh cudi eiing eon sd md dUde<br /> Cie sd thQdng chinh trong ea nQdc d i u do<br /> cua mdt che do b i ehii kdo dai ma Trung<br /> ngQdi Phap n i m . 6 nhQng ciia bien thong<br /> Hoa ap dat len dd't nUde An Nam da bie'n<br /> thQdng, ngQdi Phap va ngQdi ngoai qude<br /> m i t , ehi edn lai mgt Ididi bae Idiong eo hinh<br /> dQdc tQ do di lai, buon ban, mua ban ddng<br /> thii" (9). Dieu do eo y nghia bieu trUng viee<br /> san v i b i t dong san.<br /> chinh thQc ket thiic vai trd "Thien t r i e V<br /> ciia nhd Thanh ddi vdi nUde Nam. Ngay 17- - NhQng vu t r a n h c h i p , pham toi ciia<br /> 5 chinh phii Man Thanh ra tuyen bo phan ngQdi P h i p , ngQdi nQdc ngoii bode ngQdi<br /> ddi Phap ve sii kien nay. Nam CO lien quan den ngQdi nQdc ngoii deu<br /> chiu sQ x6t xii cua ngQdi P h i p .<br /> Hiep Udc Gidp Thdn 1884, P h i p goi Id<br /> Hiep Udc Patdnot (Patenotre) (10) gdm 19 - Cac giio si dQdc tii do t r u y i n dao v i<br /> dieu Idioan. Noi dung chii yeii la: ngQdi dan dQdc tii do theo dao.<br /> <br /> - Nude Nam cong nhdn va c h i p nhdn sU - NQdc P h i p hQa giup vua An Nam "d?p<br /> bao hg ciia nUdc P h i p , nUde P h i p thay mat yen bet giac cQdp d trong nQdc va ngoai coi"<br /> nUde Nam trong sii giao thiep vdi nUde nen se xem xdt nhQng ndi c i n bd' phdng v i<br /> ngoai v i bao trd ngUdi Nam d nUdc ngodi. dilu quan doi Phap tdi dong giQ.<br /> <br /> - Phia Phap dong quan thUdng xuyen d NhQ vay, vdi ban Hiep Qdc Giap Than<br /> c i a Thudn An, nUde Nam triet bd cac ddn 1884, n i n tQ chii cua nQdc Viet Nam hi tQdc<br /> luy phdng thu hai ben bd song tQ Thudn An bd h i u nhQ todn bo. Chii quyin qude gia,<br /> v l den Kinh thdnh. quyin ngoai giao, ngoai thQdng, quan sQ, tQ<br /> phap... d i u chuyen vdo tay thQc dan P h i p .<br /> - Dia gidi ciia nUde Nam tQ g^iap tinh<br /> Bien Hda d Nam Ky den giap tinh Ninh 4. Chien t r a n h Trung - P h a p va<br /> Binh b Bic Ky, cac quan chQc eai tri An Hiep lidc T h i e n T a n n a m 1885<br /> Nam vdn giQ nhU cu. Dat chQc quan Kham Trong thdi gian nay, cuoc chien d i u ciia<br /> sQ ngQdi P h i p (Tong tru sQ - Resident nhan dan Viet N a m chdng quan P h i p xam<br /> gdndral) d kinh t h a n h n h i m giup dd viec iQdc v i n Idiong ngQng ndi len k h i p ndi.<br /> giao thiep vdi nQdc ngoai. Khi ed viee chinh Mac d i u ban Quy Qdc P h a p - Thanh da<br /> tri c i n thiet, Kham sQ dUdc v i o tnic tie'p dQdc ky ket, Idii quan P h i p md rgng vi$c<br /> t i u trinh nha vua. Kham sQ cQ t n i trong chilm dong cie tinh d Bic ky thi v i n gap<br /> t h i n h Hue, cd linh P h i p bao ve. sQ k h i n g cQ ciia quan Thanh.<br /> ^ i n lai quan b& Ph6p-ViSt Ram.<br /> <br /> Phia Phap ddi n h i Thanh phai triet Tan ngay 9-6-1885 (At Dau). Hai ben ky<br /> thoai ngay lap tQc quan doi khdi Bic Ky, Hiep Udc Thien Tdn 1885 mang ten "Hi?p<br /> boi thudng 250 tri$u quan t i l n francs. Qdc Hda binh, HQu nghi v i ThQdng mai"<br /> Cung thdi gian do, P h a p dilu ham doi md (11). Hiep Qdc gdm 10 d i l u khoan, e6 noi<br /> cuoc tien cong vao Phuc Chau, phong toa dung chinh nhQ sau:<br /> D i i Loan, chilm dong Banh Hd, md rong<br /> 1. NQdc Phap dam t r i c h viec td chQc v i<br /> cude chien t r a n h Trung - P h a p (tQ t h i n g 9-<br /> tri an d cie tinh Viet Nam giip gidi vdi<br /> 1884 den t h i n g 6-1885). Mae d i u quan<br /> Trung Quo'c. Mudn vay nQdc P h i p cd quyin<br /> Phap bi t h u a nang d trdn Lang Sdn (18-3-<br /> sit dung cie bien phap c i n thiet n h i m giai<br /> 1885) nhQng phia Trung Qud'c cung t h i y<br /> t i n , true xua't nhQng iQc iQdng bi coi la giac<br /> Ididng the theo dudi cuoe chien tranh, lai<br /> cQdp; nhQng trong b i t cQ trQdng hdp ndo<br /> bdn ron vi nhQng v i n d l xay ra d Tay Tang<br /> quan Phap cung Idiong dQdc vQdt qua<br /> v i Triiu Tien nen tim each hda giai vdi<br /> dQdng bien gidi giQa Bic Ky vd Trung<br /> Phap n h i m c h i m dQt chien tranh.<br /> Quo'c.<br /> GiQa luc cuoc chien tranh Trung - P h i p<br /> Phia Trung Qud'c n h a n se giai t i n , true<br /> dien ra quyet li§t, ngay 4-4-1885 tai Pari<br /> x u i t nhiing iQc iQdng i n nup trong cae tinh<br /> da tien h a n h cuoc d i m p h i n giQa Kempheo<br /> giap gidi Bic Ky, ngan chan cie nhdm dodn<br /> (Campbell - n h a n vien thue quan ngQdi<br /> tren hoat ddng n h i i u loan trong nhiing<br /> Anh d Bic Kinh dQdc chinh quyin nhd<br /> vung thuoc quyen bao ho eiia nUdc Phap.<br /> Thanh cQ lam dai dien ciia Trung Qude) vdi<br /> Trung Qude eiing tii c i m khdng dQa quan<br /> Bilo (Billot - Thanh tra chinh tri ciia Bo<br /> sang Bic Ky.<br /> Ngoai giao Phap). Hai ben lap Bien ban<br /> thoa thudn: 2. Trung Quoe cam ket idiong lam dilu<br /> gi tdn hai den cong cugc binh dinh cua<br /> - Trung Qude c h u i n y ban Quy Qdc Phap d Bic Ky v i hQa se ton trgng cae hiep<br /> Phuoenie va nQde Phap s i n sang thi h a n h Qdc dQdc ky ket giQa Phap vdi t r i i u dinh<br /> ban Quy Qdc do. An Nam. Trong viee giao thi$p giQa Phap<br /> - Hai ben lap tQc chd'm dQt cie cude vd An Nam Idiong dQdc cd d i l u gi l i m thiet<br /> xung dot, nQdc P h i p chd'm dQt ngay viec hai den the dien eiia Trung Qud'c hoac vi<br /> bao vay dao Ddi Loan. pham ban hoa Qdc nay.<br /> 3. Trong thdi b a n s i u t h i n g sau Idii ky<br /> - NQdc Phap se cii mot quan chQc c i p<br /> hod Qdc nay, hai ben se p h i i ngQdi den<br /> cao den Thien Tan bode Bic Kinh de Idp<br /> khao s i t tai cho bien gidi giQa Bic Ky v i<br /> boa Qdc chinh thQc vd dinh ngay triet binh.<br /> Trung Qud'c; cho n i o c i n thi se trdng cdt<br /> Sau do, quan Trung Quo'c ngQng b i n vd mdc gidi d ndi d i trong t h i y . Trong trQdng<br /> bat d i u r u t khdi B i c Ky, den thang 5 thi hdp hai ben Idiong the ddng y v l ndi Idp egt<br /> h o i n t i t cugc rut quan nay. mdc gidi hoac v l diem n i o Idiie thi moi ben<br /> Theo dilu 3 ciia Bien ban tren, cuoc dam phai trinh len ehinh phu nQdc minh djnh<br /> phan giQa mot ben la Dai sQ Phap tai lieu.<br /> Trung Quo'c Patdnot vd mot ben la Tdng 4. Sau khi bien gidi da dQdc xae dinh,<br /> dd'c Tnic Le Ly Hdng ChQdng (cung Tich nhQng ngudi Phap, ngudi do Phap bao ho,<br /> T r i m , Dang ThQa Tu) da diin ra tai Thien ngudi ngoai quo'c d B i c Ky mud'n vQdt bien<br /> 10 RghiSn curu Lich siSr. stf 8.201Q<br /> <br /> gidi sang Trung Quo'c phai cd giiy thdng 8. NhQng d i l u khoan v l thQdng mai<br /> hanh do n h i chQc t r i c h Phap xin n h i chQc trong hiep Qdc nay se dQdc xem xdt lai vdo<br /> t r i c h Trung Qudic d bien gidi c i p . Cdn mQdi nam sau. Ne'u trong s i u t h i n g trQdc<br /> ngQdi Trung Quo'c thi chi c i n gid'y phdp ciia khi bet b a n md khong cd ben nao mudn sQa<br /> cie quan chQc Trung Quo'c d bien gidi c i p . doi thi nhQng d i l u Idioan tren se ed g i i tri<br /> NhQng neu mud'n di dQdng bo thi eung phai trong mQdi nam tiep sau.<br /> cd giiy thong h a n h do n h a chQc trach<br /> 9. Sau khi hiep Qdc nay dQdc ky kit,<br /> Trung Qude xin n h a chQc t r i e h Phap d bien<br /> q u i n P h i p se n i t Ididi Cd Long, chd'm dQt<br /> gidi cip.<br /> t u i n t i i u ngoai bien khdi va mot thang sau<br /> 5. NgQdi Phap, nhQng ngQdi do P h i p se triet thoai khdi cae dao Dai Loan, Banh<br /> bao ho, ngudi Trung Quo'c dUdc phdp x u i t Hd.<br /> nhap k h i u hang h o i qua bien gidi Trung<br /> 10. Cae d i l u khoan da ky trong eic dilu<br /> Qude - Bic Ky tai nhQng dia diem se dQdc<br /> Qdc cu, neu hiep Qdc nay khong sQa doi, thi<br /> chi dinh: mot d Lao Cai, mot d phia b i c<br /> vdn cdn hieu iQc.<br /> Lang Sdn.<br /> Vdi ndi dung tren, Hiep Qdc Thien Tan<br /> 7. Ba t h i n g sau khi hiep Udc ndy dQdc<br /> 1885 v l cd ban da e h i m dQt cuoc chien<br /> ky, se CO nhQng quy dinh phu them cho viec<br /> tranh Trung - Phap, ddng thdi k i t thuc<br /> buon ban tren bg giQa Bie Ky vdi cac tinh<br /> cuoc tranh c h i p kdo dai giQa Phap va Triiu<br /> Van Nam, Quang Tay, Quang Dong. Hang<br /> Thanh v l v i n d l B i c Ky. Mac d i u sau nay<br /> h o i trao ddi giQa Bic Ky vdi eic tinh<br /> v i n edn eac t r a n h cai v l nhQng v i n d l cu<br /> Quang Tay, Van Nam se chiu mQc thue<br /> the nhUng thiic dan Phap da thiic sQ loai<br /> t h i p hdn mQc thue' hien hanh. NhQng dieu<br /> bd anh hQdng eua Trung Qude de doc chie'm<br /> nay khong ap dung ddi vdi viec buon ban<br /> Bic Ky cung nhQ dat ach thdng trj tren<br /> hang hoa giQa B i e Ky vdi Quang Dong<br /> todn bo nQdc Vidt Nam: "Hiep Qdc Thien<br /> eung nhQ vdi cac cQa bien da khai thQdng.<br /> Tan Idiong ehi c h i m dQt cuoc chien tranh<br /> Viec buon ban vu khi, dan dUdc tren d i t Phap - Trung va quy dinh sQ triet thoai cac<br /> nQdc ndo se t u a n theo ludt le eua nQdc do. dao quan chinh quy Trung Hoa Ididi Bic<br /> Ky md cdn xae dinh sQ thQa nhdn cua<br /> Viee x u i t nhap k h i u thudc phien se quy<br /> Trung Qude doi vdi sQ chie'm dong cua<br /> dinh trong hiep Qdc thQdng mai.<br /> P h i p d Viet Nam, co nghia Id sQ cao chung<br /> Viee giao thQdng qua dQdng bien giQa vinh viin he thdng t r i i u cdiig da tQng chi<br /> Trung Quo'c v i Viet Nam se co dilu le rieng. phdi quan he giQa Trung Qude v i Viet<br /> 7. Chinh phu P h i p se lam dQdng bo va NamtQthekyX'(12).<br /> khuyen khich lam dudng sdt de md mang<br /> Nhin lai nhQng ban hiep Qdc da trinh<br /> thQdng mai va giao thong giQa hai ben. bay d tren (13), cd the nhdn xdt sd bg r i n g<br /> V l p h i n minh, khi Trung Qude lam vio nQa sau the ky XIX, ehu nghia thiic<br /> dQdng s i t thi se nhd cay ky nghe P h i p va dan P h i p cung nhQ cae de qude k h i c d i u<br /> chinh phu Phap se tim Idem cac chuyen gia ra sQc xam chie'm thuoc dia, khai thac vd<br /> ma Trung Quo'c cin. NhQng khong dQdc coi hoc lot phuc vu nhu e i u cua chu nghia tQ<br /> dilu nay nhQ mot dac an rieng eho nQde ban. d Dong A, Phap t h a m gia cude tranh<br /> Phip. cQdp vd xau xd nQdc Trung Hoa, ddng thdi<br /> jUifai lai quan h^ Ph6p-Vigt Ram. 11<br /> <br /> thon tinh lanh thd Viet Nam, Campuehia Do la cd sd p h i p ly de chinh phii P h i p<br /> vd Ldo. NQdc Trung Hoa rong ldn, tQ hao vd nha Thanh tie'n h a n h viec hoach dinh<br /> vdi n i n van minh lau ddi, nhQng dQdi t r i i u bien gidi Viet - Trung (trong eic van ban<br /> dai Man Thanh cung Idiong thoat khdi hdi do thQdng goi la Bien gidi Trung Quoe -<br /> t h a n phan le thuoc, lan iQdt ky cae hiep Qdc Bic Ky).<br /> b i t binh d i n g vdi tU ban Au My, dQa dd't<br /> Qua trinh hoach dinh bien gidi Viet<br /> nQdc rdi vao tinh trang bi no dieh.<br /> Nam - Trung Quoe cua Uy ban Lien hdp<br /> Tuy vdy trong quan he vdi cac nQdc lan giQa Phap vd Trung Quo'c d i i n ra tQ t h i n g<br /> bang, n h i Thanh v i n giQ "quyin ton ehu", 1-1886 den t h i n g 4-1887 trai qua bon giai<br /> buoc cae nUdc phai t r i i u cong theo nep xQa, doan nhd:<br /> v i n eoi cae nQdc nhQ "ehU h i u " . Do vdy Idii - Viec hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi Quang<br /> P h i p xam iQde Viet Nam, n h i t la khi tie'n Tay giap Bie Ky dQdc tie'n h a n h d Ddng<br /> quan ra Bic Ky thi t r i i u Thanh phan Dang tQ t h i n g 1 de'n t h i n g 4-1886 qua 8<br /> khang b i n g eic bien p h i p ngoai giao, phien hop, trong do doan Dong Quang Tay<br /> chdng tra b i n g thu doan quan sQ. NhQng giip Bic Ky dQdc chon ldm ndi hoach dinh<br /> nhQng hiep Qdc Phap - Thanh dQdc ky ke't d i u tien.<br /> lien tie'p da phdi bay sQ yeu hen cua ho,<br /> - Viec hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi Van<br /> ddng thdi de 16 am mQu chia e i t vung anh<br /> Nam giip Bic Ky dQdc tien hdnh tai Lio<br /> hQdng giQa hai ke cQdp theo doc sdng<br /> Cai tQ t h i n g 6 de'n t h i n g 11-1886.<br /> Hdng.<br /> - Viec hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi Quang<br /> Vdi Qu the v l iQc lUdng va t h a m vong<br /> Dong va p h i n cdn lai cua Quang Tay (sau<br /> nud't ca Bic Ky (eung nhU toan bo Viet l i n tie'n h a n h nam 1886) giap Bic Ky dQdc<br /> Nam), thiic dan Phap buoc n h a Thanh phai tie'n h a n h tai Mong C i i va Dong HUng tQ<br /> chip nhan ban Hiep Qdc Thien Tan 1885 t h i n g 11-1886 den t h i n g 3-1887.<br /> de n i m toan quyin viec cai tri Viet Nam.<br /> Che do "ton chu" cua de' che Trung Hoa ke't - Vide hoach dinh dQdng bien gidi tren<br /> thiic nhUng t h a m vong banh trQdng v i n Vinh Bic Ky dUdc tie'n h i n h d Mdng C i i tQ<br /> edn dai d i n g qua n h i l u the'he. 31-3 de'n 8-4-1887.<br /> Tren ed sd ket qua dam p h i n v i hoach<br /> 5. Cong Qdc P h a p - T h a n h n a m 1887<br /> dinh bien gidi, hai ben da soan thao Cdng<br /> va nam 1895 ve v i e c h o a c h d i n h b i e n<br /> Udc hogch dinh bien gidi giiJCa Trung Qude<br /> gidi Viet N a m - Trung Quoe<br /> vd Bdc Ky ky ngay 26-6-1887. Ndi dung<br /> Theo dilu 3 eua Hiep Qdc Thien Tan Cong Udc 1887 (14) ( P h i p goi l i Cong Qdc<br /> 1885 thi c6 ba viec e i n t i l n hdnh Id: mdt, Congxtang) da c h u i n y nhQng ke't qua hai<br /> trong vdng 6 thang, hai ben cQ ra phai ben thdng n h i t y iden va giai quyet cac vd'n<br /> dodn de'n thiic dia de khao sat, xae nhan d l cdn dang t r a n h cai.<br /> dQdng bien gidi da c6; hai, chd nao c i n thi<br /> Cong Qdc nam 1887 da hoach dinh toan<br /> dat cot mdc d ndi d i trong thiy; ba, khi c6<br /> bo dQdng bien gidi Viet N a m - Trung Qud'c<br /> sQ b i t ddng v l vi tri Idp cot mdc hoac v l<br /> tQ vinh Bic Ky de'n Lai C h i u . DQdng bien<br /> mot v i n d l nao do thi mdi ben phai bao cao<br /> gidi dQdc hoach dinh eo khoang mot nxia. la<br /> len chinh phu minh dinh lieu.<br /> dQdng bien gidi lich sQ da tdn tai cho d i n<br /> 12 RghiSn curu Lich siSr. stf 8.2010<br /> <br /> trQdc khi ky Hiep Qdc 1885. P h i n hi dilu Nam - Bic Ky. Ket qua la tren suot chilu<br /> chinh chilm mot ty Id khong nhd tren todn ddi bidn gidi Idioang 1.450 km da c i m dQdc<br /> bd ehilu d i i dQdng bien gidi. O Quang 314 cot md'c di qua cac doan dd't liln, sd'ng<br /> Ddng, tQ Bic Thi dd'n ai Bic CQdng Id niii, sdng suoi...<br /> dQdng bidn gidi mdi. O Van Nam, doan tQ<br /> Nhin lai q u i trinh thQdng thuyet giQa<br /> song Lo v l phia Tay dd'n Lai Chau, dQdng<br /> Phap va n h a T h a n h v l v i n de hoach dinh<br /> bidn gidi tnide nam 1885 h i u nhU hi thay<br /> va c i m mo'e bidn gidi Viet - Trung cudi t h i<br /> ddi h o i n toin, trQ doan trdn sdng Hdng v i<br /> ky XIX, CO the t h i y khi do, Viet Nam d vio<br /> song Nam Si.<br /> tinh the bd't sQc b i t ldi.<br /> T i m nam sau, ngay 20-6-1895 tai Bie<br /> Mot, day l i cuoc dam p h i n giQa hai<br /> Kinh diin ra euoc dam phan giQa Dai sQ<br /> nQdc Trung Quo'c va Phap v l v i n d l lanh<br /> Phap tai Trung Quo'c la Giera (Gdrard) va<br /> thd bidn gidi cita Viet Nam nhQng Ididng cd<br /> Qudn vQdng K h i n h , Tdng trQdng Dong ly<br /> tieng noi eua Viet Nam. Rdi vao tinh trang<br /> Nha mon T h a n h triiu. Luc nay, Phap da<br /> thuoc dia, chu q u y i n hi tQdc bd, boat dong<br /> thdnh Idp Lien bang Ddng DQdng (10-1887)<br /> ngoai giao d Viet N a m d i u do chinh quyin<br /> vd thon tinh xong nQdc Ldo (1893) trong<br /> thiie dan n i m giQ, t r i i u dinh nQdc Nam cd<br /> khi Anh hoan t h a n h vide xam chiem Mien<br /> nghia vu phai c h i p thudn va t u a n theo.<br /> Dien. VQdng quo'c Xidm tranh c h i p gay g i t<br /> Cie sach sQ khdng ghi chdp gi v l sQ ban<br /> vdi Phap vung d i t dai thuoc Lao. Trong bo"!<br /> bac, tQ v i n hoac ydu c i u ciia t r i i u Nguyin<br /> canh do, Phap muon ngan ehan eic ddi thu<br /> vdi phai doan Phap trQdc Idii hg lam vide<br /> canh tranh va ldi dung sQ suy ye'u cua<br /> Triiu Thanh sau cuoc Chien tranh Trung - vdi p h i i doan Trung Qud'c. Co nghia la moi<br /> Nhdt (1894-1895) dd' gianh lai mot so d i t vide v l bidn gidi lanh thd nQde ta d i u do<br /> dai d Bic Ky va Lao. ngQdi Phap quyd't dinh.<br /> <br /> Hai ben dam p h i n di dd'n ky k i t Cong Trong khi do, vua Quang Tii triiu<br /> Qdc bd sung nam 1895 vdi tdn goi la "Cong Thanh lien t i l p ban chi du, vach r a nguydn<br /> udc bo sung Cong Udc hogch dinh bien gidi t i e "Bidn gidi hai nQdc niii rQng, sdng sudi<br /> giQa Bdc Ky vd Trung Qude ngdy 26-6-1887' ngang doc, chQa p h a n r5 rang, nay cung<br /> (15) (Phip goi la Cong Qdc Gdrard). Phap phan ro dQdng bien gidi nay" nhQng<br /> "pham lanh thd cu cua Trung Qud'c phai<br /> Trdn cd sd cie Cong Qdc nam 1887 v i ldm cho ro, vide sQa ddi chut it dQdng bidn<br /> nam 1895 v l bidn gidi trdn dd't liln Viet gidi hidn tai cung khdng dQdc lam tdn hai".<br /> Nam - Trung Qude, cie uy ban c i m moc Mud'n vdy, "cie trQdng doan e i n eii ngQdi cd<br /> bidn gidi dQdc t h a n h lap, Phap va nha nang liic mang theo nhQng ngQdi am hieu<br /> Thanh tie'n h i n h khao sat thiic dia va phan dia ly di Idiip bidn gidi, tidn hdnh Idiao sit,<br /> gidi c i m mdc. Qua trinh thiie hidn r i t v i t ve t h a n h ban dd de ldm b i n g chiing trong<br /> va trong dilu kidn dia hinh bet sQc phQc d i m p h i n " (16). Ro rang Id phia Trung<br /> tap, trinh do ky thudt cdn b a n che, ban dd Qud'c da c h u i n hi phQdng sieh r i t ti mi<br /> r i t sd sai vd n h i l u vQdng mic, tranh cai trQdc Idii dQa ra ban bac vdi phia Phap.<br /> theo ddi hdi ciia mdi bdn. Viec c i m mdc<br /> dQdc tie'n hdnh tQ cudi nam 1889 den nam Hai, cae t h a n h vidn ngQdi Phap Idiong<br /> 1897, chia l i m 3 doan bidn gidi: Quang thdng thao v l dia hinh bidn gidi ciia Viet<br /> Ddng - Bic Ky, Quang Tay - Bie Ky, Van Nam, lai eang khdng hieu v l eac mdi quan<br /> Rhin lai qutin h^ Ph6p-Vi^» Ram... 13<br /> <br /> he lich sQ cua cQ dan vung bidn gidi. Trong Bon, eai g i i cd ban n h i t de mdc ea trong<br /> Idii do, theo chi du eua vua Quang Tii, cude dam phan nay Id phia P h i p c i n<br /> thdnh vidn eiia phai doan Trung Qud'c, nhQng dilu Iden c6 ldi cho vide md mang<br /> ngodi cac dai t h i n thudc Tdng ly nha mdn thQdng mai d m i l n Nam Trung Hoa trong<br /> la Chu DQc Nhudn vd Dang ThQa Tu edn co Idii phia Trung Qud'c mud'n gidnh Id'y<br /> eic quan chQc cao c i p cua dia phQdng nhQ nhQng p h i n lanh thd cua Viet Nam cdng<br /> S i m Due Anh - Tdng dd'c Van Quy, TrQdng n h i l u cang td't. Trong cuoc ddm p h i n d<br /> Chi Ddng - Td'ng dd'c LQdng Quang, TrQdng Thidn Tan nam 1886, Ly Hdng ChQdng ndi<br /> Khai Tung - T u i n phu Van Nam, Nghd vdi dd dd'c Phap Rdnid (Reunier): "NQdc<br /> Van Uy - T u i n phii Quang Dong, Ly Binh Phap da doat dQdc n h i l u quyin ldi Idii<br /> Hang - T u i n phii Quang Tay va n h i l u chid'm Bic Ky, mot nQdc chQ h i u cua Trung<br /> chuydn gia khae. Ho la nhQng ngQdi c h i n g Hoa 600 nam nay. Vide nay la nhd sQ trung<br /> nhQng chiu t r i c h nhiem cao ddi vdi t r i i u gian cua tdi. No da gay eho tdi bao dilu<br /> dinh Bic Kinh ma edn la nhQng nha dam p h i l n phQc. Tdi nghi r i n g mot sQ d i n bu<br /> p h i n ed Idnh nghiem, quyd't gianh lai dudi dang nhQdng vai vung d i t nhd trdn<br /> nhQng quyin ldi da md't do phai tQ bd vung bidn gidi la d i l u e i n thiet". Dai dien<br /> quyin "tdn ehii" ddi vdi Viet Nam. Phap la Cdngxtan - mot n h a n vat cd the iQc<br /> trdn chinh trQdng Pari - da ddi dQdc phia<br /> Ba, phai doan eiia P h i p ludn hi de doa Trung Qud'c md cQa cho hdng h o i P h i p<br /> v l an ninh trong khi di Idiao sat thiie dia. nhdp vao m i l n Nam Trung Hoa vd thid't<br /> Tranh thu thdi gian dam p h i n , n h i l u toan lap cd quan lanh sQ eiia P h i p d Quang Tay,<br /> quan chinh quy ciia n h i Thanh cung Van Nam. Ddi lai, Phap tQ bd mdt p h i n<br /> nhQng toan cUdp co vu trang ludn q u i y rdi lanh thd ciia Bic Ky, trong dd cd Td'ng Tu<br /> vung bidn gidi n h i m l i n chiem them d i t Long (Ha Giang) vd'n la md ddng thudc<br /> dai vd de doa eic n h a n vidn ngQdi Phap quyin sd hQu t o i n bd ciia Viet Nam, nay<br /> (17). Dai sQ Phap tai Bic Kinh n h i l u l i n phai e i t 3 p h i n 4, rdng chQng 750 km^ cho<br /> len tilng phan ddi nhQng v i n khdng ngan tinh Van Nam (Trung Qud'c) va mdt sd' dia<br /> chan dQdc tinh trang nay. Mdt quan chQc diem khac. Dai dien chinh phu Pari<br /> Phap la Pdlanh Vian phai than r i n g : (Dureau de Vaulcomte) da giai thich sQ<br /> "NhQng sQ Iden tQdng tii nhQ vay cdn dQdc kidn nay tai Ha vidn Phap nhQ sau: "Chinh<br /> tid'p diin chQng td r i n g chinh phii Trung phu nghi r i n g nhQng nhQdng bd ve d i t dai<br /> Qud'c chQa chiu tQ bd cie t r u y i n thd'ng cu cho Trung Qud'c se dQdc d i n bu bdi nhiing<br /> ngudn ldi ldn hdn do ban Hiep Qdc thQdng<br /> v l ngoai giao va qud'c t l " (18).<br /> mai mang lai" (19).<br /> Liy cd khdng the bao vd an toan cho Uy<br /> ban Lien hdp khi di khao sat thiic dia, phia Ndm, do nhQng khd k h a n v l dia hinh<br /> Trung Qud'c de nghi phan dinh bidn gidi hiem trd, vat lieu xay diing khdng b i n ,<br /> tren ban dd. Trong n h i l u trQdng hdp, phia khoang each giQa eic cdt md'c gidi Ididng<br /> Phap c h i p thuan. Doan bidn gidi Van Nam diu, cd nhiing doan bd trd'ng hang chge km,<br /> dQdc xae dinh trdn 5 t i m ban dd ma ngQdi khdng dQdc xic dinh ro rdng, n h i l u cdt md'c<br /> Phap khdng b i l t chinh xdc d i t dai Viet bi xdi mdn hoac d i hi xd dieh, n h i l u doan<br /> Nam bi e i t xdn nhQ thd' nao. , , t sdng sudi hi ud'n chay theo hQdng khic...<br /> Vide eanh giQ va t u i n tra bidn gidi ciia<br /> 14 Rghifin cijru Lich siSr. stf 8.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> chinh quyin P h i p h i u nhQ bi budng ldng. gidi hai nQdc da dQdc phan dinh trdn hd sd<br /> Do dd, theo thdi gian, do tac ddng eua thidn ciing nhQ trdn thiic dia. D6 Id dQdng bidn<br /> nhidn hay ciia eon ngQdi, n h i l u doan bidn gidi dan xen giQa dQdng bidn gidi lich aii<br /> gidi khdng edn giQ dQdc nguydn v^n nhQ (trong Hiep Qdc 1885 goi Id dQdng bidn gidi<br /> ban d i u , cd nhQng vung d i t hi l i n chilm hien tai) vdi dQdng bidn gidi mdi trdn cd sd<br /> l i m cho vide bao toan lanh thd gap n h i l u e i t nhQdng mot p h i n lanh thd Viet Nam<br /> trd ngai. cho Trung Qud'c vd thu hdi mpt p h i n lanh<br /> thd Viet Nam hi T n m g Qud'c chid'm giQ<br /> NhQng phan tich trdn eho tbd'y sQ thiet<br /> tnide dd.<br /> thdi v l phia Viet Nam trong cude dam<br /> p h i n giQa P h i p va Trung Qud'c v l vd'n d l Uy ban hoach dinh c i m md'c bien gidi<br /> bidn gidi lanh thd d Bic Ky. TQ giQa the' ky cua P h i p va n h a Thanh sau Idii hodn<br /> XIX, mdc d i u trong quan he vdi eic nQdc t h a n h cdng vide da de lai mdt bd hd sd v l<br /> ldn, Trung Qud'c da rdi v i o the yeu, nhQng kd't qua cua cdng vide nay (20). Nam 1994,<br /> trong nhiing v i n d l cu the v l bidn gidi giQa trong chuydn t h a m chinh thQc Viet Nam,<br /> Trung Qud'c va Bic Ky, gidi cim quyin nha Tong thd'ng nQdc Cdng hda P h i p Frangxoa<br /> Thanh da tdn dung dQdc ldi the cua ho trong Mittdrang (Fran9ois Mitterand) da trao<br /> sQ hieu bilt sau sic dia hinh va cQ dan; tang Chinh phu Viet Nam ban microfilm v l<br /> trong sQ danh ddi eho Phap mot vai ldi ich mdt so' tai lieu hoach dinh va phan gidi cim<br /> v l thUdng mai de gianh mot so' vung dd't dai md'c bien gidi Trung Qud'c - Viet Nam nam<br /> giau nguydn lieu; thdm chi dimg mdt sd' thii 1886-1897. Mdt ban tQdng tii cung dQdc<br /> doan CQdp pha hoac gay xung dot vu trang trao cho chinh phii Trung Qud'c.<br /> de de doa, ngan ehan nhQng cude khao s i t<br /> NhQ vay, vdi k i t qua trdn, day l i l i n d i u<br /> thiie dia. Sau khi Trung Qud'c thd't bai trong<br /> tidn trong lich sQ nQde ta da xic dinh mdt<br /> cude chien tranh Trung - Nhdt (1894-1895),<br /> dQdng bien gidi vdi Trung Qude bdi cac van<br /> Phap mdi gidnh lai dUdc mdt vai nhQdng bp<br /> ban phap ly va bg ban dd v l he thd'ng cdt<br /> trong ban Cdng Qdc bd sung nam 1897, cdn<br /> md'c dQdc xay dQng mdt each tQdng ddi khoa<br /> van de m i t nhilu vQng lanh thd vd'n thudc<br /> hoe trong dilu iden trinh do ky thudt cudi<br /> v l Viet Nam.<br /> the ky XIX. Do chinh Id ngudn tai li?u quan<br /> Tuy nhidn, v l mdt k h i c h quan, trong trong dQdc sQ dung ldm cd sd de thao ludn<br /> bdi canh lich sQ d i y kho khan thdi dd, vide vd'n d l bidn gidi giQa hai nQdc Vi$t Nam v i<br /> hoach dinh v i c i m md'c bidn gidi Viet Nam Trung Qud'c trong khoang thdi gian tQ 1974<br /> - Trung Qud'c da dd' lai nliQng kdt qua dang dd'n 1999, d i n tdi ban Hiep Qdc hoach dinh<br /> ghi nhdn. Toan bd cdng vide hoach dinh va bien gidi d i t liln Viet Nam - Trung Qude<br /> phan gidi c i m md'c dQdc tie'n hanh tQ nam dQdc hai chinh phu Cdng hda Xa hpi Chu<br /> 1886 dd'n nam 1897, da dat t i t ca 314 cot nghia Vi$t Nam va Cdng hda Nhan dan<br /> md'c cung mdt so' md'c phu. Nhd vdy bidn Trung Hoa ky kd't ngay 31-12-1999.<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Jean Dupuis: Les origines de la question du Lu^n an Tie'n si Lich sii, Hft Ngi 1991,tr. 32. LUu<br /> Tonkin. Paris 1890. D i n theo Trjnh Nhu: Quan h? trfl t§ii Thu vi?n Quoe gia Uk Ngi.<br /> Trung Phdp vd vdn di Viit Nam cuoi the'ky XIX. (2). Tham khao Phan Khoang: Viet Nam Phdp<br /> Rhhi lai quan h& Ph6p-Vi0t Ram... 15<br /> <br /> <br /> thuoc sd 1862 - 1945. Tu sach Sif hoc. Sai Gon TT Th&i Quan hf Ngufdi k y<br /> 1971, tr. 229 - 236, Nguyen Xuan Tho: BUdc md gian<br /> 1 6-1862 Vi^t-Phap Bonard Carlos<br /> ddu cua sU thiet lap he thdng thuoc dia Phdp d NMm P h a n Thanh Gian,<br /> Viet Nam (1858 - 1897). Tac gia txf xuS't ban, in Tudt Lam Duy Hi$p<br /> 2 7-1864 Vi$t-Phap Aubaret - Phan<br /> tai Mekong Printing, Santa Ana 1994, tr. 472 - Binh Ty Thanh Gian, T r ^<br /> 480. Tigii Thanh, P h a n<br /> Huy Vinh<br /> (3). Tham khao Trinh Nhu: tldd, tr. 32. 3 3-1874 Vipt-Phap Dupr6 - L§ Tufih,<br /> Gidp Tudt Nguyin Van TUcfng<br /> . (4). Trin Trong Kim: Viet Nam sd lugc. Nxb 4 8-1883 Vi$t-Phap Harmand - Trin<br /> QuyMid Dinh Tvic, Nguyin<br /> Tong hop Tp. Ho Chi Minh 2005, tr. 522. Trong H i | p<br /> 5 5-1884 Trung Fournier - L^ Hong<br /> (5). DUdng Kinh Quoe: Viet Nam nhieng sU kien Gidp Phap ChUdng<br /> lich sH (1858 - 1918), Nxb Giao due, Uk N^i, 2001, Th&n Quy Udc Thien Tdn<br /> 6 6-1884 Vi$t-Phap Patenotre - Nguyin<br /> tr. 118. GiapTMn Van Tuclng, Ph^m<br /> Th^ Du^t, Ton<br /> (6). Trinh Nhu: Sdd, tr. 47. Tha't P h a n<br /> 7 6-1885 Trung Patctoot - Ly Hong<br /> (7). Nguyin The Anh: Viet Nam thcti Phdp dd XtDau Phap ChUdng<br /> Hiep Udc Thiin T&n<br /> kg. Nxb. Vfin hoc. Rk Npi, 2008, tr. 88. 8 6-1887 Trung Constans - Qu^n<br /> BinhHi^ Phap VUdng Khanh<br /> (8). Tham khao Phan Khoang: Sdd, tr. 313-314; Cdng udc hogch dinh<br /> Trinh Nhu: Sdd, tr. 98-99; DUdng Kinh Quoe, Sdd bi&n gidi Trung Qude<br /> - Bic Ky nam 1887<br /> tr. 137. 9 6-1895 Trung Gerard - Qu^<br /> At Miii Phap vUdng Khanh, S i m<br /> (9). Philippe Devillers: NgUdi Phdp va ngUdi Dye Anh<br /> Annam - Bgn hay Thii? Nxb. Tong h(?p Tp. Ho Chi Cdng Udc bd sung<br /> nam 1895<br /> Minh, 2006, tr. 351-352,<br /> <br /> (10). Tham khao Phan Khoang: Sdd, tr. 315- (14), (15). Tham khao "Cdng Udc hogch dinh<br /> 318; Nguyin The Anh: Sdd, tr. 95-99; Ph. bien gidi gida Trung Qude vd Bac Ky tgi Bac Kinh<br /> Devillers. Sdd tr. 624-629, Nguyin Xuan Tho: ngdy 26-6-1887". Ban dieh toan vfin cua B$ Ngo^i<br /> Sdd, tr. 484-487. Phia Viet Nam c6 Nguyen VSn giao Cpng hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Vi?t Nam.<br /> Tu6ng, Pham Than Duat va Ton Tha't Phan ky (16). Tham khao Trung Quoe svt hoe hgi: Trung<br /> Hi^p u6e. Phdp chien tranh, tap 2. DSn theo Trjnh Nhu:<br /> (11). Tham khao Phan Khoang: Sdd, tr. 330- Sdd, tr. 124.<br /> 333. .. (17). Ghi chii: Vfio thang 8-1886 cl vilng bien gidi<br /> (12). Charles Fourniau: La frontiere sino - Lfio Cai - Long P6, doan cano cua Phap di tren song<br /> vietnamienne et la face franco-chinois a Hong bi quan Thanh ph\ie ki'eh Ikm 2 a quan va 11<br /> I'epoque de la conquete du Tonkin. Xem Les Hnh h\ giet, 1 tau bi bin chim. Sau d6 eae cupc di khao<br /> frontieres du Vietnam. Nxb. L'Harmattan, sat t^i eho khong du