Phong trào dân tộc ở Indonesia và Malaya trong nửa đầu thế kỷ XX - Một số so sánh

PHONG TRAO D A N TOC 0 INDONESIA VA MALAYA<br /> TRONG NITA D A U T H E KY XX - M O T S O SO S A N H<br /> <br /> <br /> L^ TUdNG VAN*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T rong bfii "Vfin dl dfin tdc vfi phUdng<br /> thUc hinh dung vl cdng ddng dfin<br /> tdc trong nhflng chuyin biln cua t h i gidi",<br /> dfin tdc d DNA dIu t h i ki XX biing n l dudi<br /> tfic ddng ciia sy phfit triln ngfiy cfing cao ^<br /> thiic h i tu tudng dfin tdc chii nghia (DTCN)<br /> tfic gia cho r4ng: kit qua ciia ldn sdng thic bfit ngudn tilt mdt sS chiiu kich quan trpng<br /> tinh cua chu nghia ddn tdc Iln thtl nhfi^t nhu d Nh^t Ban, An Dd, Trung Qudc cull<br /> diln ra d Tfiy Au vfi Bfic My trong t h i ki t h i ki XIX dfiu t h i kl XX. hay cfic tinh thfin<br /> XVII, XVIII "lfi sy hinh thfinh cfic nhfi nUdc "quyln dfin tdc ty quylt", "ty do", "hda<br /> - dfin tdc hi|n dpi (nation-state)" vfi "lfi thdi blnh" dupc dl c$p trong H$ thdng Hda Udc<br /> k^ ra ddi cua khfii ni^m "chu nghia dfin Versailles vfi ChUdng trinh 14 dilm ctia<br /> tfic" {nationalism)" (1). Tiln trinh tilp theo Ting thdng Mi W.Wilson rfi't thu hut sy<br /> nhu lai du^c chi ra bdi Clive J. Christie quan tfim ciia nhfin dfin cfic nUdc thudc dia<br /> trong Lich si Ddng Nam A hiin dgi: diing d DNA, cudc Cfich mpng thfing 10 Nga<br /> vfio llic d chfiu Au, cfic quoc p a • dfin tdc thfinh c6ng dUa din sy truyin bfi h§ tU<br /> dang xuit hidn thi ban thfin cfic quSc gia dd tudng Mfic-xft-Lfi-ninnft vfi sy phi biln chii<br /> lpi dU^c cung cd' thfinh cfic d l chl cd tfnh nghia cdng san trong khu vyc ty th$p ni&n<br /> tofin ciu b^ng vi$c thilt Ifip d tofin bd Ddng 1920 trd di... Trong bfii canh dd, nhfin dfin<br /> Nam A (DNA) cfic thudc dja cua hp chi DNA da nhanh chdng thtJtc tinh, giUdng cao<br /> trong mdt thdi gian ngfin din ngpc nhidn tCt ngpn Cd dfin t^c, tiln hfinh cfic phong trfio<br /> nfim 1820 din 1900 (2). NhU v^y, chu nghia DTCN chd'iig chu nghia di quIc, chii nghia<br /> dfin tdc (CNDT) trUdc t h i ki XX g^n vdi thyc dfin, gifinh ddc Iftp vfi binh ding, d<br /> quan nidm vl "de chl" (empire) h\ giai cflTp tiing nUdc, tiiy theo hofin canh cy thi, cfic<br /> tu san Idi dyng da trd thfinh cdng cy die phong trfio dfin tdc theo duli cfic con dUdng<br /> lyc dl tranh dopt khdng gian sinh tin. di din ddc l$p h i t sure phong phu.<br /> Chfnh trong qufi trinh tfy, "chu nghia dfin Hai qudc gia Indonesia vfi Malaya vin<br /> tdc" dupc lan truyin din chfiu A vfi DNA ciing thudc vl 'Hhi gidi Malay" trong khu<br /> cing vdi sy bfinh trUdng cija chii nghia vyc DNA bdi cd ciing t^ tien lfi ngudi<br /> thyc dan, chia nghia d l quSc. Phong trfio Malay, cd ngdn ngfl chung lfi tiing Malay<br /> <br /> <br /> ' ThS. Tmemg Dai.hpc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br />  .-hong trap dfln t » : 6 Indonesia...<br /> <br /> tit thdi cfic VUdng qudc cl Malacca vfi din trudc T h i chiln II, ddng thdi dfit chung<br /> Srivijaya. ciing chia se ban sfic vfin hda trong mdi lign h§ vdi nhau bdi rtft nhilu<br /> Malay vfi cfic phong tyc t§p qufin Malay, cd dilm kit n^i ty nhign gifla hai khu vyc. Bfii<br /> dpo Hdi lfi tdn giao chung ciia hfiu hit cU vilt ciing budc dfiu ndu ra mdt vfii nh^n x6t<br /> dfin (dfic bidt 5 cac viing buon bfin chii ylu), cd tfnh chfft so sfinh vl dfic diem, tfnh chfft<br /> c6 ca'u triic chfnh tri vdi nhilu ndt tUdng ciia phong trfio dfin tdc d hai quIc gia<br /> ddng... Song, do nhiing "kiln tpo ddc dofin" Indonesia vfi Malaya.<br /> cua thyc dfin, "thi gidi Malay" bi chia ra<br /> thfinh Malaya thudc Anh vfi Indonesia 1. Phong trfio dfin t^c d Indonesia<br /> thudc Hfi Lan (3). Mfit khfic, do cilng thudc Tpi thdi dilm chuyin giao tii t h i ki cii<br /> vl "thi gidi Hdi gido" ndn ca hai quIc gia sang t h i ki mdi, nhflng "hat gidng" ciia chu<br /> Indonesia vfi Malaya cxlng hUdng din mdt nghia dfin tdc bfit dfiu "nay mfim" trfin<br /> siic manh anh hudng mang tfnh t6n gifio tU manh dtft Indonesia, mfi ngUdi dfiu ti§n<br /> ben ngofii lfi phong trdo cdi cdch Hdi gido gieo mfim chii nghia dfin tpc, thfip sfing Ien<br /> da vfi dang diln ra 6 Trung D6ng tilt cufii ngpn duoc dfi^u tranh cho ty do ciia<br /> t h i ki XIX. Phong trfio don dudng cho cong Indonesia lpi lfi mot phy nfl tre ngudi Java<br /> cudc hi^n dpi hda tu tudng ciia dao Hdi, - tiiu thu Raden A. Kartini (4), con gai<br /> tilp thu nhflng thfinh tUu khoa hpe vfi tu quan Nhiep chfnh xfl Japara. Dupc tilp thu<br /> tudng mdi trong thdi ki Phye hiXng tpi chfiu nin giao dye phUdng Tfiy tfl rfi't sdm va<br /> Au, tim toi tfl trong gifio ly ciia dpo Hdi dUOc tilp xflc vdi cac trfio lUu tU tudng chau<br /> nhflng CO sd thyc hipn "chu quyln nhan Au thdi cfln dpi, Kartini da dUa tU tudng<br /> dan", "tu do ca nhan"... dl trd ndn hidn dpi khai sang din vdi ngUdi dan Indonesia, dfic<br /> hdn. Phong trfio nfiy cdn md ra budc ngofit biet la khat vong vl nhflng cd hgi ldn hdn<br /> vl tinh thfin DTCN trong ton gifio thi hien cho phu nfl Hdi giao. Tu tudng cua Kartini<br /> qua khuynh hUdng "Dgi Hdi gido" vfi tinh md ra mot chUOng mdi trong tinh thfin dan<br /> thfin dodn kit Hdi gido (pan-Islamism) tdc cua ngUdi ban dia Indonesia, bfit dfiu tfl<br /> toan t h i gidi trong cupc dfi'u tranh chd'ng phong trfio thiic dfiy sU tien bo vfin hda - xa<br /> chii nghia thyc dan, giai phdng dfin tpc hpi Indonesia, tien tdi thfinh Ifip mot to<br /> dang diln ra sdi nii d Iran, Tho Nhi E , Ai chflc chfnh tri nhUng v5n Ifi^y vfin h6a Ifim<br /> Cfip... Trong nhflng nfim gifla hai cudc cd sd hfinh ddng: Boedi Oetomo • BO (Nd<br /> chien tranh t h i gidi, cfin cfl trgn cO sd lich lUc vinh quang). Cac nhfi lanh dpo BO, gdm<br /> sijt chung ciia vung qufin dao, tu tudng nhflng tri thflc tre Java tilp thu nin giao<br /> "pan-Malay" lfi tU tudng dofin kit tofin thi dye eiia Hfi Lan, dfit ra nhipm vu "tim kilm<br /> ngudi Malay vfi tu tudng "Indonesia nhflng ylu t l hinh thfinh nen mot dan toe,<br /> RayafMalaya Raya" (Greater mpt quoc gia" - theo nghia dd, vSn h6a dupc<br /> Indonesia/Greater Malaya) lfi tu tUdng xem nhu lfi mdt thfinh t l nin tang vfi dya<br /> hinh thfinh mdt qud'e gia ddc Ifip bao triim trdn "sy hyp nhfi't gifla cac gifi tri chfiu Au<br /> ca hai thUc the Malaya vfi Indonesia da vfi eae gia tr; Java", eae trf thflc tre hy vong<br /> dupc hinh thfinh vfi thiic diy. s€ thuc dfiy nin vfin hda mdi ciia Indonesia<br /> Dya trdn cfich tilp cfin lich sii vfin hda- (5). Ddy thUc chdt Id con diidng xdc dinh<br /> chi'nh tri, bfii vilt se phfin tfch qufi trinh bdn sac van hda ddn tdc Indonesia dUa trin<br /> phat trien phong trfio dfin tdc ciia mSi nudc nin tdng hiin dgi hda. Sau sy khdi dfiu dd,<br /> trong khoang thdi gian tfl dfiu t h i ki XX phong trfio dan tpc Indonesia co thdm sy<br />  Rghian cihi ljch siSr. atf 9.2012<br /> <br /> gdp m$t ciia nhflng ngUdi phi bfin dja tfl nhfCt ch^t che ciia tfft cS mpi ngUdi dfln<br /> nfim 1912 vdi t l chflc Indies Party (6). M$c Indonesia di tpo thfinh mdt dfin tde" dfi'u<br /> dfl chi tdn tpi dupc 1 nfim sau ngfiy thfinh tranh "dpt dUpc quyln ty trj ho$c ft nhtft lfi<br /> l§p nhUng mflc dd anh hudng ciia Dang rtft quyln dUpc cd tiing ndi trong cfic vfi'n dl<br /> quan trpng bdi cfic myc tifiu: "Ifim thfle d^y eiia drft nUdc" (8) Hdi ddng Nhdn ddn<br /> chii nghia ydu nUdc cila tfi't ca mpi ngudi (Volksraad) dUpc thfinh Ifip lfi thfinh qua<br /> dfin Indonesia ddi vdi vflng dfi't dfi nudi ciia cudc dfi'u tranh dd vfi dUpc xem nhU lfi<br /> dudng hp, hpp tfic vdi ngUdi ban dja dya bude di dfiu ti6n tiln tdi c h l dd ty trj. Tuy<br /> trdn nguyen tfie binh ding vl chfnh trj; nhiln, tfl nfim 1919, SI bfit dfiu phai dfii<br /> mang lpi cho dfi't nUdc Indonesia sy thjnh phd vdi nhilu thfich thflc mdt mflt do chfnh<br /> vUpng; vfi chufin bj cho mQt quIc gia dfin chfnh sfich tfing cudng dfin fip ciia chfnh<br /> t6c ddc l$p" (7). Dudng nhu, dfly lfi lfin dfiu quyln, mjjlt khfic do bd ph$n lanh dpo ciia<br /> tien myc tidu ddc ldp cho Indonesia dUpc SI cd sy chia r€. Ba nhdm dUpc hinh thfinh<br /> dfit ra. Dilu dfing ndi lfi, myc ticu dd dupe tfl sy ehia rS cua SI lfi: Nhdm ciia lanh ty<br /> dUa ra bdi nhflng ngUdi nh$p cU lpi cfing Tjokroaminoto t$p hpp gidi quan ehfle d cfic<br /> kfeh thfch mpnh mS ^ thfle dfin tdc ciia cfic dja phUdng; nhdm cua Haji Agus Salim<br /> trf thflc ban dia. Tu tudng vl sy thinh ti3u bilu cho lyc lUpng Hdi gifio; vfi nhfim<br /> VUpng vfi nin dpc l§p eho dit nUdc ciia cfic nhfi xa hdi chii nghia do Hendrik<br /> Indonesia dl lpi nhilu fim hudng trong Sneevliet dflng dfiu. Moi nhfim trong sy<br /> phong trfio DTCN ciia Indonesia d giai cpnh tranh diu khfing djnh vai trd chfnh<br /> doan sau. trj eiia minh: Trong khi Tjokroaminoto<br /> ehuyin sang thfl dieh vdi chfnh phii Hfi<br /> Cung trong thfip ki dfiu tiSn ciia t h i ki<br /> Lan vfi phai chju nhilu tin th^t ldn thi<br /> XX, dpo Hdi d Indonesia dfi xufi't hidn vdi<br /> nhfim Hdi gifio lpi quay sang thfinh Ifip td<br /> m6t dipn mao hofin tofin mdi tren tinh thfin<br /> chic Muhammadiyah theo duli chii trUdng<br /> dofin kit Hdi gifio (pan-Islamism) da ddng<br /> cai efieh dpo Hfii vfi lya chpn "nguydn tfic<br /> vai trd Ifi cd sd de tap hdp qudn chiing dd'u<br /> phi chfnh trj" mdt efieh efi ehu ^ (9). Ngay<br /> tranh chdng chu nghia thUc ddn. Tinh thfin<br /> tfl nhflng ngfiy dfiu thfinh l$p,<br /> doan kit Hoi giao dUa din cho ngUdi<br /> Muhammadiyah da chflng td nd khdng ehi<br /> Indonesia sfle mpnh gfin kit xa hdi chUa<br /> lfi td' chflc cua ngUdi Java mfi lfi ciia ngUdi<br /> tflng cd trong ljch sii. T6n gifio vfi'n da dUpc<br /> Hdi gifio tofin Indonesia. Tfnh dfin tdc vUpt<br /> coi lfi thfinh tfi* cd sfle tfip hpp mpnh nhit,<br /> trdi dd k i t hpp vdi nhflng ndi dung hopt<br /> dfic bi|t khi ton gifio dd lfi dpo Hdi thi lpi<br /> ddng mang tfnh xa hdi lfi nguydn nhfin<br /> cfing trd n6n ed ^ nghia hon nhilu dfii vdi<br /> thfinh cdng ctia Muhammadiyah; Nhdm cfic<br /> Indonesia bdi vi hfiu h i t ngudi Indonesia lfi<br /> nhfi xa hdi chii nghia cflng tuyfin bfi thfinh<br /> tfn dd Hdi giao. Phong trfio Serakat Islam -<br /> l$p Dang Cdng san Ddng An, sau nfiy dUpc<br /> SI (Hdi Lien hiip Hoi gido) duyc thfinh l§p<br /> gpi lfi Ddng Cdng sdn Indonesia (PKI) vfio<br /> nfim 1911 do dfi dd trd thdnh phong trdo<br /> ngfiy 23-5-1920. Trong Dpi hdi thfinh l^p<br /> nhdn ddn rdng ldn ddu tiin vd cung Id duy<br /> Dang, PKI tuydn bfi" "chii nghia cdng san<br /> nhdt d Indonesia. Ngofii nhflng myc tieu<br /> ddi l$p vdi ca chu nghia dpi Hoi gifio vfi sfl<br /> tdn giao chiu anh hudng eiia tinh thfin cai<br /> thfi'ng trj cua phUdng Tay" (10). Khfing chi<br /> each Hdi giao b Trung Dong, SI cung cfing<br /> chdng Hdi gifio, PKI cfin tuyfin bd" "chdng<br /> khai tu tudng ehfnh trj: "iing hd sfl th^ng<br /> Phong trto dto >0c d Indonesia...<br /> <br /> tfit ca moi thfl tu ban ehii nghia". D I thyc tai Hfi Lan. Gifla hfing tridu ngUdi Hfi Lan,<br /> hidn ngay chuydn chfnh vo san, PKI mufi'n nhflng sinh vidn ft di din tfl Java,<br /> giai quyfi't tfi't ca moi vfi'n dl b&ng mdt ddn: Bandung, Batavia hay tfl Menangkabau...,<br /> tieu didt phong kiln, giai phfing dfit nUdc diu ty nhin nh§n minh lfi ngUcti Indonesia.<br /> khdi thyc dan Hfi Lan, dfip tan d l qufic, Ifit Dd lfi 1^ do khiln hp di din quylt dinh<br /> do ehfnh phii phan ddng, thanh toan phu thfinh l§p Hiip hdi sinh viin Ddng An nfim<br /> ndng, thanh tofin tu san dfin tfie (11). 1908, nfim 1922 dU^c dfii tfin thfinh Hiip<br /> PhUdng cham chfnh trj cyc doan dd da d^t hdi sinh viin Indonesia. Tfin gpi dfi tU nfi da<br /> PKI ra khdi khfii qufin chung rdng ldn, dfiy mang ^ nghia vl mfit ban sfic chung<br /> lUc lUdng dfin tpc dfii Ifip vdi dang vfi chfi'ng Indonesia (tuy mdi chi d phpm vi hpp). Din<br /> lpi dang. Khdi nghia Sumatra (1926 - 1927) nfim 1925, quylt djnh tfii cfi'u true t l chflc<br /> thfi't bai dfi chfi'm dflt vai trd lanh dpo eua nfiy thfinh Hiip hdi ngUdi Indonesia trong<br /> Dang dfil vdi phong trfio dfi'u tranh giai khi vfin ton tai Hiip hdi Sinh viin<br /> Indonesia dUpc coi lfi mdt tuyen bfi dflt<br /> phfing dSn tdc 5 Indonesia. Nhfim<br /> khofit vl sy hinh thfinh mdt ban sfic<br /> Muhammadiyah trong tinh hinh dd da sfl<br /> Indonesia thong nhfi^t vfi quan trpng lfi cfic<br /> dung tdn giao Ifim cfing cu ehdng lai chii<br /> t l chflc nfiy hUdng tdi muc tifiu ddc ldp<br /> nghia cfing san, nhfim nfiy cung thi hfinh<br /> hodn todn cho dfit nUdc (12). Thang 10-<br /> chinh sfich bfi't hdp tac vdi ehfnh quyln<br /> 1928, Hiep hgi sinh viin Indonesia dUa ra J<br /> thyc dan vfi Ifi bd phfin chu ylu cua chu tudng "Mdt qud'e gia - Indonesia; Mgt ddn<br /> nghia dfin tpc Indonesia. Tpi Dai hdi tofin tdc • ngUdi Indonesia; Mot ngon ngii • tiing<br /> qud'e lfin thfl 19 cua Muhammadijah dUpc Indonesia" Ifim cO sd cho dofin kit dan tflc<br /> to chflc 5 Minangkabau thang 5-1930, mfit vfi thdng nhfit dan tpc. Thufit ngfl<br /> dang ehfnh tri cua ngUdi ban dia lfin dfiu "Indonesia" tfl dd bfit dfiu dupc sfl dung<br /> tien xufit hien 5 Tay Sumatra: Persatuan rdng rai tai que nhfi, nhUng cung phai mfit<br /> Muslimin Indonesia PERMI. Nhflng nhieu nfim sau dfi, hfim J dfiy du nhfit cua<br /> ngudi sang Ifip va lanh dpo xufit chung tfl nfiy ca vl chinh tri vfi vfin hfia mdi thflc<br /> nhfit ciia PERMI diu lfi nhflng sinh vien sy thfim thfiu vfio dfin chung - trong tU<br /> trd vi tfl Dai hoc Azhar, Ai Cfip. PERMI tudng eua moi ngUdi dUpc tilp thu nen gifio<br /> cdng khai tuyfin bfi' lfi mpt t l chflc chinh trj dye hien dpi diu ty xem minh lfi ngUdi<br /> cfip tiln, chii trUdng bfit hdp tae vi tu do Indonesia. Mot lfin sfing lan rpng trong<br /> cho Indonesia. Bj sfl dfin ap ciia thUe dfin cdng dongvdi vi$e thfinh Ifip hfing trfim to<br /> Hfi Lan, PERMI rfit khfi khfin trong nhflng chflc mdi vdi ten gpi ed tfl "Indonesia"; cae<br /> hfinh dpng chinh trj nhUng vfin tilp tyc to chflc cu Cling tiln hanh doi ten dl cfi tfl<br /> tfch eye trong cfic hopt dpng vfin hfia, gifio "Indonesia" trong ten goi eiia minh (13).<br /> dye, tao dfi phat trien quan trong cho<br /> Sumatra vfi cho ngUdi Hdi giao Indonesia Tai Bangdung vfio nfim 1925, cfic Cdu<br /> nfii chung tren chfing dUdng dfii tiln tdi lgc bd hgc tdp • {Study Clubs) tUOng ty nhU<br /> nin dpc Ifip hofin toan. cfic hidp hpi sinh vifin d Hfi Lan da dUpc Ifip<br /> ra dudi sy dfin dfit cua Achmed Sukarno.<br /> •y tudng vl Indonesia thdng nhdt dU^c Dfiy lfi mfii trUdng dl gidi tri thflc tre<br /> theo duli d dfit nUdc Indonesia tfl nfla sau Indonesia lfi thfinh vien eua rfit nhieu<br /> nhdm toe ngUdi dUpe gfin bd vdi nhau hdn.<br /> th^p nifin 1920 tren thyc t l khdi phfit tfl<br /> Sukarno vfi cfic cpng sU da dUa ra If 15<br /> cfing ddng sinh vifin Indonesia dang hpe tfip<br />  Rghl6n cuu Iilch ai. atf 9.2012<br /> <br /> thuylt phye vl vi|c cfin thilt pAdi ddnh s(/ tdc, chdng chi nghia thi^c ddn, tiin tdi muc<br /> tdp trung cao hcfn cho nin d^c ldp cua tiiu xdy dj/ng qudc gia-ddn t^c thdng nhdt.<br /> Indonesia, nhUng mudn ddnh cho nd mdt T h i chiln II bflng n l dflt cfic dfln tdc<br /> Uu tan tdi da thi trUdc hit phdi gidm bdt si^ trUfic sy de dpa tryc tilp cua chii nghia<br /> khde bi^t giia cdc tdc ngUifi, cdc tdn gido vd phfit xit, phong trfio dfin tdc Indonesia cd<br /> cdc nin vdn hda. Do dd, khi nhfi'n mpnh nhilu chuyin biln trong giai dopn nfiy.<br /> myc tidu: Indonesia phfii gifinh duye ddc TrUdc h i t lfi vide diiu chinh mdi quan h$<br /> l$p mfit cfich nhanh nhfit cd thi, dng cQng giia chi nghia ddn tdc vd chu nghia Hdi<br /> dfic bi|t luu f: "Dilu nfiy ddi hdi chflng ta gido xufit phfit tfl thyc t l khfi khfin ea trong<br /> khfing nfin phfin dfiu dpt dupe nin ddc l$p tranh lufin quan dilm lfin trong hfinh ddng<br /> bfing phUdng tidn cai thidn dilu ki^n sfing chfnh trj thflc tiln. Rfit nhilu nhfi lfinh dpo<br /> tdi t | ciia dfi't nUdc chflng ta, mfi chflng ta Hdi gifio phan dfii vide qufi nhfin mpnh din<br /> phai phfin dfiu dpt dupc nin dfic l$p dl mfi chii nghia dfin tdc cd thi Ifim tan vfi sy<br /> cai thi|n nhflng dilu kiln sd'ng dd" (14). thfi'ng nhfit nfing ddng ciia dao Hdi, nguy<br /> Thfing 7-1927, nhfim tri thflc do Sukarno hpi din cfic myc tifiu tinh thfin cua dao Hdi.<br /> dflng dfiu tuyfin bfi thfinh Ifip Ddng Ddn tdc Trong khi dfi, nhflng ngUdi theo ehu nghia<br /> Indonesia (Partai Nasional Indonesia dfin tfic nhu Sukarno lpi cho rflng, nlu qufi<br /> PNI) do Sukarno Ifim Chu tjeh Dang. Dang nhfin mpnh vfio cfic myc tifiu cua Hdi gifio<br /> nfiy dpi didn cho mdt dudng lfii chfnh trj vfi trung thfinh vdi dpo Hdi, phong trfio cd<br /> mdi, ed tfnh chfit vUpt qua vfi bao trflm so thi sS mfit di lyc luyng lfi nhflng ngudi<br /> vdi cfic to ehfle dofin thi trUdc dfly d Indonesia ngopi dpo hofic cfic tfn dd Hdi<br /> Indonesia: Trude hit, mfic du lfi dang do gifio md dpo khfing tridt dl. Do dd, tim kiem<br /> giai cfip tu san thfinh Ifip nhUng thfinh vifin sU hdi hba giia chu nghia ddn tdc vd chu<br /> ciia dang gfim nhilu thfinh phfin rdng rai: nghia Hdi gido thyc ay rfit cfin thilt trong<br /> nong dan, cdng nhfln, thp thii cfing, ddng bdi canh ciia Indonesia vfi bfii hoc thfit bai<br /> dao nhfit lfi tfing ldp trung vfi tiiu tU san eiia Dang Cdng san Indonesia vfin cdn dd.<br /> tri thflc; Cd s6 tu tudng vfi CUdng linh eiia Kit qua lfi sy xufit hidn ddn d^p cfic to chflc<br /> PNI Ifi Hgc thuyit Marhaenism do Sukarno chfnh trj ldn bilu thj cho tinh thfin thong<br /> sopn thao tfl nfim 1926. Hpe thuylt thi nhfit dfin tdc nhU Liin dodn cdc ddng ddn<br /> hidn xu hudng eh^ng thyc dfin, khfing djnh tdc Indonesia - GAPI (nfim 1939) - mdt tl<br /> eon dudng di tdi dpe l^p dfln tdc lfi chinh chflc ciia hfiu h i t cfic dang t h i tyc Ufin<br /> sfich bfit hyp tfic vdi thye dfin trong tfi^t ca minh vdi cfic dang Hdi gifio, Hdi ddng Nhdn<br /> cfic linh vyc kinh t^, chfnh tri, xa hdi, thyc ddn Indonesia (nfim 1941) - mdt hinh thflc<br /> hidn dofin kit tfit ea cfic lyc lUpng trong mfit mdi ciia m$t tr^n dfin t^c thfi'ng nhfit cd sfl<br /> mfit trfin chung thfi'ng nhfit (15). Cufii nflm tham gia ciia GAPI, Liin dodn cdc td chic<br /> 1927, Sukarno dfi mang tU tudng dodn kit Hdi gido Indonesia • MIAI. Dudi sy lanh<br /> vfio trong sfing kiln thfinh l§p t l chflc lifin dpo cua Sukarno, Hdi ddng nhdn ddn<br /> hi$p ed ^ nghia nhu mOt m$t tr$n dfin tdc Indonesia tilp tyc dfiu tranh yeu cfiu chfnh<br /> thfi'ng nhfit dl t$p hpp cfic t l chflc dang dfiu phii Hfi Lan thao lu^n vfin d l ddc Ifip ciia<br /> tranh cho nin ddc Ifip cua dfit nUdc: Liin Indonesia.<br /> hi^p cdc td chic chinh tri cua nhdn ddn<br /> Indonesia. Cfi thi thtfy cdt loi trong tU tudng<br /> Din dfiy, khia canh chinh tri cua bdn<br /> dAn tdc cua Sukarno Id dodn kit todn ddn<br /> s^ ddn tdc thdng nhdt Indonesia dd dUdc<br /> hong h-io ddn tQc i Indonesia...<br /> <br /> khing dinh. Cflng vdi qufi trinh dfi, khfa khfic bi|t cfin ban ciia Indonesia so vdi mdt<br /> cpnh vfin hfia eung dupe tfii tpo mpnh mfi. sfi qufic gia thudc dja trong khu vyc bdi:<br /> Qua trinh xfiy dyng nin vfin hda dfin tQe nlu "cfic qufic gia tiln thudc dja Miln Di^n<br /> Indonesia vdi bilu tupng chfnh lfi ngfin ngfl vfi Vidt Nam diu du mpnh di eung cfip eho<br /> quo'c gia dUdc tiln hfinh xufit phfit tfl jr cfic phong trfio chfing thyc dfln d dfi mfit ^<br /> tudng trUde dfi vl "Mdt qudc gia thflc rfi rdt vl ban sfic" thi "d Dfing An, chu<br /> Indonesia; Mdt ddn tdc - ngUdi Indonesia; nghia dfin tdc Indonesia phai dupc tao ra ...<br /> Mgt ngdn ngi - tiing Indonesia". Tpi Dpi dl xfiy dyng mfit ban sfic dfln tdc thfing<br /> hpi Nhfin dfln Indonesia thang 12-1939, nhfit trfin cfic dao thudc d l chl Hfi Lan d<br /> Nghi quylt vl vi^c Ifi'y tiing Indonesia phUdng Dfing" (17). Trong nhflng nfim gifla<br /> (Bahasa Indonesia) Ifim ngdn ngfl qufi'c gia hai eufie ehiln tranh t h i gidi, chii nghia<br /> dfi ehfnh thflc du^e thfing qua. Tifi'ng dfin tfic Indonesia dfl vfin dpng theo hUdng<br /> Indonesia thyc chfit dupe khai sinh tfl tiing lya chpn mdt bdn sde ddn tdc thd'ng nhdt<br /> trfin eflc khfa cpnh vfin hfia vfi ehinh trj cho<br /> Malay (Bahasa Malay) nfin cflng cd thi<br /> tofin Indonesia. Sy lya chpn dung dfin dd<br /> hilu, ngfin ngfl Malay sfi trd thfinh ngfln<br /> dfing vai trd quylt djnh trong vific dUa<br /> ngfl chung cua tofin qufin dao. Ngudi ta cho<br /> Indonesia di tfii dpe Ifip hofin tofin.<br /> rfing, d vfio thdi dilm dd, chfnh vide tiing<br /> Malay chi con lfi tiing mp de ciia mot sfi'ft<br /> 2. Phong trfio dan toe d Malaya<br /> ngUdi song rai rac tren qufin dao lai trd<br /> thanh mfit lpi t h i chfnh tri to ldn bdi vi nd Cufil t h i ky XIX dfiu t h i ky XX, trUdc<br /> khdng thudc vi ai cd. Theo mot nghia khfic nhflng can thi^p ngfiy cfing ldn dfii vdi cfic<br /> thi eung cd t h i eho rling tiing Malay thudc gifi trj xa hpi Malaya cua thye dfin Anh,<br /> vi tdt cd mgi ngUdi vi nfi lfi ngdn ngfl chung ngUdi dfin Malay da thi hien tinh thfin<br /> tfl thdi cfic vUdng qufi'c Malacca vfi phan khang doi vdi nhfi chflc trach. Mpt sfi<br /> Srivijaya, da tflng lfi ngdn ngfl ehung eua cude noi dfiy dfi khiln thye dan Anh phai lo<br /> hopt ddng thuong mai vfi hopt dfing truyen ngai vl tinh p h i biln ciia nd se cfi thi lan<br /> gifio dao Hdi trong nhilu the ki trfin toan ra tofin bfin dao nhu cufic noi dfiy d Naning<br /> qufin dao vfi lfi ngfin ngfl duyc cfic tpe ngUdi hfii dfiu nhflng nfim 1830, d Perak trong hai<br /> sau nfiy lya chpn bdi sfl thfing dung vfi tidn nfim 1875 - 1876, d Pahang trong nhflng<br /> Idi eiia nd (16). nfim 1890, hay cupc nii dfiy ciia ndng dfin<br /> "To'Janggut" 5 Kelantan nfim 1915 (18).<br /> Nhu vfiy, viic dn dinh dUdc mdt ngdn<br /> Nhin chung, nhflng cufic noi dfiy nhU t h i<br /> ngU chung cho ddt nUdc Indonesia da ddn<br /> cung da ft nhilu mang tinh thfin dan tfic<br /> tdc, da vdn hda, da ngdn ngi, da tdn gido,<br /> nhUng mdi ehi dflng lai d sU phan flng<br /> lgi bi phdn tdn vi dia ly Id bUdc di vd cung<br /> mang tfnh "ban nfing", the hifin thai dfi bfit<br /> quan trgng trong viic xdy dUng mgt bdn sac<br /> man trUdc nhflng thay dii dang diln ra vfi<br /> vdn hda ddn tdc thdng nhdt • yiu td ddng<br /> nhfim eai thidn hofin eanh sd'ng trUdc mfit<br /> vai trb quyit dinh trong tiin trtnh tdp hdp<br /> hdn Ifi hudng tdi cac myc tieu tai efl'u trflc<br /> ddn tdc ddu tranh cho nin ddc ldp hodn<br /> xfi hpi. Sang dfiu t h i ky XX cho din trUfic<br /> todn cua Indonesia. Vl vfin dl nfiy, Clive<br /> T h i chiln II, ngUdi Anh trong giai doan<br /> Christie ciing chi ra r^ng trong hfil canh<br /> thfing trj nfiy da chflng kiln "sy xufit hi^n<br /> ciia Indonesia, chu nghia ddn tdc mdi budc<br /> ciia chii nghia dfin tpc Malaya non tre" (19)<br /> phdi ddc biit nhdn mgnh vdo yiu td dodn<br /> vdi sU noi Ifin cua ba nhdm itu tu mdi trong<br /> kit han bdt k^ diiu gi khac. Dfiy lfi dilm<br />  44 Hghian cflu Ljch aiir. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> xfi hdi Malaya gfin vdi ba mdi trudng vfin dang ylu dfin vfi dpo Hdi vfin chi dflng vai<br /> hda gifio dye rifing bi^t dUpc qui djnh bdi trd an iii vl mfit tinh thfin, tfim tri ciia<br /> ngudn gfic xufi't thfin: Nhfim thfl nhfit ciia ngUdi Malay ngfiy cfing tri trd cflng vdi tinh<br /> nhflng tri thflc phfin ldn xufi't thfin tfl giai thfin hi sinh ciia dpo Hoi. Tfl nhflng phfin<br /> cfip nfing dfin dupc dfio tpo bdi hd thing tfeh dd, cdi thi^n s{/ tri tr$ cua cdng ddng<br /> gifio dye Hdi gifio; Nhdm thfl hai cua nhflng Malay Id hit sic cdn thiit nhUng khdng<br /> tri thflc thufic tfing ldp trfin trong xfi hdi phai bdt ddu ti khia cgnh kinh timd phdi<br /> Malaya truyin thfing dupc dfio tpo bdi nin bdt ddu trudc hit ti tdn gido, bdi chfnh sy<br /> gifio dye Anh; vfi Nhfim thfl ba ciia nhflng thilu hilu biit nghifim trong vl nhflng<br /> tri thflc ndng dfin trUdng thfinh ldn tfl nin nguyfin 1^ chfin ehfnh ciia dpo Hdi ca vi<br /> gifio dye ban dja (20). gifio 1^ lfin thyc hfinh lfi nguyfin nhfin<br /> khiln cho ngUdi Malay dfin dfin trd nfin bao<br /> Xfit vl mfit thdi gian, phong trfio dun tfic<br /> thii, lpc hfiu.<br /> ciia nhfim tri thflc Hii gifio dupc khdi dfing<br /> sdm nhfit trong ba nhfim trfin vfi dupe khoi Phong trfio cai efieh tfin gifio d Malaya<br /> ngudn bdi nhflng sinh vifin Malay dang hpe dupc bat dfiu bdi Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi, mdt<br /> tfip tpi trudng Dpi hpe Azhar. Tpi dfly, cfic sinh vifin Malay xufit sfic vfla trd vl tfl Ai<br /> sinh vien Malay nhU bj nim vfio "chao dfiu C$p. Dl giflp ngudi Malay quan tflm hdn<br /> Trung Dfing" dang sye sfii tinh thfin dfin tfic din nhflng thay dfii cfi anh hudng sflu rdng<br /> chii nghia chfi'ng lpi sy thong trj eua ciia thdi dpi, ngay sau khi trd vl tfl Cairo<br /> phUdng Tay vfi tinh thfin eai each Hdi gifio nflm 1904, Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi da thfinh<br /> lan rpng khfip Trung Dong kfiu gpi dofin lap td bfio Al-Imam (NgUdi Dfin dudng) vfio<br /> kit Hdi giao tofin t h i gidi trong cufic dfi'u nfim 1906. Day lfi td bao bfing tiing Malay<br /> tranh nfiy (21). Trong mfii trUdng dfi, eae dfiu tien chfla dflng tinh thfin doi mdi cd sd<br /> sinh vifin Malay da tilp thu dl rdi thong ehfnh trj, tfin giao eua dfit nudc vfi dii mdi<br /> qua bfio ehf, truyen vl Malaya ^ thfle hd tu xa hfii Malaya. Cflng nhilu td bfio tdn giao<br /> tudng tfin gifio-chfnh trj mdi vfi cfic J tudng khfic dupe thfinh Iflp nhflng nfim sau dd<br /> eai cfich xa hpi. Cflng luc dd, cfic tri thfle nhu Neracha, Warta Malaya vfi Saudara...,<br /> tfin giao Malay eung dUpc kilm nghidm cfic nhfi cai each tfin gifio da bfiy td khfit<br /> trfin thye t l bfing cfic phong trfio eai cfich vpng ehfiy bdng phai dua Hoi gifio ban dja<br /> ton giao da vfi dang diSn ra 6 Indonesia thofit khoi anh hudng cua nhflng tye 1$<br /> dudi sy dfin dfit ciia SI vfi Muhammadiyah. dang can trd sy phfit triln ciia nd, gifinh lpi<br /> Nhflng trai nghidm d Trung Ddng giflp hp nhflng tiln bd vl tU tudng vfi khoa hoc mfi<br /> cfi dupc nhflng nh$n thflc sfiu sfic vl Unh nfi da cd tfl thdi k^ trung co, trfin ed ed dfi<br /> hinh thuc tien ciia dtft nUdc: Dudi chfnh "Ifim cho dao Hfii trd thfinh mdt edng cu<br /> sach cai tri ciia thyc dfln Anh, efing ddng thfch nghi duyc vdi nhflng thach thflc vl<br /> Malay Hdi gifio tuy cd Uu t h i vl chfnh trj kinh t l - xa hdi do sy thong trj ciia ngoai<br /> song lpi lfi cpng ddng ylu kdm nhfit vl kinh kilu" (22). Vi vfly, nhflng tu tudng mdi ciia<br /> t^. Trong eufie ddi mfit vdi nhflng anh dpo Hdi dupc truyfi'n bfi d Malaya nhfin<br /> hudng eua phUdng Tfiy vfi d$c tfnh nflng mpnh sy trd vl vdi Kinh Koran, phai<br /> ddng cua ngudi Hoa nh$p eU, dpo Hdi dfl nghifin cflu, xem xfit nhflng biln dfing kinh<br /> khdng tpo nfin sfle mpnh dl giup ngfldi tl*, chfnh trj, xa hfii ciia t h i gidi hi$n dpi<br /> Malay vUpt lfin, ngUpc lpi xung lyc cua nd trong finh sfing cua chfin Ijr dao Hdi, vfi<br /> Phong h-ao dfln ^de & Indonesia...<br /> <br /> trfin tfi't ca, nd hfii thuc sfl gfin kit nfing trj ciia dfi't nUdc. Dfl chua cfl phong trfio nfio<br /> ddng ciia moi ea nhfin vfio tUdng lai cao hdn dupe t l ehfle bfii ban dudi sy dfin dUdng cua<br /> ciia dja vj kinh tl, xa hfii ciia cfing ddng nhdm tri thfle tfin gifio ngofii hoat ddng bfio<br /> Malay. D I tfing eUdng sy hilu biit dflng chf dupc xem Ifi dl nhfin thfi'y nhfit, nhUng<br /> dfln vl dao Hdi vfi md rfing anh hfldng eua qua dd ngudi Malay ngfiy cfing nhfin thflc<br /> tdn giao nfiy trong xa hdi, cfic trf thflc tfin nghifim tuc hdn vl ban thfin vfi vl nhflng gi<br /> giao nhfin manh tfim quan trpng dfic bi^t dang xay ra xung quanh hp, ^ thfle vl sy<br /> cua phat triln giao dye tfin gido. Mpt khfie, dofin ke't, thfi'ng nhfi't trong cfing ddng<br /> ciing trfin ed sd cua nhfin thflc: "... gifio dye Malay dang tfing dfin len theo chilu hudng<br /> rfit cfin thiet dl efi dUpc ty do" mfi "... tu do ciia tinh thfin dofin kfi't Hdi gifio bfit nguon<br /> lfi ehia khfia dl tifi'n bfi, khfing cd ty do, tfl Ai C§p vfi Thfi' Nhi Ki.<br /> chiing ta khong the mong tifi'n bp" (23), hp Dfi'u fin rfi ndt nhfit vl sU gflp mfit vfio<br /> tan thfinh dfiy manh gifio dye dl dat dUpc phong trfio dfin tfic eiia nhdm tri thflc thufic<br /> ty do vfi tiln bfi, cae hinh thfle giao due tfing ldp trfin trong xa hpi Malaya truyin<br /> khac ke ca giao due theo kilu Anh cung thdng vfi tfing ldp tU san mdi dUpc dao tao<br /> khfing bi phu nhfin cho dfl kfi't qua cua nin bdi nin gifio due Anh lfi sfl thfinh Ifip to<br /> giao due nay lufin bj nghi ngd. ehfle chinh trj dfiu tifin cua ngudi Malay:<br /> Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi va nhflng ngUdi Hiip hdi ngudi Malay d Singapore<br /> iing hfl quan dilm cai each cua fing da tfip (Kesatuan Malay Singapura - KMS) vfio<br /> hpp nhau trong nhfim Kaum Muda dupe nfim 1926. SU thdnh lap KMS Id kit qud<br /> goi lfi phai Tre de phfin bipt vdi phai Gifi - cda sUphdt triin y thic chinh tri cda ngUifi<br /> Kaum Tiia la nhfim nhflng ngUdi theo Malay, the hiin mdi quan tdm ngdy cdng<br /> trUdng phai Hoi giao chfnh thdng gdm gidi tdng ddi vdi vdn di chinh tri cua ddt nUdc.<br /> quye'n uy truyin thfi'ng vfi nhflng tri thflc Tfl dfiu thfip nien 1920, thuc trang xa hdi<br /> ton giao 6 cac vflng ndng thfin. Tren thyc Malaya dUde cae tri thflc phan tfch mdt<br /> tl, Kaum Muda gfip phai rfi't nhieu trd ngpi each triet dl: Malaya tfl mot xa hpi tUdng<br /> trong viec truyin ba nhflng tU tudng tiln ddi thuan nhfit vl sfic tpc vdi tuyfit dpi da<br /> bfi bdi vi hp khdng chi phai doi mfit vdi lUe so^ lfi ngudi Malay, dUdi ehinh saeh nhfip<br /> lupng bao thii cua xa hfii Malaya mfi edn khfiu lao dfing ciia Anh da trd thfinh mpt xa<br /> dung phai sU phan flng quye't lidt cua gidi hpi da cfing ddng vdi sfl gop mfit ciia ngUdi<br /> quyln uy truyin thdng (dfing kl nhfit la ddi Hoa vfi ngudi An Dp. Tfl cho lfi qufi'c gia chi<br /> ngfl eae Sultan) dang dUdc sfl bao trd eua eua ngudi Malay thi gid day Malaya khong<br /> ehinh quye'n Anh, quan trpng hdn la lyc the khfing tfnh den Iflc lUpng ngudi nhfip<br /> lupng dfing dao dfing sau cac Sultan - cU, nhfi't lfi khi lye lUpng nfiy d nhflng thdi<br /> nhflng ngudi Malay mp dao - di theo Sultan dilm da chilm non nfla tfi'ng dfln so cua ca<br /> nhu di theo "cai bflng eua ThUdng d l tren nUde (24), dfic bipt lfi cupe dilu tra dfin so<br /> trai dfit". Cufic dp sfle nhU vfiy vl cd ban lfi nfim 1931 cho thfi'y: 'lfin dfiu tifin d Malaya<br /> khfing can sfle song nfi da bieu thi eho no thufic Anh cd so ngUdi Hoa (1.709.392<br /> lyc hidn dpi hfia trong xa hfii Hfii gifio ngudi) nhifi'u hdn ngUdi Malay (1.644.173<br /> Malay. Sy thflc dfiy doi mdi nhfln thflc vl ngUdi)" (25). Nguy hilm hdn khi chinh<br /> dpo Hdi cflng gfip phfin Ifim cho ngudi nhflng edng ddng nhfip eU (chu ylu lfi ngUdi<br /> Malay quan tam hdn din cae vfin dl chinh Hoa) lpi dang chilm cho ciia cU dan ban dja<br /> 46 Hghian eiiru l|ch s{ir. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> vdi mdt ty Id ldn trong cfic hopt dfing kinh t l Mohamad Yunos Bin Abdullah dfi trd<br /> ed ban eiia dfi't nUde nhU khai thfic, thUdng thfinh ngudi Malay dfiu tifin dU^c bfiu vfio<br /> mpi budn bfin, thfiu khofin, thfim chf lfi Hfii ding Lfip phfip Khu djnh eU Eo biln<br /> nhflng cfing vi|c gian ddn trong khi nhflng (Straits Settiements) (27). Sau 2 nfim,<br /> ngudi dupe coi lfi dfln b&n dja lpi chl lfi chfnh dng dfi dflng ra thfinh Ifip t l ehfle<br /> nhflng ngudi Ifim nghi nfing thufin tfly vfi ehfnh trj dfiu tifin cua ngUdi Malay: Hi^p<br /> gfin bd chfit chfi vdi khu vflc ndng thdn (26). hdi ngudi Malay d Singapore. Cfic myc tifiu<br /> ciia KMS Ifl khuyin khfch sfl tiln bfi ciia<br /> Nhu vfiy, khfic vdi dd' npO tri thflc tdn<br /> ngudi Malay trong cfic linh vyc chfnh trj,<br /> gifio, tinh cam dfln tfic duyc kfeh thfch bdi<br /> kinh tl, xfi hdi; chii dfing bfiy td quan dilm<br /> cfic nhfin t l tfl bfin ngofii vfi nhfin mpnh<br /> eiia ngUdi Malay dfii vdi chfnh quyln vfi<br /> khfa cpnh tfin gifio trong efieh gi&i quylt<br /> thflc dfiy thanh nifin Malay quan tfim hdn<br /> vfin dl thi vdi dfii ngfl tri thflc dupc dfio tpo<br /> din gifio dye dpi hpe. Hp cflng ddi hdi thfim<br /> bdi nin gifio dye Anh, chfnh tinh hinh ngfiy<br /> rfing trong nin hfinh chfnh eua dfit nUfic,<br /> cfing khd khfin ciia cdng ddng Malay vfi eiia<br /> khfing mfit ngudi Hoa nfio dupc dfit vfio vj<br /> dfi't nUde da thflc dfiy ^ thflc ehfnh trj 6<br /> tri cai trj ngudi Malay.<br /> trong hp. Vfi, mfic dfl vfin xem dao Hdi lfi<br /> dpng lye quan trpng dfii vdi ngudi Malay Dfip lpi nhflng phan flng mpnh mfi tfl<br /> Hdi gifio nhUng hp khdng xem cai cfich tfin phfa ngudi Malay, cfing dfing ngudi Hoa tpi<br /> gifio lfi lfii thofit duy nhfit cho xa hpi Khu djnh eU Eo biln cflng lfin tiing bao vf<br /> Malaya. Dfii di^n vdi mfii hilm hpa tfl vide quyln lpi eiia minh. Hp dl nghj xfly dflng<br /> gia tfing nhanh chfing ca vl sllupng cU dfin "mdt nUdc Malaya mdT, trong dfi nhflng<br /> lfin sfle mpnh kinh t l eiia cfing dfing ngUdi cfing dfin khfing phai ngUdi Malay efin phai<br /> Hoa nhfip cU, nhfim tri thflc nfiy budc phai dupe dfil xfl cfing bfing nhU ngudi Malay, ft<br /> trd nen t h i tue hdn trong cfic nd lyc di tim nhfi't lfi vi phfin ddng gflp ciia hp doi vdi nen<br /> ngfuyen nhfln vfi giai phfip. Hp ngfiy efing kinh tl^ dfit nudc. Hp cung v$n ddng mdt<br /> nhfin ra rfing, ngudi Anh khdng h i bao v$ chiln djch ddi chfnh quyln Anh phai xda bo<br /> ngudi Malay vdi tU cfich lfi ngUdi ban dia "hfing rfio chung chiing tfic" trong bfi mfiy<br /> nhu Hi^p Udc Pangkor vfi cac hidp fldc bao vifin chflc, ddi chia se mdt cfich rdng rai hon<br /> hfi khfic mfi ngudi Anh da kf vdi tilfng bang CO cfiu vi$c Ifim trong chinh phii eung nhU<br /> trUdc dd. Do vfiy, chi cd nS luc cua bdn thdn trong bd mfiy hfinh ehfnh cfic cfip. TrUdc<br /> mdi gidp hg tu bdo v^ minh. Trong bfii canh nhflng ii xufi't dfi, ngUdi Malay nh$n thfiy<br /> dd, gidi tri thflc qu^ tdc vfi tu san mdi cho hp khfing nhflng dang bj dfiy ra khdi ngfii<br /> rfing, hg cdn phdi ndm ldy nggn cd chink nhfl ciia chfnh minh trfin ca phUdng di$n<br /> tri d Malaya, niu khdng, si chdng cd gi bdo kinh t^ lfin chfnh tri f"^ cdn cd nguy cO sfi<br /> ddm dupc vj, tri vd quyin lpi ctia hg d ddt bj ngudi Hoa thfi'ng trj ngay trfin ehfnh<br /> nUdc dang trdn ngdp ngUdi Hoa ndy. Trdn manh dfit qui hUdng minh. Vi vfiy, trong<br /> thyc tl, ngay sau khi chfnh quyln Anh nhflng nfim 1930, mfit lfin sdng chfing ngUdi<br /> tuyen bd thye thi chfnh sfich phfin quyln Hoa tilp tyc dfing len mpnh mfl trfin tofin<br /> (Decentralization), da cfi mfit thda thufin bfln dao. Nfim 1937, cfic chi nhanh cda<br /> gifla cfic nhfi lanh dpo efing ddng Malay vfi KMS dupc thfinh lAp d Malacca vfi Penang.<br /> ehfnh quyln Anh vi vi^c s6 bao dam toi da Hai nflm sau, cfic hi|p hdi ngUdi Malay<br /> quyln lpi chfnh tri dfinh cho ngudi Malay duyc thfinh Ifip b tfCt ca cac bang cfi ngfldi<br /> ban dja. Tfl sU thda thufin dfi, nfim 1924, Malay sinh sd'ng nhu Pahang, Selangor,<br /> Phong Irfto dfln K^ & Indonesia...<br /> <br /> Negri Sembilan, tinh Wellesley... Thfing 8- mfi thfing qua Idi kfiu gpi dofin kit, hpp tfic<br /> 1939, efie hifip hfii da t l ehfle Dpi hfii d cua tfit ca mpi ngUdi dfln dfi'u tranh xda bd<br /> Kuala Lumpur cflng nhau tuyfin b l hfinh hofin tofin nhflng anh hudng tfl bfin ngofii,<br /> dfing chong lpi mpi sy de dpa eua ngUdi giai phdng dfit nfldc vfi ngUdi dfin thofit<br /> Hoa dfil vdi quyln vfi dpe quyln ciia ngUdi khdi gfing xiing ciia thflc dfin. Bfin cpnh dd,<br /> Malay. Khfiu hidu mang tfnh chfit tfip hpp cfic sinh vifin Malay cdn bj Idi cufi'n bdi Idi<br /> ngudi Malay duyc dUa ra sau dd: "Nudc hidu tridu "pan Malay" cua Seruan Azhar:<br /> Malaya thudc vi ngUdi Malay". Khfiu hidu "Thanh nifin- Malay xfly dyng mfit lifin<br /> nfiy khing dinh ngUdi Malay lfi mdt efing minh dofin kit vdi Indonesia" nOi khdng chi<br /> dong, mfit dfin tde, hon nfla lpi lfi dfin tfie ed phong trfio dfin tfic dang diln ra hit sfle<br /> ban dja trfin dfit nUdc Malaya. Vdi tu cfich sfii nii mfi quan trpng hdn Malaya,<br /> dd, ngudi Malay ndi chung coi ngUdi Hoa vfi Indonesia lfi mfit "Thigidi thdng nhdt" (29)<br /> ngudi An lfi ngogi kiiu, efin ngUdi Malay vi "... cU dfin d Indonesia vfi cU dfin trfin<br /> Hdi gifio thi coi ngUdi Hoa ehu ylu theo bfin dao lfi mfit efing ddng, mpt dfln tfic, vdi<br /> Phat gifio, Khong gifio vfi ngUdi An chu ylu cflng mfit phong tue tfip quan, mpt loi sfing<br /> theo Hindu giao lfi nhflng ke ngogi dgo. vfi hdn nfla lfi cflng theo mpt tfin giao..."<br /> (30). Khi trd vl Malaya, hfiu hit cac sinh<br /> Nhu vfiy, dfl ehua thUc sy mau thufin sflu<br /> vien diu tham gia vfio phong trfio dfln tpc<br /> sfle nhUng tinh cdm ddn tgc chu nghia cua<br /> dang dupe khdi dfing bdi dpi ngfl sinh vifin<br /> ngUdi Malay thdi ky ndy chdc chdn dd<br /> ciia TrUifng Cao ddng SU phgm Sultan<br /> mang tinh sde tgc. Nhflng tri thfle qu^ tfic<br /> Idris (The Sultan Idris Training College -<br /> Malay dupe dfio tpo hdi nin giao due Anh,<br /> SITC) d Tanjong Malim. Cung tai ngfii<br /> nhflng vien ehfle Malay trong chinh quyln trUdng nfiy, nhflng anh hudng trUc tilp vfl<br /> thupc dia vdn thufic gidi quyln uy trong xa gifin tilp eiia phong trfio dfln tpc ehu nghia<br /> hfii Malaya truyen thong thay vi hUdng eua ngUdi Indonesia da dUa lai ngudn cam<br /> phong trfio dan tpe di theo con dudng chong hflng ehinh tri manh lift cho cac sinh vien<br /> thyc dfin, gifinh dpc Ifip cho dfi't nUdc nhU Malay. Trong thflp nien 1920, y thflc dfin<br /> mfit sfi' qudc gia trong khu vyc da vfi dang tfic eiia ngfldi Malay dUOc dfiy lfin mpt bUfic<br /> tiln hfinh thi hp Iai hUdng phong trdo vdo bdi tac dpng ciia cudc nii dfiy chfi'ng thfle<br /> muc tiiu chd'ng ngi/bi Hoa mdt cdch quyit dfln Hfl Lan dudi sy lanh dpo ciia Ddng<br /> liit. Dfly ehfnh lfi dfle dilm tieu bilu nhfit Cdng sdn Indonesia cho dfl eupc khdi nghia<br /> cua phong trfio dfln tfic dUdi sy dfin dudng do dang nfiy lfinh dpo bj thfit bai va sy ra<br /> ciia nhflm thfl hai cho din trflde khi T h i ddi ngay sau do ciia Ddng Ddn tdc<br /> chiln II bflng no. Indonesia (PNI) vflo nfim 1927 lpi mang<br /> Phong trfio dan toe dfldi sfl lanh dpo eua din mpt kfinh anh hudng khfic dfil vdi cac<br /> nhom thfl ba cflng dupe truyin cam hflng tri thflc tre Malay. Dilu mfi hp quan tflm<br /> chinh tri tfl phong trfio ainh vifin ciia khdng phai con dUdng vfi san hay dan chii<br /> trudng Dai hpe Azhar (28). Bfio chf dflpc tu san mfi ehfnh lfi ly tudng gidnh ddc lgp<br /> truyin vl Malaya tfl Cairo, dfic bipt lfi Tap cho dfit nUdc. Bj hfip dfin bdi efie ndi dung<br /> chf Seruan Azhar da dfing vai trd chinh tri chfing thyc dan, chfi'ng phong kiln trong<br /> hda quan trpng dot vdi mdt bp phfln ldn chflong trinh hfinh dpng eiia PNI, mpt<br /> sinh vien vfi thanh vifin Malay trong nhiing nhflm sinh vifin SITC tieu hilu nhU<br /> nfim 1920, truyin den cho ngUdi Malay Ibrahim Yaacob, Hassan Manan, Abdul<br /> tinh thfin chfi'ng chii nghia thyc dan mpnh<br /> 48 Rghlfln cflu Uch si. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> Karim Rashid vfi laa Mohd bin Mahmud dfi Malaya lfi mfit bfi phfin cfi'u thfinh eua qufin<br /> nga theo 1^ tudng ciia cfic nhfl dfln tdc chii dfio Indonesia xdt vl mfit dja 1^, ngudi<br /> nghia Indonesia, tinh nguy|n gia nhfip PNI Malay cflng vdi ngUdi Indonesia diu cd<br /> (31). HI qua LrUc tilp eua nhiJng finh ehung ngudn gfic Malay x6t vl mfit nhfln<br /> hudng chfnh trj dd dfi dfin din sy xufit hifin chung hpe, nhdm sinh vifin SITC dudi sy<br /> vfio nflm 1929, 1930 d SITC ba t l chflc Iflnh dao ciia Ibrahim Yaacob rfit tfin thfinh<br /> chfnh trj eiia sinh vifin lfi Liin minh Sinh St tudng thfi'ng nhfit ngUdi Malay trfin tofin<br /> viin (Ikatan Pemuda Pelajar - Alliance of qufin dao (Pan-Malay) vfl sy thfi'ng nhfi't nfiy<br /> the Young Student), Liin minh sinh viin sfi lfi cd sd eho mfit qufic gia dfic Ifip "Malaya<br /> vitng bdn ddo vd viing Borneo (Ikatan Raya" hay "Indonesia Raya" dfi dupe khdi<br /> Semenanjung-Borneo Alliance of the phfit tfl eflc sinh vien Malaya vfi Indonesia d<br /> Peninsula-Borneo) vfi t l ehfle Thanh niin Dpi hpe Azhar, Ai Cfip (34). Qua hopt ddng<br /> Malay (the Delia Malaya Youth of bfio chf, hp da hudng ngudi dfin Malay di<br /> Malaya) (32). Ca ba t l chflc duu do mfit thii theo ly tudng nfiy bdi ho tin rfing, trong mfit<br /> linh sinh vifin Ifi Ibrahim Yaacob (33) t l thyc thi vfln hda - chfnh trj rfing Idn hdn,<br /> chflc vfi lanh dpo. nhflng ngudi khfing phai Malay sfi khfing<br /> Thfing qua phUdng tign bfio chf ban dja cdn lfin fit duyc ngUdi Malay. Ibrahim<br /> vfi diSn dfin vfln hoc, Ibrahim Yaacob vfi Yaacob dg vilt nhU sau: "Ro rfing 14, nhflng<br /> nhflng cfing sfl cua ong dfi thfip lfin trong J ngUdi Malay sinh sd'ng trfin bfin dao nfiy<br /> thflc chfnh trj eua ngudi Malay ngpn Ifla chua hilu hit ^ nifm vi dfln t ^ vfi ehii<br /> bfi't man dfii vdi chfnh sfich cai tri ciia Anh nghia dfin tdc. Tofin bfi bfln dao nfiy eung<br /> 6 Malaya. Hp cflng tfin cdng vfio tfit ca nhu qufin dao Indonesia diu thufic ve to tifin<br /> nhflng phfin tii than Anh bfing each phe ciia ehung ta - ngUdi Malay... Ban sfic dfln<br /> phfin gidi quJ tpc truyin thong, bao gom ca tdc thyc sy ciia chflng ta lfi Malay. Tofin bp<br /> cfic Sultan vfi nhflng vifin chflc Malay da qufin dao Indonesia cung cfl chung nhihig<br /> hpp tfic vdi chfnh quyln Anh, quay Iflng lpi phong tyc tflp qufin gifi'ng vdi bfln dao<br /> vdi cdng ddng thay vi lfinh dpo cpng ddng Malay. Vfiy cfii gi dfi khiln chung ta bi tach<br /> tien lfin. Hp dfic bifit nhfin mpnh tinh trpng bidt? Dieu dd thflt ddn gian, dfl lfi do sfi'phfin<br /> lac hflu ciia ngudi Malay chfnh lfi hd qua tfl dfi dfit sy thing nhfit cua chung ta dUdi flch<br /> chfnh sflch cai trj thflc dfln cua Anh vfi vi sU thing trj ciia hai t h i lyc thyc dfin: Hfi Lan b<br /> hidn didn ciia ngUdi Hoa. Sy "sdi mdn" cfic qufin dao Indonesia vfi Anh d Malaya.<br /> quyln cua ngUdi Malay vfi dja vj bj de dpa Nhung chflng ta khfing nfin nhflpng bp dfiu<br /> nghiem trpng cua ngUdi ban dja bdi cfic edng cd phai ehju nhiing edn bao tfip, chflng ta<br /> dong khdng phai Malay, nhfit lfi edng ddng cung khdng t h i bj vd vyn dfiu cfl phai chju<br /> ngUdi Hoa lfi nhflng vfin dl dupc thao lufin sy thifiu ddt ciia m§t trdi" (35).<br /> hit sfle nghiem tflc. Do vfiy, moi mfit ngUdi Khuynh hudng chfnh trj cua nhflm tri<br /> Malay dUdc khuyin khfch tu lye phfit triln, thflc cfip tiln trd nfin tri^t dl hdn sau khi<br /> ty nang cao kiln thflc di eai thi§n tinh hinh Ibrahim Yaacob vfi nhflng thfinh vifin trong<br /> ciia ban thfin. Mpt khfic, tfli thilt xa hfii nhdm quylt djnh thfinh l$p mpt to chflc Ifiy<br /> Malaya tiln thudc dja (tflc thi gidi Malay tfin lfi Hi^p hdi Thanh niin Malay<br /> bao gom ca Indonesia) dUpc xem lfi mpt giai (Kesatuan Melayu Muda - KMM hay The<br /> phap cho nhflng khd khfin hifin tpi ciia dfit Union of Malay Youths) b Kuala Lumpur<br /> nUde. Vdi nie'm tin manh mfi rfing ban dao vio thfing 3-1937. Muc tifiu chinh tii cfing<br /> Phong h-Ao d^n tfie 6 Indonesia...<br /> <br /> khai ciia KMM lfi ddu tranh chd'ng chu cho Ifi phy thupe rfi't ldn vfio gidi lfinh dpo<br /> nghia thUc ddn, ddi ddc ldp cho Malaya phong trfio. Trong khi lanh dao phong trfio<br /> trong s(/ thd'ng nhdt vdi Indonesia. Bfin dfln tfie cua ngudi Malay cho din trUdc nfim<br /> canh dd, mdt myc tifiu khfing kfim phfin 1937 chu yfi'u lfi nhUng tri thic thudc tdng<br /> quan trpng mfi KMM dfit ra lfi phai "chdm ldp trin thi cflc nhfi lanh dpo ciia Indonesia<br /> dit tinh trgng ngUbi Malay hi cdc chung phfin ldn lfi tfl tdng ldp trung lUu mdi hodc<br /> tgc khde lpi dung vd bdc Idt" (36). Sfl xufi't thdm chi ti ndng ddn (37), Vi khdng cfi sU<br /> hien ciia trfio lUu cfi'p tifi'n nfiy da gflp phfin thay doi tri^t dl trong trfit tu xa hdi d<br /> Ifim phong phu them phong trfio dfin tfic Malaya nfin qufin chung Malay, nhU trong<br /> chu nghia eua ngUdi Malay von hinh thfinh thdi dpi cfl, nhin ehung vfin "vflng vflng"<br /> mufin vfi khfing thyc sy manh mS so vdi theo sau eflc nhfi lanh dpo cpng ddng. Mot<br /> mflt sfi" qufi'c gia trong khu vye. Trong s l b a khi cfic nhfi lanh dpo cpng ddng khfing lya<br /> trfio lUu dupc dfin dfit bdi ba nhfim Uu tfl chpn efieh thflc phan dfii chfnh quyen, thi<br /> trong xa hpi Malaya thi dudng lfii dfiu ngudi dfin Malay cung rfi't tin dfl lfi sU lua<br /> tranh cua nhfim trf thflc cfi'p tiln Malay chpn sfing sudt. NhQng vfin de nfiy hofin<br /> mang nhieu quan dilm cfich mang hdn ca. tofin doi Iflp vfii Indonesia: trong khi cac<br /> Tfl thdi diem nfiy, cac quan diem ehfnh trj nhfl dfln tpc chii nghia cua Malaya ra sfle<br /> khfic nhau ve tUdng lai eiia Malaya trong bao vfi cfiu true xa hfii phong kiln thi cac<br /> dfii ngfl tri thflc tre Malay bj chia ra thfinh nhfi dfln tpe chu nghia cua Indonesia Ipi<br /> hai phai: KMM vfi cfic nhflm ehinh tri cfip tim mpi each lanh dpo qufin chung thoat ra<br /> tiln cua nhflng ngUdi thupe tfing Idp dUdi khdi trfit tu xa hfii cu. Muc tifiu gidnh dgc<br /> phfin cfit vdi KMS va cac nhom chinh tri lap eho dfit nudc dUpc to chflc SI dflt ra tfl<br /> ciia gidi quy tpc than Anh. KMM cfi ^ nghia rat sdm, vfi lufin lfi muc tifiu toi cao ciia tfl't<br /> quan trpng edn bdi mfit khfa canh khac, nfl ca cac phong trao dien ra sau do du dUdi<br /> dupc thdnh lap vi ly tudng chi khdng phdi anh hudng cua trao lUu vfi san hay dfin chu<br /> ui sU cdn thiit phdi cd nhU to chic KMS. tu san. Trong khi dd, ddc Iflp dan tpe ehUa<br /> Chinh vi le dd nen khi The chien II bung bao gid la moi quan tam sau sfic ciia ngUdi<br /> no, hfiu h i t eae to chflc eiia ngUdi Malay 5 Malay, trfl phong trfio dfi'u tranh eua nhom<br /> eae bang dfi'u lfin lUpt tan ra thi KMM lai tri thflc cfl'p tiln Malay bfit dfiu tfl nfim<br /> nhanh ehdng cfi sU dilu chinh de roi lUa 1937. Tuy nhifin, chu trUdng chfnh tri ciia<br /> chpn eon dudng hpp tae vdi Nhflt, tilp tyc nhdm nfiy da khfing hfip dfln dUpc dfing dao<br /> theo dufi'i myc tieu gifinh dfic lap ciia minh. ngUdi dfin Malay vdi tinh thfin truye'n<br /> 3. N h ^ xet thdng chl cha'p nhfln cai mfi efie nha lanh<br /> dao cpng ddng chfip nhfin.<br /> - Cfl mfit sy chia se chung la cac phong<br /> trfio dan tfie eua ngUdi Indonesia vfi ngUdi - Vai trd cua ton giao-dao Hdi trong nfi'n<br /> Malay dfi'u bfit dfiu gfin nhu ddng thdi vdi chinh trj Malaya cflng rfi't khae so vdi d<br /> qua trinh can thifip eiia thyc dfin phUdng Indonesia. O Indonesia, ndi dpo Hdi trd<br /> Tfiy vao cac gia tri vfin hda-xa hpi ban dja. thflnh ed sd tflp hpp qufin chflng dfiu tranh<br /> Tuy nhifin, ngUdi Indonesia dd cd td'c do chfi'ng chu nghia thflc dan, dUa dfi'n eho<br /> trUdng thdnh vi y thic chinh tri vd cd hogt ngUdi Indonesia sfle mpnh gfin ke't xa hfii.<br /> dgng mang tinh chinh tri sdm hdn, triet de d Malaya, phai thfla nhfln rfing Hdi giao<br /> hdn so vdi ngUdi Malaya. Dilu nfiy dUdc da lfi nhfln tfi md dudng cho chu nghia dfin<br />  R g h i e n curu Lich ailr. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> <br /> '*" cua ngudi M a l a y n h U n g cfing v l s a u vai m p n h ciia m i n h , t h i p h a i d i n gfin 20 nflm<br /> !o cua nd cflng cfing md n h p t . hf do trUdc s a u , khfii nifim " I n d o n e s i a R a y a " mdi t h y c<br /> 'nH bdi cfic S u l t a n M a l a y khfing cd ^ t u 6 n g s y p h i b i l n d D j a k a r t a . Cfich h i n h d u n g v l<br /> i h d n g t h y e dfin k h i mfi q u y l n lpi ciia hp ndi hfim c u a khfii nidm nfiy rfit khfic n h a u<br /> i 1 hf^i vdi q u y l n lpi ciaa t h u c dfln. Thfl d mSi nfldc. N l u q u a n d i l m e u a cfic sinh<br /> '>ni, dpo Hdi t r o n g xa hfii M a l a y a t r u y i n vidn S I T C v l " I n d o n e s i a Raya"/"Malaya<br /> • jidng vfi'n d a thfla nhfin q u y l n Iflc ehfnh trj R a y a " cd bfin d i n g nhfit vdi q u a n d i l m vdi<br /> ''oc Ifip c u a mdi b a n g , do dfi rfit khfi d l tpo ciia cfic s i n h vifin b Ai Cfip trfin khfa c p n h<br /> d sd c h u n g cho t u t u d n g dofin k i t eiia ddn tdc, vdn hda t h i cfic nhfi dfln tfic ehii<br /> N D T Hfii gifio. Cufii cflng vfi c u n g lfi n g h i a d I n d o n e s i a , nhflng ngfldi d a n g<br /> i[;uyfin nhfln q u a n t r p n g nhfit lfi do flp Iflc ehufin bj t i l n tdi n i n dfic Ifip, lpi nhfin<br /> oufl ldn vfi ngfly cfing ldn v l k i n h t l , ehfnh m p n h khfa c p n h ldnh thd trong k h a i ni§m<br /> "i tfl phfa cfing d d n g ngUdi Hoa nhfip eU, (38). S u k a r n o tfin thflnh dUa M a l a y a vfio<br /> 'rong hofin c o n h dd, t h a i dd ehfnh trj c u a Ifinh t h i I n d o n e s i a trfin 3 cd sd: Thfl nhfit,<br /> ' (judi M a l a y da budc p h a i trd nfin t h i tyc bfin d a o M a l a y a c^u thflnh nfin t i n g t h i<br /> ' d n t r o n g vifie t i m lfii thofit. eua qufin d a o I n d o n e s i a ; Thfl h a i , nhfln dfin<br /> T u tudng 'Indonesia Raya"/"Malaya M a l a y a sfi t y c a m thfiy m i n h thufic v l dfln<br /> i U y a " duyc d l xufit trUdc h i t bdi nhflng tdc I n d o n e s i a ; Thfl ba, a n n i n h ciia<br /> s m h vifin I n d o n e s i a vfi M a l a y 6 trUdng Dpi I n d o n e s i a sfi bj de dpa n l u k h d n g k i l m soat<br /> bpc A z h a r cfin cfl t r e n Iflp lufin: eU dfin ciia dupc ca h a i p h f a c u a eo b i l n Malacca. N h u<br /> vflng Dfing A n t h u p e Hfi L a n vfl M a l a y a vfiy, t h e o eflch h i n h d u n g thfl nhfit, khfii<br /> thupe A n h lfi m o t dfin tfic trfin n i n t a n g n i | m " I n d o n e s i a R a y a " nhSn m a n h tfl<br /> cung n h a u chia s e mfit ngfin ngfl vfl m p t tfin t u d n g dofin k i t tofin t h i ngUdi M a l a y trfin<br /> t^iao c h u n g (dpo Hdi), do dfi nfin c h u n g song qufin d a o d l tpo t h f i n h sfle m a n h t r o n g eupc<br /> c i n g n h a u t r o n g m p t qudc gia d u y nhfit. dfiu t r a n h c h d n g chii n g h i a t h y c dfln. Cdn<br /> Trong k h i t u t u d n g Indonesia Raya duye t h e o efieh h i n h d u n g thfl h a i , khfii nifim<br /> cae s i n h vifin S I T C ehflo dfln n d n g n h i ^ t " I n d o n e s i a R a y a " lpi nhfin m p n h sfle m p n h<br /> n g a y tfl nhflng nflm 1920 d a d $ t r a n h u cfiu ciia qufi'c gia I n d o n e s i a dfic Ifip thfing qua<br /> h e n k i t vdi p h o n g trfio dfin tfic d a n g h i t sU rfing ldn v l mfit lfinh t h o vdi I n d o n e s i a<br /> sfle sfii dfing d I n d o n e s i a d l nhfin lfin sfle Ifl t r u n g tflm eiia sfle m a n h I'y.<br /> <br /> <br /> C>lLiTHiCH<br /> (1). Trutlng Dgi hgc KHXH&NV, IChoa Ljch s i . (4). TU tudng mdi ciia Kartini (1879-1004) A\i(fc<br /> Mi^l ch^ng dUirng nghiin ciiu lich ad (2001 - 2006), ph&n finh qua nhiing bflc thu in trong Letters cf<br /> Nxb, Thlgi6i, Hfi N^i. 2006, tr. 832-851. the Javanese Princess by Raden Adjeng Kartini,<br /> (2), Clive J. Christie, L}ch ai DUng Nam A New York, 1920.<br /> hi^n rfpi, Nxb. Chfnh trj Quffc gia, H i N$i, 2000, (5). Akira Nagszumi, The Dawn of Indonesian<br /> tr. 23. Nationalism, Tokyo: Institute of Developing<br /> (3). Xem them Nicholaa Tarling, Anglo - Dutch Economies, p. 38; vfi Nicholaa Tarling (2004),<br /> lUvalry in the Malay World, 1780-1824. National'um in Southeast Asia. Routledge Curzon,<br /> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. Taylor & Francis, 1972, p. 108.<br /> Phong trho dto t ^ A Indonesia..<br /> <br /> (61. Thfii ki trU6c Th^ chifi^n II, thu^t ngfl dja h i u nhu chi siJI dyng ngfln ngfl Malay (khoang<br /> "Qu£n dao An DO" dUflc sir dyng ii chi c&c khu vyc 200 td bio cho din nflm 1925).<br /> hai dao ciia Ddng Nam A. Do d6, Indonesia t h u ^ (17). Clive J. Christie, Tldd, tr. 36.<br /> Hfi Lan con d u ^ ggi lfi vilng Ddng An thu^c Hfi<br /> (18). Xem Khoo Kay Kim, "Before Pasir Salak",<br /> Lan (Netherlands East India). Thuflt ngO<br /> Journal of the Historical Society, VII, University of<br /> Indonesia" chi thyc sy dugc diUng m^t cich ph6<br /> Malaya, 1968/69, pp. 40-52.<br /> bie'n tfl khoang giQa thflp ni€n 1920 trd di.<br /> (19). David Joel Steinberg, David P. Chandler,<br /> (7). D5n theo Akira Nagazumi, sdd, p. 89,<br /> Alexander Woodside, In Search of Southeast Asia.<br /> (8). Nicholas Tarling, sdd, p,109-110. 1971, p, 336.<br /> (9). Vl hogt d^ng cua tfl' chflc Muhammadiyah (20). Nhitng nghiin cflu vl chu nghia din tgc<br /> xem them Harry Benda. The Crescent and the Malaya nhin chung c6 hai cich tilp cin v i 1;^ giai:<br /> Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Mflt li cfich phfin chia thinh 3 giai do^n phat<br /> Occupation, The Hague and Bandung: W. van tri^n: (i) giai do^n di'u tranh tdn giao (1906 -<br /> Hoeve, 1958, pp. 64-55. 1926); (ii) giai do^n di'u tranh vl cic m\ic tiiu kinh<br /> (10). D.G.E. Hall. Lich sH Ddng Nam A. Nxb. t l x i hfli (1926 - 1937); (iii) giai doan di'u tranh<br /> Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hfi N^i, 1997, tr. 1076. chfnh tri (1937 - 1948). Hai li each phfin chia theo<br /> nh6m cic nhi linh dao phong trio l i san ph^m<br /> (11). D6n theo D5 Thanh Binh, "Cfic con duSng<br /> cua ba dong giao dye khac nhau, d^t di^n cho ba<br /> cflu nfldc trong dfl'u tranh giai ph6ng dan t ^ d m^t<br /> dfldng loi dfi'u tranh. Dfiy cung 15 quan diem m i<br /> so nudc chau A" in trong Vu DflOng Ninh (cb). M^t<br /> tfic gia bfii vilt lya ehgn.<br /> so chuyin di Lich sd Thi gidi, Nxb. D91 hgc Quoc<br /> gia, HSN^i, 2001, tr. 504. (21). Xem them W. R. RoEf, ^ndonesian and<br /> (12), L. Suryadinata, Interpreting Indonesian Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920'B." Indoneaia,<br /> Politics. Singapore: Times-Academic, 1998, p.52. No 9,1970, pp. 73-88.<br /> <br /> (13). Nilm 1930, tfi't c i cac t^ chflc Jong Java, (22). David Joel Steinberg, Tldd, p. 325.<br /> Jong Sumatra, Jong Celebes... ciing t$p hgp trong (23), Abdullah T. "What is The Meaning of<br /> To chiic Thank niin Indonesia (Jong Indonesia Freedom?", Seruan Azhar, December, 1926.<br /> hay Young Indonesia). Theo Harry Benda (1958), (24). Cuflc dilu tra dfin stf nfim 1921 cho thfi'y<br /> Tldd. pp. 54-55. thinh phin d i n so d Malaya (bao gom ca<br /> (14). C.L.M. Fenders (1974), The Life and Times Singapore) theo chung t$c nhfl sau (ddn vj: nghin<br /> of Sukarno. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, p. 35. ngfldi): Ngfldi Malay: 1.696 (54%), ngudi Hoa: 856<br /> (29,4%), ngfldi An 439 (15,1%). Theo Gordon P.<br /> (15). Sau nfiy Sukarno dfl mo hinh h6a tfl<br /> Means (1970), Malaysian Politics, University of<br /> tfldng Marhaenism dfldi dgng 5 nguySn tfic<br /> London Press, p. 12.<br /> Pancasila: thShg nhfi't dfin t§c, c6ng bSng xa h^i,<br /> din chii, n h i n d i n vfi tin d Thugng d^. (25). Theo Andaya B. W, Andaya L. i', n<br /> (16). D61 vdi ngfl&i H i Lan, c6 IS do nhfin thi'y History of Malaysia, Macmilan Press Ltd, London,<br /> nhilu flu dilm ciia tiing Malay cung nhfl tfnh ti§n 1982, p. 252.<br /> di^g cua n6 n i n hg d i sfl d\ing tiing Malay nhfl l i (26). Vfio thdi dilm nfim 1921, chi c6 10% cfl<br /> ngSn ngfl h i n h chfnh thfl hai; Ngfldi Hoa vfi phin d i n thinh thj trin tofin ban dao li ngfldi Malay,<br /> ldn ngudi lai Au-A, khoang tfl d4u t h i ki XX, cung tflOng dfldng vdi khoang 4 bo^c 5% tdng aS ngfldi<br /> dfing n6 trong hoat d$ng thfldng mai; Bfio chi ban Malay, ngfldi Hoa chilm da eS fip dao d tlTt ca cfic<br /> 52 R g h t a n cllru Ljch siSr. stf 9.2012<br /> <br /> <br /> khu da th) ldn v i b6 (Theo David Joel Steinberg,.,. nghi dpy hgc v i trd t h i n h n h i bio chuyfin nghidp.<br /> (1971)Tldd, p. 336), Ong vilt rtft nhilu bii bfio cho cfic bfio ciia ngfldi<br /> (27), Trfldc khi dflgc b i u vio Hfli dflng Lflp Malay nhfl Majelis v i Warta Malaya... Liin quan<br /> phfip Khu djnh cfl Eo bi^n, Mohamad Yunos Bin dtfn viflc thfinh l^p ba ttf chflc sinh vifin d SITC,<br /> Abdullah d i dflgc bd* nhi|m vio Hfli d6ng thfinh Ibrahim khing djnh, flng vfi nhflng sinh viin khic<br /> phfi* tfl nim 1922, d SITC chju anh hfldng mpnh mfi bdi Ldi thi cua<br /> Thanh niin Indoneaia trong U ra mAt Ti chtJtc<br /> (28). Sinh viln Malay 6 Cairo khflng thyc sy<br /> Thanh niin Indonesia (Jong Indonesia hay Young<br /> dflng dao, chi cd 27 ngfldi vio nim 1925 trin t^ng<br /> Indonesia) dflgc dfing trin mflt td bfio bing uIng<br /> stf khoing 80 sinh viin Malay dtfn tfl trUdc dfl v i<br /> Indonesia {Peraatuan Indonesia) vio n i m 1928,<br /> khoang 200 einh viin Indonesia, Hdu htft cfic sinh<br /> Theo Cheah (1974), Tldd. p.90 v i chu thfch atf 17.<br /> viln diu rfi't hing h i i tham gta sinh ho^t trong cfic<br /> nhdm cai cfich Hdi gifio hofic cfic ttf chflc chfnh trj- (34). Khfil ni^m "Indonesia Raya" dflgc ngudi<br /> xfi hfli ciia ngfldi Ai Cfip. Din theo William R, RofT, Indonesia sii dgng phtf biln trong khi ngfldi Malay<br /> The Origins of Malay Nationalism, Second lfi thfch ail di/ng khfii nifm "Malaya Raya' diu<br /> Edition, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University ProBs, vdi cOng mflt y nghia li mflt qu6c gia md rpng gtfm<br /> 1994, p,88] bin dao Malaya, vflng Borneo, Sumatra, Java vfi<br /> cfic dao ciia Indonesia. Vdi nhiing ngfldi Malay<br /> (29), (30). Trin trang bia stf 1 cua Seruan<br /> chju anh hfldng m^nh mi tfl Indonesia nhfl<br /> Azhar (thfing 10-1925) dflgc trang trf qua dja ciu,<br /> Ibahim Yaacob lpi hay sfl di^ng khfii ni^m<br /> trong dd Ding Nam i d vj trf trung tfim v i cic<br /> "Indonesia Raya' ho$c cflng mflt luc sfl dyng ca hai<br /> lanh thd Indonesia thuflc H i Lan v i Malaya thuflc<br /> khfii ni^m thay thtf cho nhau.<br /> Anh bj t i miu den, dgc theo hinh anh dd lfi ddng<br /> chQ' "Thigitfi thing nhdt ciia nhdn ddn yiu qui (35). Dfin theo Soda Naoki, "Indigenizmg<br /> cua chung ta" T h e united world of our beloved Colonial Knowledge The Formation of Pan-Malay<br /> people". Din theo W. Roff, Tldd, p.77, 73. Identity in British Malaya" A Thesis Submitted<br /> for the Degree of Doctor, Kyoto University, 2008,<br /> (31). Yong Mun Cheong, "Indonesia Influence<br /> pp. 149-160.<br /> on the Development of Malay Nationalism, 1922-<br /> 38" Journal of Historical Society. 1970. pp. 1-11 (36), William Roff, Tldd. p. 232.<br /> <br /> (32). Ba ttf chflc niy dugc cho lfi ban aao cua cfic (37). R.V. Niel. "Development of the Indonesian<br /> ttf chflc thanh niin d Indonesia nhfl Jong Java Elite in the Early Twentieth Century", A Thesis<br /> (Jong tflc Young), Jong Sumatra, Jong Celebes... Submitted for the Degree of Doctor, Cornell<br /> (33). Ibrahim Yaacob sinh n i m 1911 t^i University, 19S4, p. 322.<br /> Pahang Sau khi hgc h i t giio dye tilu hgc b m^t (38), Dilu niy dfldc nhin thi'y ro trong chu<br /> trfldng lfing. flng vio SITC nim 1929, Trong thdi trfldng cua Muhammad Yamin, mflt trong nhflng<br /> gian hgc t$p d trfldng, kl ca sau khi ttft nghidp, ngfldi Indonesia nhiflt huytft nhi't vdi d l xui't<br /> flng lu8n dflng vai trd li ngfldi Thii Hnh ciia cfic Indonesia Raya: Nhfi nUdc mdi n i n dong nhfi't vdi<br /> phong trio sinh viin. Nfim 1931 sau khi ttft Ttf qutfc Indonesia mfi l i n h thtf cua nd da dfldc xfic<br /> nghidp, flng lim gifio viin d Bentong, Pahang djnh tfl n h i nfldc Madjapahit thtf ki XIV bao gtfm<br /> trong m^t thdi gian dtfn n i m 1937, flng chuyin Sumatra, Java, Madura, Lesser Sundas, Borneo,<br /> sang dgiy 3 Trfldng dio t^o canh s i t (Police Depot Celebes, Moluccas, b i n dao Malaya, Timor v i<br /> School) d Kuala Lumpur. Tfl n i m 1939, flng bd Pa