Reduced graphene oxide supported tin oxide-boron oxide flexible paper anodes for Li-ion batteries

Freestanding tin oxide-boron oxide/reduced graphene oxide (SnO2 -B2 O3 /rGO) nanocomposite anode was produced for Li-ion cells. This binder-free flexible paper anode structure was fabricated by combining SnO2 -B2 O3 composite and graphene oxide which were synthesized through the sol–gel method and Hummers’ method, respectively. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were utilized to characterize anode materials. The Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis was applied using XRD data to determine crystal size and strain of the lattice.