Role of organic NPK Nanofertilizers on morphological and phenological parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) under different nutrient managements

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Chilli is a very important vegetable crop and has a great demand in the processing industry and export market. Chilli crop is more responsive to fertilizer application. Application of fertilizers in excess not only causes environmental problems but also reduces nutrient use efficiency, increases the cost of production and reduces the benefit-cost ratio.

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Nội dung Text: Role of organic NPK Nanofertilizers on morphological and phenological parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) under different nutrient managements

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 02 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.133 Role of Organic NPK Nanofertilizers on Morphological and Phenological Parameters of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) under Different Nutrient Managements E. A. Amrutha*, G. V. Sudarsana Rao, N. K. Binitha, T. K. Bridgit, K. V. Sumesh and Fathimath suhaila Department of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kerala Agricultural University, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Chilli is a very important vegetable crop and has a great demand in the processing industry and export market. Chilli crop is more responsive to fertilizer application. Application of fertilizers in excess not only causes environmental problems but also reduces nutrient use efficiency, increases the cost of production and reduces the benefit-cost ratio. Nanotechnology is a newly emerging tool for solving these problems. The investigation is on “Role of organic NPK nanofertilizers on morphological and phenological parameters Keywords of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) under different nutrient managements” was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pillicode, Kerala Chilli crop, Organic nano fertilizer, Agricultural University from September, 2018 to February, 2019. The 19:19:19 NPK, experiment consisted of nine treatments with three replications laid out in Morphological randomized block design. The treatments were T1 : Control (soil test based parameters, Phenological nutrient management) ; T2 : Organic nano NPK granules ; T3 : T1 + Organic parameters nano NPK foliar @ 0.5 % ; T4 : T1 + NPK 19:19:19 foliar @ 0.5 % ; T5 : T2 + Organic nano NPK foliar @ 0.5 % ; T6 : T2 + NPK 19:19:19 foliar @ 0.5 % ; Article Info T7 : Organic management (KAU POP, 2009) ; T8 : Organic Management + Accepted: organic nano NPK foliar @ 0.5 % and T9 : Absolute control. Organic Nano 10 February 2021 NPK granules were applied as a basal dose and also as top dressing at 30 and Available Online: 10 March 2021 60 days after transplanting (DAT) @ 0.33 g / plant. Foliar spray of organic nano NPK and NPK 19:19:19 were given at 35, 65, 80 and 95 days after transplanting. Morphological and phenological observations namely plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2) per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, crop duration, first harvest and 50 % flowering were recorded to be maximum in the treatment, organic nano NPK granules with NPK 19:19:19 foliar spray (T6) followed by organic nano NPK granules with organic nano NPK foliar spray (T5). 1054
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 Introduction crop. It also reduces the wastage of nutrient from the soil through leaching as per findings Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is a spice crop, of Liu and Lal (2014). Nano fertilizer have a which is very important because of its very small size that is less than 100 nm, which pungency, used as green or at ripe stage. Chilli increases it penetration into plant, lead to belongs to the family Solanaceae and genus increase the metabolic activity, yield and Capsicum. Origin of chilli is southern parts of quality of the crop. Foliar fertilizer application Mexico and Bolivia. Among the 400 chilli increases the translocation efficiency which is varieties seen all over the world, five more efficient than the soil application. important chilli species used for cultivation 19:19:19 NPK is water soluble which leads to are C. annum, C. baccatus, C. chinense, C. rapid crop growth and quickly eliminate the frutescens, and C. pubenscens. Considering nutrient deficiency. the usage, C. annum is the most important species that is widely cultivated. All these nutrient managements make the crop grow quickly and healthy which lead to reduce Fertilizers are an essential part of nutrients the pest and disease incidents. It also help to which contributes potential yield and quality reduce the usage of insecticides and pesticides of the crop. After the green revolution, we helps in uniform flowering which ultimately achieved self sufficiency in food production enhances the crop yield. Therefore, further but in mean time we exploited the soil health. research on the influence of soil and foliar Deficiency of nutrients adversely affects the application of organic nano NPK is proposed physiological and biochemical functioning of to explore the impact of them under various the plant which leads to a reduction in growth nutrient managements on morphological and and quality of the crop. Different combination phenological parameters of chilli crop. of fertilizers leads to higher productivity without impairing the environment Materials and Methods sustainability (Deepa, 2016). Therefore targeted and sufficient application of fertilizer The research work was carried out at Regional is important for growing crops. Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Pilicode, Kerala Agricultural University. The Conventional fertilizer generally applied as objective of the study was to investigate the soil broadcasting or as spray, but the influence of soil and foliar application of disadvantage is that only very less organic nano NPK under various nutrient concentration reaches to plant due to loss of managements for enhancing morphological different nutrients by various processes, such and phenological parameters of chilli. Soil as leaching, drift, runoff, evaporation and sample was collected for analysis of physical microbial degradation. Now a days, we use a and chemical properties of the soil. large amount of fertilizer in order to feed large population, which is very harmful to our The experiment consisted of nine treatments environment (Verma, 2017). Hence to meet with three replications laid out in randomized the crop nutrient requirement, the optimal use block design (RBD). The treatments were T1 : of fertilizer is essential. Control (soil test based nutrient management); T2 : Organic nano NPK granules ; T3 : T1 + Nano fertilizer is new emergent fertilizer Organic nano NPK foliar @ 0.5 % ; T4 : T1 + which increases yield and growth by NPK 19:19:19 foliar @ 0.5 % ; T5 : T2 + improving the nutrient use efficiency of the Organic nano NPK foliar @ 0.5 % ; T6 : T2 + 1055
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 NPK 19:19:19 foliar @ 0.5 % ; T7 : Organic statistical package, STAR. Multiple management (KAU POP, 2009) ; T8 : Organic comparisons among treatment means, where Management + organic nano NPK foliar @ the F test was significant (at 5 % level) were 0.5 % and T9 : Absolute control. Organic nano done with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. NPK granules were applied as a basal dose and also as top dressing at 30 and 60 days Results and Discussion after transplanting @ 0.33 g/plant. Foliar spray of organic nano NPK and NPK 19:19:19 Soil characters before the experiment were given at 35, 65, 80 and 95 DAT. Before starting the experiment, the soil of the Morphological observations namely plant experimental plot was analysed for its height (cm), leaf area (cm2) per plant, number nutritional status. The data on soil characters of leaves per plant, number of branches per (Table 1) revealed that soil was acidic in plant was measured at 45, 75, and 105 day nature and magnesium and boron nutrients after transplanting. Plant height was measured were deficient in the experiment field. So the with scale from ground level to the tip of the experimental plot was applied with lime @ fully opened leaf on the main branch. Leaf 350 kg per ha and for correcting magnesium area per plant were measured from each and boron deficiency, MgSO4 @ 80 kg per ha tagged plants. The leaf was wiped out using and Borax @ 10 kg per ha were applied to soil tissue paper for removing dust particles. Leaf for correcting the soil nutrient status. area was directly measured using a portable automatic leaf area meter model LI 3000 A. Morphological Observations Number of leaves per plant were measured from each tagged plant, 20 leaves were Plant height (cm) and number of branches collected and obtained the dry weight. The dry per plant weight of all leaves of the plant was taken. The number of leaves per plant were The data on plant height and number of calculated by using back calculation. Number branches per plant at 45, 75 and 75 DAT are of side branches produced from the main presented in Table 2. Plant height and number branch were counted from 5 representative of branches per plant were significantly plants of a plot and average number was affected under different nutrient taken. The observation was taken at 45, 75 and managements. 105 days after transplanting. At 45 DAT, the maximum plant height was The number of days taken from first flower observed from treatment T6. The treatment T6 formation to 50 % of the total number of the was on par with T5. The treatment T5 was on plants in a plot, was taken as days to 50 % par with T4, T2 and T1. Significantly maximum flowering. When the first flower was plant height was recorded by T6 at 75 and 105 produced, then that plant was tagged by a DAT followed by treatment T5. At 105 DAT, coloured ribbon. This tagging was continued Treatment T5 was on par with treatments T4, up to 50 % of the plants produced first T3 and T2. At all three crop growth stages, the flowering. The days taken for first harvest maximum and minimum plant height were from the day of transplanting were recorded. recorded in treatment T6 and T9 respectively Duration of the crop was recorded from (Fig. 1). Organic nano NPK granules with sowing to final harvest of crop as a duration of 19:19:19 NPK foliar spray (T6) was the crop. The data analysis was done using significantly superior to all other treatments 1056
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 followed by nano NPK granule application was observed from 45 DAT to 105 DAT. with organic nano NPK foliar spray (T5). Plant Nano NPK granule with 19:19:19 foliar spray height was significantly affected by various (T6) was significantly superior to all other nutrient managements. Treatment T6 showed treatments at all crop stages. 18 per cent increase in plant height compared to control. These results are in conformation At 45 DAT, significantily maximum leaf area with Meena et al., 2017, Plant height is an per plant was recorded in treatment T6 (7783 important morphological parameter which is cm2) followed by T5. The lowest leaf area per directly influenced by organic nano fertilizer. plant recorded with T9 (1705 cm2). At 75 The nano fertilizer has an influence on the DAT, the application of nano NPK granule modification of plant gene expression and with 19:19:19 foliar spray (T6) had the biological pathways that affect the plant significantly higher of leaf area (14980) height. Nano fertilizer was shown to have a followed by T5. direct trend in the increase in plant height in cotton (Rochester et al., 2001). The foliar At 105 DAT, the maximum leaf area was application of 19:19:19 NPK enhanced recorded in T6. During all three crop stages, various physiological and metabolic activity the maximum leaf area per plant was noted in which increased the plant height in orange treatment T6 followed by treatment T5 (Fig. 2). (Hipps, 1997; Tredes, 2012). Leaf area per plant increased from 45 (DAT) to 105 DAT. Nano NPK granules with At 45 DAT, the maximum number of branches 19:19:19 NPK foliar spray (T6) was per plant were recorded in treatment T6. The significantly superior to all other treatments treatment T6 was on par with treatment T5, T4 followed by nano NPK granule application and T3. At 75 DAT, the maximum number of with nano NPK foliar spray (T5). This result is the branches per plant was recorded in T6 in conformity with Sabir et al., (2014) where which was on par with T5, T4 T3 and T2 but the increase in the absorption of nitrogen by using lowest number of branches was recorded with nanofertilizer. T8 which was on par with T9 and T1. At 105 DAT, the maximum number of branches per At 45 DAT, the maximum number of leaves plant as was recorded in T6 and which was on per plant was observed in obtained at 181.50 par with T5 and T4. The lowest value was followed by T5 and T3. The lowest value was observed in T9. The nano NPK granule with recorded in absolute control which was on par 19:19:19 NPK spray (T6) was registered with T7. At 75 DAT, all the treatments maximum number of branches per plant significantly differed with each other. The followed by T5 treatment. Number of branches maximum number of leaves per plant was per plant increased from the initial growth recorded in T6 followed by T4, T3,T5, T2 and phase to the final growth phase. T1. At 105 DAT, the maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded in T6 followed Leaf area per plant (cm2) and number of by T4, T3 and T5 treatments. leaves per plant NPK fertilizer enhanced the vegetative growth The data on the number of leaves per plant which leds to an increase in the leaf area per and leaf area per plant are presented in Table plant. Increase leaf area per plant was due to 3. At all stages of the crop the number of the availability of NPK at a critical stages and leaves per plant was affected by various more concentration in carrot (Naik et al., nutrient managements. An increasing trend 2002). 1057
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 Table.1 Soil characters before the experiment Parameters Quality Remarks pH 4.9 Acidic Electrical conductivity (dS/m) 0.17 Normal Organic carbon (%) 1.4 High Available nitrogen (kg /ha ) 290.7 Medium Available phosphorous (kg /ha ) 44.1 High Available potassium (kg /ha ) 445.5 High Available sulphur (mg /kg ) 55.1 Sufficient Available calcium (mg /kg ) 400 Sufficient Available magnesium (mg /kg ) 60 Deficient Micronutrients Copper (mg /kg ) 1.13 Sufficient Iron (mg /kg ) 60 Sufficient Zinc (mg /kg ) 7.37 Sufficient Manganese (mg /kg ) 37.3 Sufficient Boron (mg /kg ) 0.24 Deficient Table.2 Effect of various nutrient managements on the plant height (cm) and number of branches per plant Plant height (cm) Number of branches/ plant 45 75 DAT 105 DAT 45 75 DAT 105 DAT Treatments DAT DAT T1 52.0bcd 73.8b 81.0cd 7bc 29cd 33c T2 56.0bc 74.0b 82.8bcd 8bc 33abc 36c cd b T3 50.0 74.9 84.0bcd 10 ab 34 abc 45b T4 54.0bcd 75.3b 86.3bc 12ab 35abc 48ab T5 59.0ab 78.0b 88.7b 12ab 37ab 49ab T6 66.0a 89.0a 95.0a 15a 40a 52a cd bc T7 51.3 69.9 79.0d 7 bc 20 d 23d T8 53.0bcd 73.0bc 81.0cd 7bc 23d 26d T9 48.2d 65.0c 72.0e 4c 11ecd 15e CD (0.05) 7.0 8.3 6.2 5.5 7.6 6.3 1058
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 Table.3 Effect of various nutrient managements on leaf area per plant and number of leaves per plant Leaf area per plant (cm2) Number of leaves per plant Treatments 45 DAT 75 DAT 105 45 75 DAT 105 DAT DAT DAT T1 2970f 9716e 11089e 99.00de 347.00d 515.00f T2 3998e 8153f 10054f 105.50d 354.50d 538.00e T3 4310d 11295c 12399c 126.66c 376.50c 589.00c c d T4 4410 10660 11399d 131.66 bc 410.00 b 634.00b T5 5754b 11360b 12980b 137.50b 355.00d 548.00d T6 7783a 14980a 16786a 181.50a 428.00a 699.00a h h T7 2106 5592 7989h 81.00 fg 233.50 f 415.00h T8 2517g 7025g 8594g 90.00ef 281.00e 498.00g T9 1705i 4203i 6955i 77.50g 186.00g 379.00i CD (0.05) 25.0 30.0 15.0 10.56 11.34 9.16 Table.4 Effect of various nutrient managements on days to 50 % flowering, days to the first harvest and duration of crop Days to Days to first Duration Treatments 50 % harvest the first of crop flowering harvest flowering T1 61bc 105ab 189ef T2 58cd 99bc 196de T3 52de 95cd 212bc T4 54cd 89cd 204cd T5 50de 85de 228a T6 45e 85e 216b T7 67ab 105a 150g T8 63ab 102ab 182f T9 73a 108a 127h CD (0.05) 8.17 5.36 11.83 1059
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 Fig.1 Effect of nutrient managements on plant height (cm) Fig.2 Effect of nutrient managements on leaf area per plant 1060
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 Fig.3 Effect of treatments on the number of leaves per plant Fig.4 Effect of nutrient managements on days to 50 % flowering 1061
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 Fig.5 Effect of nutrient managements on the duration of crop In all growth periods, the maximum and the NPK spray (T6) first attained 50 % flowering minimum number of leaves per plant was which had taken only 45 days for attaining 50 recorded in T6 and T9 respectively (Fig. 3), % flowering followed by treatment T5 (50 also an increasing trend was observed from days). the initial stage to the final stage of the crop growth. Nano NPK granule with 19:19:19 Similar results were also noticed by Tredes foliar spray (T6) was significantly superior to (2012) in wheat application of nano fertilizer control in all crop stages. Similar results are enhanced physiological and metabolic activity also noticed by Sabir et al., (2014). and also changed the gene expression which led the transition from vegetative to floral Days to 50 % flowering, days to first characters. harvest and duration of the crop The days to the first harvest significantly The data on days to 50 % flowering, days to differed among all the treatments. The first harvest and duration of crop is presented different fertilizer managements had an in Table 4. influence on days to the first harvest of the crop. The minimum days taken for the first The treatment T6 recorded least number of harvest were recorded in the treatment T6 and days to 50 % flowering (45 days) followed by T5. The maximum number of days taken for T5 (50 days) for 50 % flowering. In treatment. the first harvest of the crop was T9 (absolute While it took 73 days for attaining 50 % control) which was on par with T1, T7 and T8. flowering in absolute control (T9). T5 and T3 treatments with nano NPK foliar application Minimum number of days for the first harvest had recorded early flowering which was on was required in the treatment, T6 which was par with T6. Nano NPK granule with 19:19:19 significantly superior to other treatments 1062
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1054-1064 followed by T5 (Fig. 4). So nano NPK duration of the black gram crop (Kumar and granule with 19:19:19 NPK foliar spray Ratna, 2003). Bhowmick et al., 2014 also influenced early harvest of the crop. Similar reported that the nano foliar application has an results were also noticed by Liu and Lal, 2014 impact on physiological activities which in cabbage, tomato and egg plant indicated reduced the leaf senescence and improved that the nano fertilizer had a role in the early the growth duration of the rice crop. harvest of the vegetables that comes to the market 5 to 7 days ahead. References The foliar application of nano NPK Bhowmick, M. K., Dhara, M. C., Duary, B., enhanced the earliness of harvest in sunflower Biswas, P. K., and Bhattacharyya, P. (Savan et al., 2018). Nano granules with foliar 2014. Improvement of lathyrus application of 19:19:19 NPK spray helped for productivity through seed priming and early harvest, this might be due to the effect foliar nutrition under rice-utera system. of phosphorous which led to enhance the J. Crop Weed. 10: 277-280. maturity in rice (Bhowmick et al., 2014). Deepa, N.D. 2016. Responds of vegetable crops to foliar feeding of water soluble Different nutrient managements were fertilizer. Asian J. Hortic. 11(1): 242- significantly different from each other on the 251. duration of the crop. The various fertilizer Hipps, N. A. 1997. Effect of nitrogen, managements affected the duration of the phosphorous, water and preplanting crop. soil sterilization on growth and yield of Cox Orange and M9 apple trees. Acta The significantly maximum duration (228 Hortic. 44(8): 125–131. days) of the crop was recorded in treatment T5 Kumar, J. and Rana, P. 2003. Response of followed by treatment T6 (216 days). The nitrogen and IAA in spray carnation. lowest crop duration was noted in absolute J. Ornamental Hortic. 6(3): 285–286. control (T9). So the nano NPK granule with Liu, R. and Lal, R. 2014. Synthetic apatite nanoparticles as a phosphorus fertilizer nano NPK foliar spray (T5) significantly for soybean (Glycine max). Scientific affected the duration of the crop and hence Reports. 4(1): 56-86. treatment T5 was significantly superior to all Meena D. S., Gautam C., Patidar O., P., other treatments. Meena H. M., Prakasha G., and Vishwa J. 2017. NanoFertilizers are a The maximum duration of the crop was new way to increase nutrients use recorded in treatment T5 followed by T6. So efficiency in crop production. Inter. J. the nano NPK granule with nano NPK foliar Agri. Sci. 7(9): 3831-3833. spray (T5) significantly enhanced the duration Naik, L. B., Prabhakar, M., and Tiwari, R. B. of the crop (Fig.5). 2002. Influence of foliar sprays with water soluble fertilizers on yield and Similar result was also noticed by quality of Carrot (Daucus carota L). Subramanian and Rahale (2000), nano NPK Proc, Int. Conf. Vegetables, Bangalore. fertilizer is slow releasing fertilizer. Nano P:183. fertilizer release nitrate form of nitrogen 50 Rochester I.J., Peoples M.B., Hulugalle R.R. days slower than conventional fertilizer. and Constable G. A. 2001. Using Increased nitrogen application enhances the legumes to enhance nitrogen fertility vegetative growth which increases the 1063
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