Spectral, electrochemical, luminescence, and dye-sensitized solar cell studies of mono and d-f hetero binuclear cryptates

Mono and hetero binuclear cryptates, [Gd(III)ML] + [M = VO(IV), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)], were synthesized by a 2-step method. The ligand L represents the deprotonated anionic cryptate obtained by the 2+3 condensation of tris- (2-aminoethyl)amine with 2,6-diformyl-4-nitrophenol. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, spectral, magnetic, and electrochemical studies. Fluorescence of Gd(III) ion in the cavity was quenched by the encapsulated Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions. [GdCoL(NO3)]+ cryptate had a high lifetime value compared to other cryptates.