Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of toxicity of quaternary ammonium chlorides of glucose-based ester

This study presents the synthesis of glucose-based surfactants including quaternary ammonium salts. Their surface properties and influence on the soil environment were investigated. The synthesized quaternary ammonium chlorides of glucose-based ester exhibited good surface tension reduction properties and formed stable foam in contact with water. The results showed that quaternary ester ammonium salts affect the activation of metals (nickel and cadmium) from the soil matrix after their introduction into the soil environment. This phenomenon can increase the bioavailability of these metals.