tiếng anh trong kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước (tái bản): phần 2

526.<br /> <br /> Aquifer loss (Tổn thát qua tầng chứa nước): The head loss at a pumped or<br /> overflowing well associated with groundwater flow through the aquifer to the well<br /> face.<br /> <br /> 527.<br /> <br /> A q u ifer p ro p erties (C ác đạc tính tần g chứa nước): The properties of an aquifer<br /> that determine its hydraulic behaviour and its response to abstraction.<br /> <br /> 528.<br /> <br /> A q u ita rd (T ầng nước ngầm yếu): It is a formation which has low to medium<br /> permeability which is not sufficient to be a soure of water to flow on a regional<br /> scale, from one aquifer to the other due to leakage. Aquitards behave as semiconfining layers.<br /> <br /> 529.<br /> <br /> A rtesian free flow (Dòng chảy tự do của giếng phun): Natural over ground flow<br /> from well and springs in Ihe artesian basins.<br /> <br /> 530.<br /> <br /> C onfined aq u ifer (T ầng chứa nước có áp): An aquifer bounded above and below<br /> by impermeable beds. Bolh the aquifer and Ihe water it contains are said to be<br /> <br /> 531.<br /> <br /> G ro u n d w a te r b alance (C án bằng nước ngầm ): It is a concept which slates that all<br /> <br /> confined.<br /> inputs of water in a defined space and time are equal to the sum of all outputs of<br /> water, and the changes of water storage, in the same space and time.<br /> 532.<br /> <br /> G ro u n d w a te r basin (Lưu vực nước ngám ): Physiographic or geological unit<br /> containing at least one aquifer of significant area extent.<br /> <br /> 533.<br /> <br /> Im perm eable m aterial (V ật liệu không thấm ): Material that does not permit water<br /> to move through it at a perceptible rate under the hydraulic gradients normally<br /> present.<br /> <br /> 534. In term ed iate zone (V ùng tru n g gian): It is the portion of the zone of aeration<br /> which lies between Ihe soil water zone and the capillary fringe.<br /> 535.<br /> <br /> L eaky aq u ifer (T ầng ngậm nước bán áp): Aquifer overlain and/or underlain by a<br /> relatively thin semi-pervious layer, through which flow into or out of the aquifer can<br /> take place.<br /> <br /> 536.<br /> <br /> N a tu ra l rech arg c (Bổ cạp tự nhiên): It is that portion of water which pravitates to<br /> the zone o f saturation under natural conditions.<br /> <br /> 537.<br /> <br /> P eren n ial sp rin g (M ạch nước quan h năm ): A spring that discharges continuously<br /> in all seasons o f the year.<br /> <br /> 538. P erm eab le m a terial (V ật liệu thấm ): Material that permits water to move through<br /> it at perceptibleTates under the hydraulic gradients normally present.<br /> 539.<br /> <br /> P o ten tio m etric su rface (M ực thủy tĩnh nước ngầm ): The surface that represents<br /> <br /> 540.<br /> <br /> S a tu ra te d zone (V ùng bào lioà): That part of an aquifer, normally beneath the<br /> <br /> Ihe static head of groundwaler.<br /> <br /> deepest water table, in which ideally all voids arc filled with water under pressure<br /> greater than atmospheric.<br /> <br /> 129<br /> <br /> 541.<br /> <br /> Soil water zone (Vùng nước thổ nhuõng): Part of the zone of aeration lhal consuls<br /> of soil and other materials near the ground surface, capable o f discharging water in<br /> to the atmosphere by transpiration of plants or by evaporation. The zooe extends<br /> from the ground surface to major root zone and the thickness varies with the soil<br /> type and vegetation cover.<br /> <br /> 542.<br /> <br /> Cone of water - table depression, or Cone of pumping deression (Nón trflng<br /> nước ngầm hay nón trũng do bơm).<br /> <br /> 543.<br /> <br /> Unconsolidated aq u ifer (T ầng chứa nước không cố kết): An aquifer in which a<br /> water table serves as the upper surface of the zone of saturation.<br /> <br /> 544.<br /> <br /> Zone of fluctuation of water tabic, or Zone of phreatic fluctuations (Vùng dao<br /> dộng đường m ạt nước hay V ùng biến động nước ngầm ): The zone through which<br /> the water table fluctuates from its highest to tile lowest level within the formation, in<br /> response to the discharge and recharge conditions. Depending upon the position of<br /> the water table in the zone, a part of the zone will lie in the zone of aeration and the<br /> other part will lie in the zone of saturation.<br /> <br /> II.1.5. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS - ĐO LƯU LƯỢNG<br /> 545<br /> <br /> O pen C onduit, or O pen channel (Lòng d ẫn hở hay kênh hở): Any conduit in<br /> which water flows wilh a free surface.<br /> <br /> 546.<br /> <br /> D ischarge, or R ate of flow (Lưu lượng hay suất dòng chảy): The volume of water<br /> which flows past a particular cross section of a channel or conduit in a unit of lime.<br /> <br /> 547.<br /> <br /> Dead w ater (Nước tù): Water which is not flowing with a significant velocity.<br /> <br /> ^48.<br /> <br /> S urface slope, Slope, YVaterslope (Độ dốc bề m ặt, độ dốc, độ dốc m ặt nnớc): The<br /> inclination o f Ihe water surface expressed as change o f elevation per unit of slope<br /> length; the sine of Ihe angle which ihe surfacc makes with the horizontal. The<br /> langent of the angle is ordinarily used, no appreciable error resulting excepc for the<br /> steepest slopes. Also called "waterslope" in Australia.<br /> <br /> 549.<br /> <br /> Mean m onthly discharge (Lưu lirợng bình quân tháng): Discharge observed or<br /> interpolated and averaged O' er a calendar month.<br /> <br /> 550.<br /> <br /> Discharge Coefficient (Hệ so hru lượng): The ratio of the actual discharge to the<br /> discharge calculated according to a theoretical formula.<br /> <br /> 551<br /> <br /> Stage - discharge relation, R ating curve, D ischarge ratin g curve, or Station<br /> ratin g curve (Q u an hệ mực nước • lưu lượng, dường cong mực nước - lưu lượng,<br /> đường copq q u an hệ mực nước - lưu lượng trạm đo): A curve which expresses<br /> graphically Ihe relation between ihc discharge and its corresponding slage (or<br /> elavutiun of water surface) in a stream or conduit at a given point.<br /> <br /> 552.<br /> <br /> Loope ra tin g curve (Đường cong quan hệ mực nước - lưu lượng dạng vòng day):<br /> Is the result of the differences in ihe water surface slope and bed roughness in rising<br /> and falling stages o f the hydrograph.<br /> <br /> 130<br /> <br /> 553.<br /> <br /> Discontinuous rating curve (Đường cong mực nước - lưu lượng gián đoạn): Is<br /> the result of the abrupt changes in bed configuration from a dum e bed with high<br /> roughness and low velocity to a flat bed with lesser roughness and higher velocity.<br /> <br /> 554.<br /> <br /> In sen sitiv e ra tin g cu rve (Đường cong m ực nước - lưu lượng p h án bãi ngập): This<br /> type o f a curve results largely from over bank flow where the stream flow may<br /> spread out from its well defined low-flow channel to cover a wide flood plain, where<br /> a large increase in discharge may result in an almost negligible change in stage.<br /> <br /> 555.<br /> <br /> S hiffting ra tin g cu rv e (Đường cong m ực nước - liru lương di chuycn): This type<br /> of a curve reflects local changes in water surface slope, local scour or fill at the<br /> rating section or if the shift is systematic with time, a long term aggradation or<br /> degradation process.<br /> <br /> 556.<br /> <br /> D ischarge m ass cu rv e (Đường cong lũy tích dòng chảy): A curve in which<br /> cum ulated values o f recorded discharge arc plotted against time. The slope of the<br /> curve at any time represents the discharge at that instant.<br /> <br /> 557.<br /> <br /> R esidual d ich arg e m ass curvc, or R esidual discharge m ass d iag ram (Đường<br /> cong lũy tích dòng chày hiệu số hoặc biểu đổ lũy tích (lòng chảy hiệu số): A<br /> plotting of the year-to-year residual departure of discharge from the arithmetic<br /> average accumulated for Ihe period under consideration.<br /> <br /> 558.<br /> <br /> R atin g , C a lib ratio n , C a lib ratin g (Kiểm định): 1- The relation, usually determined<br /> experimentally, between mutually dependent quantities, such as gauge and discharge<br /> of a stream; current m eter vane revolutions and waler velocity. Also "calibration". 2The taking of measurement or the making of observations to establish a rating<br /> "calibrating".<br /> <br /> 559.<br /> <br /> R a tin g cu rv e (Đường cong kiểm clinh): A graphic representation of a rating.<br /> <br /> 560.<br /> <br /> D isch arg e tab le, or R atin g (able (Bàng lưu lượng hay Bàng kicm định): A table<br /> showing the relation between gauge height and discharge of (i) a stream or conduit at<br /> a particular gauging stulion and (ii) oullcls, sluiccs, elc.<br /> <br /> 561.<br /> <br /> S tre am gauging (Đo đạc Ihủv ván): The operation of measuring the velocity of the<br /> flow of water in a channel or conduit, and the area of cross section of ihe flow for tile<br /> purpose o f determ ining discharge.<br /> <br /> 562.<br /> <br /> D ilution g auging, C hem ical gauging, C hcm ihydroinetry, R adioactive solution<br /> gauging (Đo liru lượng bang pliương pliiíp dùng chất chi báo, phương p h áp lioá<br /> học, phương p h á p llủiv hoá và plurơng pliáp dụng dịch plióng xạ) : A m ethod of<br /> m easuring the flow o f water by introducing a constant flow of a solution of known<br /> concentration for a sufficient lapse of lime at one section of Ihe water channel and<br /> llien by determ ining the resulting degree of dilution of this solution at another<br /> downstream section. "Chemical gauging", "electro-chemical gauging" and "radioactive<br /> solution gauging" are different forms of dilution gauging.<br /> <br /> 563.<br /> <br /> E lcctro - C hem ical gauging (Đo Uni lượng băng phương pháp hoá điện ): A<br /> m ethod for Ihe m easurement of flow of water based upon the nearly linear relation<br /> between the concentration and the cleclrical conductivity of a salt solution which<br /> <br /> 131<br /> <br /> m akes it possible to determine the degree o f dilution by integrating a conductivity<br /> time graph.<br /> <br /> 564.<br /> <br /> Cloud - velocity gauging, Allen's method of velocity gauging, colour velocity<br /> gauging (Đo lưu tốc theo phương pháp màn muối, phương pháp A-len, phương<br /> ph áp nhuộm m àu nước) : A method of determining the velocity of a slug of dye<br /> between two stations in the channel. This velocity, used as the mean velocity o f flow,<br /> in the case of adequate spreading, multiplied by the cross-sectionaJ area of the<br /> channel, gives the discharge. "Allen's method" and "colour-velocity method" arc<br /> different forms of cloud-velocity gauging.<br /> <br /> 565. Float gauging (Đo vận tốc bằng phao): Measurement of velocities of water by<br /> weighted floats for the determination of discharge.<br /> 566.<br /> <br /> Spot m easu rem en t (Đo điểm ): A single and random measurement of a stream as<br /> distinguished from a systematic or continuous record.<br /> <br /> 567. G auging statio n (T rạm thủy văn): A gauging station is a selected site on a stream<br /> equipped and operated to furnish basic data from which systematic records of<br /> discharge may be derived.<br /> 568. D ischarge site, G auging site, or Velocity - are a gauging statio n (Tuyến lưu<br /> <br /> lượng, tuyến đo hay trạm đo lưu lượng theo phương pháp lưu tốc m ạt ngang): A<br /> selected site on a stream for making observations of velocity and area of cross<br /> section with a view to determining the discharge.<br /> 569. Dosing statio n (T rạm đo dòng chảy dùng dung dịch hoá học): In chemical<br /> gauging, the station on the stream from where a chemical solution is fed into the<br /> water.<br /> 570. Sam pling statio n (T rạm lấy m ẫu nước): In chemical gauging, the station<br /> downstream of the dosing station from which samples of water are taken to find out<br /> the concentration of ihc diluted chemical solution with a view to determining the<br /> discharge.<br /> 571. Bench m ark (M ốc CƠ ban): A permanent point on a monument or permanent<br /> structure, whose elevation above a datum is known or fixed by precise levelling, and<br /> which is used as a point o f reference in the detemination of other elevations.<br /> <br /> 572. Gauging datum (Mặt chuẩn (mốc số 0) của trạm thủy văn): The elevation of the<br /> zero of the gauge above a certain point.<br /> 573. P erm an en t gauging (T rạm đo cố định): A gauge which is permanent.<br /> 574. D irection peg (Tuyên ngắm): A point on the direction peg line through which ray<br /> from one o f Ihe observation points passes when converging on Ihe pivot point.<br /> 575. C o ntrol, control section, com plete control, p a rtia control (M ạt cát khỏng chế,<br /> tuyên ngang thủy văn, m ặt cắt khống chế đầy đ ủ, m ăt cắt khống chế toàn<br /> ph ần ): 1- A section or reach of an open conduit or stream channel where artificial or<br /> natural conditions exist, such as the existence of a dam or a strcatch of rapids, that<br /> make the water level above it a stable index of the discharge. Controls may be<br /> <br /> 132<br /> <br /> com plete or partial. "Complete control" exists where the elevation of the water<br /> surface above the control is entirely independent of the fluctuations of water level<br /> downstream o f it. "Partial control” exists where downstream fluctuations have some<br /> effect on the upstream water level. 2- The cross section in a waterway which is the<br /> bottle neck for a given flow and which determines the enorgy head required to<br /> produce the flow. In the case of open channels, it is the poiru where the flow is at a<br /> critical depth; hydraulic conditions above the point being wholly dependent upon the<br /> characteristics of the control section and entirely in dependent of hydraulic<br /> conditions below the point. In the case of closed conduits, it is the point where the<br /> hydrostatic pressure in the conduil and cross-sectional area of flow are definitely<br /> fixed, except where the flow is limited at some other point by a hydrostatic pressure<br /> equal to the greatest vacuum that can be maintained unbroken al that point.<br /> <br /> 576.<br /> <br /> Shifting control, or Unstable control (Mạt cát không chế di động hay Mạt cát<br /> không ch ế không ổn định): A station is subject lo shifting control when the stagedischarge relation changes, either gradually or rapidly, as the result physical changes<br /> in the control.<br /> <br /> 577.<br /> <br /> G au g in g , or G age (T hủy chi): 1- An instrument, contrivance, graduated scale or<br /> ther device installed at a gauging station for observing or recording the stage of a<br /> stream. It may be an automatic gauge recorder or a non-recording gauge. 2- Height<br /> recorded by the gauge.<br /> <br /> 578.<br /> <br /> T em p o rary gauge (T rạm thủy vân tạm thời): A gauge, connected 10 the permanent<br /> gauge, for the purpose of recording watcr-surface levels under the prevailing<br /> conditions.<br /> <br /> 579.<br /> <br /> G au g e line (Tuyên do): The line across a channel passing through a given gauge.<br /> <br /> 580.<br /> <br /> G au g e line p illars (Cọc q u a n trá c m ục nước): The structural landmarks fixing the<br /> position o f the gauge line.<br /> <br /> 581.<br /> <br /> C h a in g auge, or T ap e gauge (Thước đo nước bàng xích hay dày): Device<br /> consisting of a tagged or indexed chain or other line allached to a weight which is<br /> lowered to the water surface, whereupon the gauge height is read on graduated staff<br /> or opposite an index. Especially suited to bridges.<br /> <br /> 582.<br /> <br /> F loat gauge (T rạm đo nước bằng pliao): Consists essentially of a float of wood,<br /> cork, or usually hollow zinc or coppcr which rides on the liquid surface and rises or<br /> falls with it, its movement being indicated on a scale.<br /> <br /> 583.<br /> <br /> Inclin ed g auge, Sloping gauge (T húy chi nghiêng): A staff gauge on a slope,<br /> graduated to read vertical heights above a datum. Sometimes referred to as a "sloping<br /> gauge".<br /> <br /> 584.<br /> <br /> Slope gauge (T uyến độ doc): Gauges with the same datum fixed above and below a<br /> discharge section for the pirpose of determining the water-surfacc slope belween the<br /> gauge run.<br /> <br /> 585.<br /> <br /> S taff gauge (Thước đo m ực nước): A graduated scale on a staff, plank, metal plate<br /> pier, wall, ect., by which the elevation of the water surface may be read.<br /> <br /> 133<br /> <br />