Tìm hiểu về “tư duy lịch sử” và “phát triển tư duy lịch sử” cho học sinh ở Nhật Bản từ sau năm 1945 đến nay

L|CH sCr Vdi^NHA TRUdNG'<br /> <br /> <br /> TIM HI^U Vg "Tir DUY LjCH SlT' VA " P H A T TRIEN TIT DUY LjCH SUT"<br /> CHD HOC SINH QT NHAT BAN TUT SAU N A M 1945 Oiu NAY<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfiN QU6C VUONG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> P hat triln tU duy cho hoc sinh trong<br /> hoc tfip ljch sd lfi mfit trong nhflng<br /> vfi'n d l quan trong thu hdt sy quan tfim<br /> tu duy ljch sd cho hpc sinh d Nhfit Ban td<br /> sau Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thd Hai dtfn nay.<br /> 1. Q u a n nifim ve tuf d u y lich suf cua cfic<br /> nghifin edu vfl flng dung vflo thUc tiln eua nhfl gifio d u e lich svf Nhfit Ban<br /> cfic nhfl gifio due ljch sd Nhfit Ban hifin dai.<br /> Trudc Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai,<br /> Sau nfim 1945, khi cufic cai efieh gifio due<br /> trong chUdng trinh hpc tfip d cac trUdng<br /> tofln difin nhfim xfiy dUng nUde Nhfit hda p h i thfing Nhfit Ban cd ton tgi mfin Quo'c<br /> binh, dan ehu bfit dfiu, hinh anh ngUdi efing sd (Ljch sd Nhfit Ban), tuy nhien tritft ly-<br /> dan cd tU duy doc Ifip da trd thfinh ndi the rauc tifiu giao due luc bfl'y gid lfi giflo due<br /> hifin tfip trung tritft ly mdi cua nen gifio due nfin nhiing t h i n dan trung thflnh vdi thign<br /> (1). Giao due lich sii cdng vdi gifio due dja hofing, vi the chflc nang cua bfi mfin Ueh sd<br /> Iy, giao due efing dfin the hien tfeh hpp ddn thufin ehi Ifl cung cfi'p cfic su kifin,<br /> trong mfin Nghien cUu xd hgi (Social nhfin vfit Uch sd dUpc "chpn Ipc" phfl hdp<br /> Studies)-thudng dupe gpi tfit Ifl mfin Xd hgi- vdi lpi feh eua nhfl nUde chuyfin che. Vfl'n d l<br /> da trd thanh hat nhfin cua cfing cufic cai "tu duy Ijch sd" vfl "phfit triln tU duy lich<br /> each gifio due thdi hflu chitfn. Trong qua sd" khong dUdc cfie nhfi gifio due lich sd<br /> trinh dli mdi sit hpc vfi eai each gifio due Nhfit Ban quan tfim, nghien cdu. Tuy<br /> lich sd, nhflng vfi'n d l nhU "tU duy ljch sd nhifin, tfl sau thfing 8 nfim 1945, trong bfii<br /> la ^?", nflm thtf nflo d l phfit trien tU duy canh lfin sdng cai each giao due diln ra<br /> Uch sd cho hpe sinh?" da trd thflnh cac chu mgnh me vfl tritft ly giao due thay dfi'i, vfi'n<br /> de tranh lufin hoc thuflt sfii noi va da cd d l "tu duy lich sd" da dUde dfit ra vfl tranh<br /> mot stf lupng ldn cfic "thitc tien gido due" lufin sfii noi (3). Cac nhfi gifio due lich sd<br /> dupc tien hfinh (2). Bfli vitft nfly se dilm lai Nhfit Ban khi tranh lufin ve tU duy lich sd<br /> mpt vai nfit chu ytfu v l sU phat triln d ca dfi ddng d nhilu gfic dp cung nhU vfln dung<br /> phUdng dien ly lufin vfi thuc tifin xung nhilu hpc thuytft khflc nhau vi vfly eac y<br /> quanh vfi'n d l tU duy Ijeh sd vfl phat trien kitfn dUa ra rfl't phong phu, dfii khi khac<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 'ThS. Khoa Ljch ad - TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hfl Nfii<br /> 54 Rghifln cdu Ljch aiir. atf 11.2Q12<br /> <br /> bi§t vfi khd di dtfn m§t djnh nghia hofln kl nfing cd bfin" vfi "hpc lUc tilm tflng"<br /> ehinh, thtfng nhfi't. D5 ed ra0t stf luyng ldn tUdng flng vdi "nfing lyc tU duy" (nflng Iyc<br /> tfli Ii$u lifin quan dtfn vfi'n d l dfl dUpe cfing tu duy ljch sd, nflng lye tU duy dja ly),<br /> btf, tuy nhifin trong khufin k h i hfli vitft nfiy nfing lyc sd dyng tu U$u... Ngofli ra "hpc<br /> chdng tfii chi gidi thi$u nhflng y kitfn cda lyc" theo Tanikawa cdn t h l hi^n d "mtfi<br /> cfie hpc gifi Nhflt Bfin v l tU duy Ijeh sd d quan tfim, lfing mong mutfn, thfii dfi" cua<br /> hai nhfim: nhfim nhin nhfin "tu duy ljch sd" hpc sinh.<br /> trong mfii quan hfi vfii "hpc lyc" vfl nhdm Quan dilm v l "hpc lyc" vfi "nfing lyc tu<br /> nhin nh$n tu duy ljch sd trong mtfi quan duy" cua Tanikawa duye nhilu hpc gia<br /> h^ vdi y thflc ljch sd vfl nhfin thflc ljch sd. khfic tfin ding, tuy nhifin trong thye ttf vific<br /> 1.1. Tti duy lich svt trong mSii quan coi cfi a, b, c cfi phfii lfi "hpc lyc" cua mfinXa<br /> hi vdi "hoc luc'* hdi hay khfing vfl trong ba hoc lUc trfin thl<br /> "Hpc lyc" Ifl mfit vfl'n d l quan trpng hpc lyc nflo dfing vai trd trung tfim Ifl vtfn<br /> khfing t h l thitfu trong vi^c dfinh gifi chfi't d l gfiy tranh efli khfi di dtfn thtfng nhtft. Cfi<br /> lupng gifio dye vfl hifiu qua giflo dye. Cfic nhflng y kitfn eho rfing "hpc lyc" phai dupc<br /> nhfl giflo dye Nhtft Ban cho rfing dinh titfp cfin tfl gdc dfi xem xfit ctfu tao hfin<br /> nghia thtf nflo Ifl "hpc lUc" Ifl vific lflm rfi't trong cua nd. Nhflng dgi difin tieu bilu tfin<br /> khfi khfin (4). Them nda, phUdng thdc titfp thflnh phUdng cfich titfp cfin nfiy Ifi Hirooka<br /> c&n "hoc lue" rtft da dang nfin trgn thye ttf d Ryozo, Katsuta Shuichi, Nakauchi Toshio,<br /> Nhfit Ban cho dtfn thdi dilm hifin tgi nhflng Honda Koei... Trong dfi dang chu y lfi y<br /> tranh lufin ve v l "hpe lUe" vfin chUa di dtfn kitfn cua Honda Koei (6). Honda da dUa ra<br /> hfii ktft. Trong stf cae y kitfn v l hpe lUc, ed cfi'u hpc luc mfin Xd hgi dUpc hinh thflnh<br /> dang chd y Ifl y kitfn ciia nhfl giao due hpe tfl "y thdc ngUdi Iflm chu". "Hpc lflc" nfiy<br /> Tanikawa Akihide. 6 n g cho rfing "hpc lUc" lien quan mflt thitft dtfn qufi trinh "hinh<br /> bao gom ba nfii dung: thfinh con ngudi" vfi "nhfin thflc xa hfii mot<br /> cfieh khoa hpc" xufi't phfit tfl tri thflc cd ban<br /> u. Hpc lUc muc tiiu: hgc lUc vdi tU cdeh v l sy vi$c, sU vfit, hifin tUpng vfi lunh<br /> Id tha hudng di'n cdn diidc hinh thd,nh vd thflnh khfii nifim.<br /> Id tha cdn phdi dgt dapc.<br /> Theo "Ban hUdng dfin hpe tflp mfin Xa<br /> b. Hgc lUc do lUdng: hgc lite vdi tU each h^i" cua BO Gifio dye Nh^t Bfin thi quan<br /> Id tha dd hgc dagc, cd thi tiin hdnh do niem "hpe lye" bao gfim "hilu bitft v l cufic<br /> dugc. song xa h^i" vfi "phlm chfl't cong dfin cd<br /> c. Hgc lUc tiim tdng: hgc lac vdi tU edch ban" (7). Hai thfinh phfin nfiy dUde Bfi Giao<br /> la khd ndng hgc tdp trUdc cdc vdn di mdi dye Nhflt Ban ci^ t h l hda bfing 4 ytfu ttf:<br /> (5). "mdi quan tdm, Ibng mong mudn, thdi do<br /> Cfie hpe gia Nhfit Ban cho rfing, ntfu tfin ddi vdi hiin tUdng xd hdi", "tU duy phe<br /> thfinh npi dung trfin thi "hpe lye muc tieu" phdn xd hdi", "kl nang quan sdt, sd dung tU<br /> trong mfin Xd hgi khi xem xfit d phgm vi li^u, trinh bdy", "hieu biet, tri thac vi cdc<br /> rong se trd thflnh "nhfln thflc xa hpi" hay hiin tugng xd hdi".<br /> "phlm cha't cfing dfin" hofic cung ed t h l Ifl Nhu vfiy, ehdng ta thtfy rfing d dfiy cac<br /> ca hai. TUdng tu nhu the, "hpc lUc do lUdng" hpe gifi Nhfit Ban d mfit mfle dp nfio do da<br /> trong mfin Xd hgi dUpc coi Ifl efie "tri thfle. dUa ra ctfu tao, dfie dilm cua tu duy ndi<br /> Tim hitfu v& "tir duy lich ai^..,<br /> <br /> chung vfl tu duy trong mfin Xd hdi (Ljch sd- cfich tuy$t dfii nhu "chfin ly hiln nhifin" lfi<br /> Dia ly-Gifio d\ic eong dfin) ndi rifing. Tuy khfing thl. Nhfl gifio dye Ijeh sd Tanaka<br /> nhifin, d dfiy vfi'n di ey t h l "thtf nfio lfi tU Masatoshi tiStng thfla nhtfn rfing "nhfin<br /> duy ljch sd?" vfin chUa dupe chi ro vfl trong thflc" v l "sy thye" cua fing cd gidi hgn vfl<br /> nhilu trudng hpp khfing tfich bgeh "tu duy" fing "chi efi t h l nhtfn thfle dupe cfii cfi bi$t,<br /> vdi "hpc lfle". mOt phfin hifin tgi hay ehi lfi m$t mfit trong<br /> 1.2. Tu duy Uch sut trong mdi quan cfii hi$n thye tofln t h l phong phd" (9). Nfii<br /> he vdi y thUc tich sul*' vA "nhdn thdCc m^t cfich ngfin gpn, theo Tanaka "sy thye<br /> Uch sti** lich ad" chi Ifl m^t hfy phtfn nhfln thdc cua<br /> con ngUdi dfii vdi hi§n thye vfi con ngudi<br /> Khi dtft ra cfiu hdi "tU duy ljch sd Ifl gi?",<br /> cdng chi nhtfn thflc hi^n thye m$t cflch<br /> phfin dfing nhflng ngUdi cd lifin quan dtfn<br /> tong hpp, phdc tgp thfing qua trung gian Ifi<br /> gifio due ljch sd d Nhfit Ban thudng cho<br /> m(tt bfi phfin sy thye ljch sd tUdng ty. Ldc<br /> rfing nd lfi "cflch nhin, cfich suy nghi v l Ijch<br /> nfiy, hifin thye vfla cfi nghia Ifl hifin thye xa<br /> sd". 0 dfiy "cflch nhin, cflch suy nghf nfly<br /> h^i eua mfit thdi dai nhtft djnh trong qufi<br /> cd hai n0i hflm: nd chi "cflch nhin, cfich<br /> khfl, vfla cd nghia lfi hifin thUc cua hifin<br /> nghi" vdi tU efich Ifl sy hUdng v l qufl khd,<br /> thye xa hfii ehdng ta dang sinh stfng. Khi<br /> nhfln thflc qufi khfl eua con ngUdi, mflt<br /> dd, tu duy v l cfic vfl'n d l xfi hfii dang xfiy ra<br /> khfie cung la "nhfln thfle hifin tai" nhfim<br /> trong hifin thye dupe coi trpng. Ndi cu t h l<br /> dpc hilu cfic hifin tUpng hifin tgi xufi't phflt<br /> hdn thi dd Ifi vific "tU duy dUdi gdc do lich<br /> tfl cfich nhin nhfln trong qufi khfl. Trong tU<br /> sa vi hiin thitc nham gidi quyet cdc vdn di<br /> duy dan cfii, tUdng h6 cua nhftn thdc qua<br /> dang ddt ra" (10).<br /> khd va nhtfn thflc hifin tai nfly, "cfich nhin,<br /> efich suy nghi v l lich sd" se dUde lfim sfiu Xufl't phfit tfl quan nifim tren, hifin nay d<br /> sfic thfim. Trong khi tfin thflnh quan nifim Nhat Ban, trong efic gid hpc, gifio vifin<br /> pho quat tren, cac nhfl giflo due lieh sd hudng dfin hpc sinh truy tim mm quan he<br /> Nhfit Bfin cho rfing "tU duy lich sd" (nfing gifla "sy thuc Uch sd" vdi "nhfln thdc hifin<br /> lUc tu duy Ijch sd) Ifl "tU duy so sfinh qufi thUc" thfing qua bp lpc cfi nhfln dang trd<br /> khfl vfl hifin tai", "tu duy ve sU thay doi vfl thflnh vfl'n d l quan trong dupe quan tfim<br /> bitfn chuyen", "tim kitfm sU khdi nguyfin sfiu KSC.<br /> cua sU v|it", "tu duy v l mtfi lifin quan vfii Cting vdi vific xem xfit tU duy lieh sd<br /> cac dieu kifin xa hpi" (8). Tflc Ifl vfi stf cac trong moi quan hfi vdi nhfin thdc ljch sd,<br /> thao tac eua cae dang thde tu duy phong cae nhfl giao dye lich sd Nhfit Ban con<br /> phd vfl n l n tang hoat dfing cua nfi nhU '"dpc quan tam dtfn mfii quan hfi gifla f thflc lich<br /> hilu su thflt ljch sd", "danh gifi y nghia sU sd vfl tu duy lich sd (11). Dai difin tifiu bifi'u<br /> thfit lich sd" vfl vfln dyng vflo cufic song cho xu hudng nfiy Ifl Saito Hiroshi, ngUdi<br /> hifin tgi. vtfn dUde coi lfi hpe gia cfi nghifin cdu sdm<br /> Cac nhfl gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban cho nhtft ve y thdc Ijeh sd d Nhfit Ban (12).<br /> rfing, ntfu nhin tfl quan dilm tu duy Ijch sd Trong nghifin cflu fing da sd dung phUdng<br /> Ifi "cfich nhin, cfich nghi v l Uch sd" thi "sU phfip tien titfn thdi bfi'y gid Ifl bang hdi d l<br /> th§t lieh sijf Ifl thfl chi "thUe" vdi tU cfich Ifl phdng vtfn 1.800 hpc sinh tilu hoc, trung<br /> san phtfm cua nhfin thflc dfii vdi xa hfii ban hpc cd sd. Saito da titfn hanh dilu tra dya<br /> trgn gia thitft dfit ra Ifl y thflc lich sd (duyc<br /> than chdng ta. Theo dd, sU thUc ton tai mot<br />  Rghifln eflru L|ch aiSr. atf 11.2012<br /> <br /> hilu Ifl d i n g nghia vdi tu duy ljch sd) cfi nhilu vfl'n d l lifin quan dtfn logi hinh eiia<br /> cfl'u tgo 5 tfing vfi ktft qua Ifl fing dfi djnh tu duy ljch sd vfl con dudng phfit triln tu<br /> hinh hda dupe cfic giai dogn phfit triln y duy. Tuy nhifin, tfl thtfp nifin 80 cua thtf ki<br /> thdc ljch sd cua hpe sinh tfl tilu hpc tdi XX trd di, do chju tflc d^ng tfl nhflng thay<br /> trung hpc cd sd. Nflm tfing bfic cua y thflc dli vl ly lutfn sd hpc xung quanh cfic vtfn<br /> ljch sd (tu duy ljch sd) duye Saito chi ra lfi: d l nhu "nghifin cdu v l ljch sijt xa h$i cua<br /> 1. Y thac vi qud kha phfli Annal-Phfip", "cutfc tranh lutfn vl sU<br /> hinh thflnh qutfc gia-dfin t0c d Nhflt Ban",<br /> 2. Y thac vi sU khdc bi^t giQa qud kha<br /> "ly lufin v l hfi thtfng thtf gidi"... nfing lUc "tu<br /> vd hiin tgi<br /> duy ljch sd thdc tiln nhfim giai quytft vtfn<br /> 3. Su hiiu biit vi sU biin thiin vd phdt dl" dfin duye coi trpng trong stf cfic nfing lUc<br /> triin tu duy da dtf ctfp d trfin.<br /> 4. Ndm dugc mdi quan h^ nhdn qud cda<br /> G i n dfly, trong qufi trinh cai cflch gifio<br /> lich sa<br /> dye nhfim thfch flng vdi xu hUdng tofin cfiu<br /> 5. Hiiu biit visa phdt triin cda lich su".<br /> hfia vfl dfin chu hfia, cac nhfi giao dye ljch<br /> Saito cflng phfin tfeh cy t h l nfii dung sd Nhtft Ban Igi chd trpng nhilu hdn tdi "tu<br /> cua tflng tfing bflc tU duy Ijch sd dfi chi ra d duy lich sd phfi phfln". O dfly, xin dupe gifii<br /> trgn, "Y thflc v l qufi khfl" lfi sU suy nghi thifiu khfli qufit v l quan dilm eua nhfi gifio<br /> bfing thudc do thdi gian vtf cfle hifin tUpng due ljch sd Kodama Yasuhiro, mfit trong<br /> cua qufi khd. Ong cho rflng tU duy nfly sfi nhflng dgi bilu nhtfn mgnh tfim quan trpng<br /> dupe nfing cao d hoc sinh Idp 3, ldp 4 trd di.<br /> cua "tu duy ljch sd phfi phfin".<br /> "Y thdc v l sU khac bifit gifla qua khfl vfi<br /> hign tgi" Ifi sy tU duy trong dd hpc sinh cd Kodama khfing dinh, nflng lyc tu duy<br /> the so sfinh dpng hUdng cua tofin t h l xa hpi ljch sii d nghia rfing Ifl hoat dfing tinh thin<br /> qufi khfl vdi hign tai. Tu duy nfly dupe nfing vfl xfit v l bfin chfi't nd Ifl hoat dfing tu do<br /> cao tfl Idp 4, Idp 5 cfi'p tilu hpe. "Sy hilu ciia mfii cfi nhfin ngn nd khfing phai Ifl thd<br /> bitft v l sy bitfn thifin vfl phat triln" lfi cfi tfnh chfl't djnh hUdng m^t cfieh cufing<br /> khuynh hUdng eo gfing nflm dUpc rfing cfic chtf bdi ngUdi khfie. Tuy nhifin, fing cung<br /> hifin tupng xa hfii tie'n triln trong mfii nhfi'n mgnh gifio due trUdng hpc (gifio dye<br /> tUdng quan lfin nhau. Tu duy nfiy dupe md ljch sii trong mfin Xd h^i) sfi dam nhfin<br /> rfing tfl cfl'p trung hpc cd sd. "Nflm dupe mfii nghia v\t cai tgo tflng phfin tU duy nfii tren<br /> quan h§ nhan qua cua ljch sd" Ifi kha nflng lflm cho nd trd thflnh thd "co hiiu qud, tdc<br /> tu duy da difin, da chilu trong mtfi lien dung hdn ddi vdi bdn thdn ngudi dd vd<br /> quan gifla nguyen nhfin vfi kfi't qua cua sy nhiing ngudi khdc sinh sd'ng trong xd hdi<br /> vfit, hi^n tupng. "Hilu bitft v l sy phfit triln ddn chu" (13). Ong dUa ra ktft lutfn dd vi<br /> cua Ijch sd" dUdc h i l u Ifl vific hpc sinh nfim cho rfing, cting giong nhU nfing lUc tfnh<br /> ddgc rfing cae yeu to chfnh tri, xa hpi, kinh tofin hay nfing luc ngfin ngfl, vdi tu c&ch Ifl<br /> ttf, vfln hda... cd lifin quan mfit thitft vdi nfing lUc, tu duy lieh sd lfi khfing t h l thitfu<br /> nhau vfi phfit triln m^t cfich t i n g hdp. vfi "gifio dye nflng lye tu duy lieh silt dl hoc<br /> Sau Saito, eac nghifin cflu tUdng tu cung sinh ed t h l ddng vai tro chd t h l trong phfi<br /> duyc ehu trpng d cfi'p trung hpc cd sd vfi phfin sy giai thfch ljch sd nhtft djnh" ngfly<br /> trinh bfly trong cac hfii thao khoa hpc. Cfic nay da trd th&nh yfiu c l u dfit ra cfi'p thitft<br /> nhfi gifio due Ueh sd Nhfit Ban da lfim ro vfi yfiu elu nfiy chi ed t h l duyc giai quytft<br /> Tim hilu v& "hr duy lieh ad"..<br /> <br /> dUa vflo cac mfin hpc trong nhfl trUdng. - Cfic efin cfl mang tfnh sU thUc chdng<br /> Kodama cho rfing, xa hfii ngay nay lfi xa minh cho giai thfch ed dfiy du hay khfing?<br /> hfii da nguygn hda vfl eac gia trj da dgng (tu duy vl mfii quan h$ tUdng h i gifla sU<br /> cdng ton tai vi thtf di kfim theo nd lufin Ifi that Uch sd vfi giai thfch lich sd: su thUe<br /> sU hifin hiiu cua nhdng sU giai thfch lieh sd lieh sd vfl giai thfch ljch sd phfln chia m0t<br /> khfic nhau, doi Iflp nhau vfl va chgm vdi efich tUdng dfii thflnh hai ting, cfii sau<br /> nhau (14). Ddng sau sU giai thfch lich sd thuytft minh cho cfii trUde, cfii trUde lfi cfln<br /> trong phfin Idn eac trudng hpp lfi cfic gifi trj cfl eiia cfii sau).<br /> quan nhfi't dinh vfi sU dfii Ifip trd thflnh hai - Su giai thfch dd hflu dung dtfn mde<br /> dudng thfing song song. Theo fing, trong nfio? Nd cd kha nflng thuyfi't minh cho sU<br /> phfin ldn cac trudng hpp ngUdi ta chi dUa ra thUc Ijch sd khflc hay sU trifin khai vl sau<br /> cac sy thUc lich sd cd lpi vfi d l cho sU dfii khfing? (tu duy vl gidi han trong nflng lUc<br /> lap ndi trfin khfing kfi't thdc mfit cfieh vfi vi, thuytft minh eua sU giai thfch nhfl't djnh).<br /> nhat nheo mfi dem lai thfl hflu feh hdn, thd<br /> • Cd sy thye nfio bi eoi nhg hay khong<br /> vj hdn, nfing lue ly giai khfich quan quan<br /> dupc dua ra vdi ly do khfing t h l thuyet<br /> dilra lich sd vfl su giai thfch ljch sd dUpc<br /> minh bfing giai thfch dd hay khong? (tu duy<br /> dfit ra. Ong cho rflng sU giai phdng bfin<br /> v l vific khi chi dUa trfin sU giai thich /ly<br /> than khdi su bd bufic bdi quan dilm Uch sd<br /> lufin nfio dd thi cac sU thUc khfing bao ham<br /> cung sU giai thfch Ueh sd nhfi't dinh vfi dUa<br /> trong dd se bj loai trfl).<br /> dtfl thoai thudng tdi tUdng lai thong qua<br /> Uch sd lfi nfing lUc cfin thie't trong xa hpi - Cd sU giai thieh nflo khac hay khong?<br /> toan cfiu hda. Neu nhu cd giai thfch khac thi eai nfio hflu<br /> dung hdn (tu duy dUde rang cae sU thUc trd<br /> Kodama da khai qufit mfi hinh mfiu vl thanh nguyfin lieu phan chflng doi vdi giai<br /> "tu duy Uch sd phg phfin" vdi 4 mflc do nhu thieh /ly lufin nao do se trd thflnh nguygn<br /> sau: ligu tao thanh giai thieh khac).<br /> MOc do 1: Tu duy mang tinh sit thUc = Mac do 3: Tu duy phdn tich gid tri<br /> tuduy hiiu dUdc sit gidi thich - Su quan tam vfi'n d l cua ngUdi xay<br /> - Su thuc Ueh sd tai sao lai xay ra? (tU dung giai thfch dfi la gi? Tinh hinh xa hfii<br /> duy ve nguyen nhfin, die'u kign, mue dfch, vay quanh anh ta nhu the" nflo? Mo'i quan<br /> ly do). hfi cua nhiing thfl nfiy vdi sU giai thich nhU<br /> - Su thye lich sd da xay ra nhU the nflo, the nao?<br /> vl sau nd ra sao? (tU duy ve ktft qua, anh - Tai sao cung vdi sU thay dfi'i moi quan<br /> hudng, chflc nfing, y nghia, phitdng hudng) tfim dtfi vdi vfi'n d l hay thdi dai ma sU giai<br /> - Y nghia, ban chfl't eua sU thflt lieh sd lfi thich edng eac sU thflt dupe dUa lai eiing<br /> gi? (tu duy v l dac dilm, ban chfi't, y nghia thay dfi'i theo? Su thay do'i dfi dien ra nhU<br /> ljch sd) the nfio?<br /> Mac do 4: Ta duy mang tinh ly ludn<br /> Miic do 2: Tu duy "phdn tinh" = tU duy<br /> xem xet mgt cdeh phi phdn sit gidi thich ' Bfing viee nghien cdu so sanh nhilu<br /> giai thich cd t h l hinh thfinh nen giai thich<br /> - Su thUe lich sd dfing vai tro lfi cfln cd<br /> mdi nhu thtf nfio?<br /> cua giai thich la gi?<br /> 58 Rghifln eihi Ljch a&. atf 11.2012<br /> <br /> • Sflc thuytft phyc cua gifii thfeh mdi cd d giao liiu, phi phdn ldn nhau md phdt triin<br /> mflc d$ nfio? Nfi cfi hflu di^ng dfii vdi cfi cfic nhdn thUc Ipch sit cua bdn thdn, hinh<br /> sy thye d khu vvte khfic hay thdi dgi khfic thdnh vd ndng cao ndng lyle nhdn thOc lich<br /> hay khfing? sa khoa hgc (tinh th^c chang, tinh Id-gic,<br /> Dl cfi duyc nfing lyc tu duy trfin thye ttf tinh chd thi) (16).<br /> thi ngudi hpc phfii trfii nghidm tU duy Theo quan dilm eiia Kato thl dfiy khfing<br /> thfing qua bfli hpc Ijeh sii ey thl. Tfl sau phfii lfi gid hpc gitfng nhu thfing thudng d dfi<br /> nflm 1945 dtfn nay, giflo dye ljch aii Nh^t gifio vifin gifing gifii, thuytft minh cfie khfii<br /> Ban da phfit triln qua nhilu ch$ng dUdng ni$m, Bd ki$n thfing set mi^t chilu, mfi trudc<br /> vfl dgt dupe nhilu thflnh tyu trong dd cfi htft giflo vifin sfi sii dyng cfic sy thye ljch sd<br /> cfic thye tiln ehu trpng phflt triln tU duy lflm cho nhflng tri thflc ljch sd thfing<br /> ljch sd eho hpe sinh. O p h i n titfp theo, thudng hay quan ni$m ljch sii mfl hpc sinh<br /> chdng tfii sfi gidi thifiu thye tiln gifio dye dang cd dao dtfng hoflc bj phu djnh khitfn<br /> cua Kato Kimiaki nhu lfi vf dy tifiu bilu. cho hpc sinh dtft ra c&u hdi "tai sao lai<br /> 2. Ph&t tritfn tit d u y lich suf c h o h p c thtf?", "thtft sy thi dilu dd Ifl nhu thtf nflor.<br /> s i n h t r o n g thi^c t i l n *'Gid h p c Ijch sti Titfp nhtfn vtfn d l dflt ra, tflng hpe sinh se<br /> N h ^ t B a n bfing tt^ d u y phfi ph&n" c u a titfn hflnh efic hogt d$ng dilu tra thfing tin,<br /> K a t o Kimiaki nghifin cflu tU lifiu, huy dtfng tri thflc sfin cfi<br /> di tgo ra efic cfiu trfi ldi cua chfnh minh.<br /> Kato Kimiaki sinh nflm 1950, tot nghi$p Titfp dd, ktft qua nfiy sfi duyc mfli sflc qua<br /> cao hpc trudng Dgi hpc Waseda nfim 1976 vi§c tranh lufln trUdc ldp vdi trung tflm lfi<br /> vfl giang dgy Ijeh sd Nhtft Bfin tgi cfic vi^e phfi phan lfin nhau vfl nhd dd nhfln<br /> trudng trung hpc pho thfing tinh Chiba, thflc ljch sd cua bfin than trd nfin ting hop<br /> Nhfit Ban. Tfl nflm 2005, fing trd thflnh hdn, khoa hpc hdn.<br /> giang vifin thinh giang ttUdng Dgi hpc<br /> Yamaguchi. Cd sd ly lufin cua gid hpc kieu nfly Ifl viec<br /> Kato cho rfing: "Miic dich cua gido due lich<br /> Kato trong giai dogn dfiu khoang 7 nflm sa la ldm trudng thdnh nhdn thOc lich sU<br /> mdi vao n g h l da titfn hflnh gid hpc tjch sd cua hgc sinh vdi tU edch Id chd thi" vfi de<br /> kilu thuytft trinh vdi trung tfim ifl nfii dung dgt dupe myc dfch nfly c i n phai nflng cao<br /> sfich giao khoa, chu trpng truyin dgt thfinh "hpc Iyc ljch sii" ciia hpc sinh. Cy t h l hdn,<br /> tUu sd hoc tdi hpe sinh. Tuy nhifin tfl nfim Kato dfl dua ra djnh nghia v l "hoc lUc lieh<br /> 1983, fing bfit d i u titfn hfinh cai cfieh gid sii" nhu sau; "Vifiy thi hgc /ut lich su" Id gi?<br /> hpe lich sii nhfim hUdng tdi gid hoc d dfi hpc Tdi cho rang do Id ndng lUc tU duy dung<br /> sinh sfii n i i hpc tfip vfi tU minh hinh thfinh dan vi lich sii tdc Id ndng lUc nhdn thOc<br /> nfing lUe eua ban thfin d l trd thfinh ngudi lich sii mdt each khoa hgc. Mgt cdeh cu thi<br /> lflm ehu xa hfii. ThUe tifin giao dye nfly cd thi tdm tdt lgi thdnh ndng lUc tU duy<br /> dUde ong dfit tfin Ifl "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt dUa trin cdc sU thUc dd dUOc kiim chiing<br /> Bdn bdng tU duy phi phdn" (15). hay cdc nguSn sd liiu phong phu (tinh thiic<br /> Theo Kato, "Gid hgc lieh s& Nh^t Bdn chOng), ndng lUc tU duy thdng nhdt, l6-gic<br /> bdng tu duy phi phdn" Id m^t loat gid hgc d (tinh Id-gic) vd ndng lUc tU duy bang chinh<br /> do hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng suy ngdm cdi ddu ciia minh sut dung cdm tinh vd tri<br /> vi lich su! trong tU edch la chu thi, thdng thac cua bdn thdn cha khdng phdi Id subat<br /> qua qud trinh thdo ludn, trao doi y kiin. chudc ngadi khdc" (17).<br /> Tim hilu vi "hr duy lieh sd".. 5S<br /> <br /> 0 day ta thfi'y, Kato cung xem xfit tU duy Gid hpc duye bfit d i u tfl mfit bflc finh.<br /> lich sii trong mfii quan hfi vdi hpe lye lich Dfiy Ifl bflc anh Itfy tfl cutfn 'Xjeh sd thflnh<br /> sd vfi nhfin thfle lich sd gitfng nhU efie hpc phtf Chiba". Tfl'm finh chyp b0 xUdng chfi efin<br /> gia khac mfi chdng tfii da d l cfip d p h i n nguyfin Iflnh duye phfit qu$t d di chi y vo sd<br /> tren. Kasori. Dfi'i vdi hpc sinh thi u vd sfi lufin<br /> Thfing thudng "Gid hpc lich set Nhfit Ban dupe xem nhU lfi ndi nfim rflc cua ngUdi<br /> bfing tu duy phfi phfin" cd cfi'u trdc gfim 3 Jomon vi thtf vific phfit hi$n ra bfi xUOng chd<br /> phfin: 1. "Gido viin di xUdng vdn dt, 2. cfin nguygn vpn trd thflnh sU thye ngofli sflc<br /> "Hgc sinh thiii lap gid thuyit vd tUn hdnh tudng tupng. Hpc sinh bfit dfiu hinh thflnh<br /> thdo ludn", 3. Hudng ddn hgc sinh hgc tdp nfin cfiu hdi tgi sao vfl hpe sinh rdi vflo trgng<br /> sau thdo ludn. thfii mong mutfn tu minh suy nghi tim kitfm<br /> Theo Kato thi sy thflnh bgi eua "Gid'hgc cfiu tra ldi thda dfing (18).<br /> lich sU Nhdt Bdn bdng ta duy phi phdn" Sau khi gifio vifin di xUdng vfi'n dl, hpc<br /> phu thufic phfin Idn vflo vfl'n d l dUpe di sinh sfi xfiy dyng gia thuytft, phfit bilu gifi<br /> xufing. Theo fing mfit vfl'n d l hay, thfch hpp thuytft vfl titfn hfinh thfio lufln. Khfio sfit<br /> phai dgt dupe 4 dilu kifin cd bfin: 1. Phdi Id "hd sd gid hge" eua Kato cho thfl'y tdy theo<br /> vdn di CO sUc cuo'n hut, hdp ddn khiin cho nfim hpc vfl cfic ldp mfl cd sU khfic bifit<br /> hgc sinh mong mud'n suy nghi vi nd. 2. nhUng nhin chung hpc sinh da tfeh eye giai<br /> Phdi Id vdn di md edng suy nghl sdu sdc quytft vfl'n di dUde dUa ra (19). Vi dy trong<br /> thi hgc sinh cdng eo dupe nhdn thUe lich sU thye tiln 'Tai sao ehd lgi dUpc chfin d u vd<br /> diing dan; 3. Phdi Id vdn de md hgc sinh cd so?" (nfim 1993), hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nen<br /> the dUng trin nhiiu lap trUdng di suy 6 gia thuytft:<br /> ngdm, tnidc kei la lap tnidng cua ddn 1, "Con chd ndy Id chd nu6i ldy thit"<br /> chung; 4. Phdi Id vdn de eo khd ndng triin 2, "Con chd ndy Id cho sdn"<br /> khai thdnh cugc thdo ludn sdi noi vdi cde y<br /> 3, "Con cho ndy Id cho ritng"<br /> kien khdc biet nhau.<br /> 4, "Con chd ndy Id cho gia nhd"<br /> Trfin cd sd ly lufin ndi tren, Kato da titfn 5, "Con ehd ndy la ddi tUOng cua tin<br /> hanh 3 kilu gid hpe thao lufin chu ytfu ngudng" (eho thdn)<br /> nhfim phat trien tU duy lich sii (nhfln thfle<br /> 6, "Con chd ndy Id vdt nudi ldm cdnh"<br /> Uch sd) cho hpe sinh:<br /> D l thuyet minh hpp ly cho gia thuytft<br /> Kiiu 1: Gid hgc thdo lugn si? dung tranh<br /> "tgi sao con chd thdi Jomon lgi cd nguyfin<br /> dnh lich sU<br /> hinh dang ban dfiu khi khai quflt?", hpc<br /> Kiiu 2: Gid hgc thdo ludn sie dung tU<br /> sinh da xfiy dUng nfin gia thuytft dUa trfin<br /> lieu cha vii't chfnh kinh nghifim, tri thfle, hinh finh (bilu<br /> Kiiu 3: Gid hgc thdo ludn si dung kenh tupng) v l thdi ky Jomon cua ban thfin. Titfp<br /> cha trong sdeh gido khoa dfi, thfing qua qua trinh thao lufin nhdm vfl<br /> Dudi dfiy xin dUdc tdm tflt thye tiln gifio tranh lufin d cfi'p dp ldp, hinh anh thdi ky<br /> due cua Kato cd tgn "Tgi sao eho lgi dagc Jomon cua hpc sinh se titfn gin hdn dtfn sU<br /> chdn d u vo sd?" di lflm ro cac bifin phfip thflt lich sii. Cufii cflng sau phfin thao lufln<br /> phfit triln tu duy Uch stt cho hpc sinh cua d vflo thdi dilm gid hpc ktft thuc se cd hogt<br /> Kato. dfing bd phitfu de danh gifi cac gia thuyet.<br />  Rghifln cihi Ljch aJr. atf 11.2012<br /> <br /> Theo Kato, vi$c titfn hflnh bd phitfu d dfiy cda hpe ainh duye titfn hfinh d Nhfit Ban tfl<br /> khfing phfii Ifi d l xfic djnh tflng gifi thuytft sau nflm 1946 dtfn nay.<br /> dd ddng hay sai dtfl vdi vfi'n d l dflt ra. Tdy<br /> theo tlnh hinh ldp hpc, phUdng thdc triln<br /> khai thao lufin mfi khfing phfii khi nfio gifi Su thfi't bgi cua Nhfit Bfin trong Chitfn<br /> thuytft thu dupe nhilu phitfu ung hO nhfi't tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai dfi dfit ra cflu hdi<br /> eung trflng khdp vdi thflnh qufi nghifin cflu nghifim khfic v l sU t i n tgi cua hfi thtfng<br /> sii hpc mdi nhfi't. Do dd d gid hpe thfio lufin gifio dye trUde dd. Trong btfi cfinh bj qufin<br /> dgng nfiy thi phfin ktft lutfn cutfl cflng lufin d i n g minh chitfm ddng vfi gifim sfit, Nhflt<br /> d dgng md. Bfin dfi thye hi$n thflnh efing cfing cufic<br /> Sau khi gid hpc ktft thdc, Kato thudng cfii cfich gifio dye tofln ditfn nhflm phuc<br /> dua ra d l tfli vifi't tilu lutfn (bfio cfio) cho hung, xfly dyng nfldc Nhfit Ban mfii.<br /> hpc sinh. Vific yfiu clu vitft tilu lufln nfiy Trong eufie cai cfich dd mfln Xa h$i (tfeh<br /> nhfim phfit triln vfl lflm sflu sfic thfim nhfin hyp dja ly, efing dfin, ljch sfl) dfi ddng vai<br /> thflc ljch 8ii-tu duy ljch sd cua hpe sinh. tro trung t&m. Tritft ly gifio due mdi<br /> Trong qufi trinh dUa ra gifi thuyfit vfl thao nhfim xfiy dyng nfldc Nh&t hfia binh, dfin<br /> lufin trgn ldp se ed rfi't nhilu dilm tranh chu, tfin trpng con ngUdi da dupe t h l hifin<br /> lufin dupe dUa ra vfl dflt hpc sinh vflo tlnh tap trung d hinh anh ngUdi cfing dfin cd<br /> huong phai xem xfit lgi y kitfn cua ban thfin phtfm ehtft cfing dfin vfi nfing lUc tU duy<br /> xem nd cd dung dfln, 16-gfe hay khfing. dtfc Iflp (20). Vi thtf dUdng nhifin tU duy<br /> ljch sd da trd thflnh vtfn di hpc thufit<br /> Thye tien giao due "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt quan trpng duyc nghign cflu, bfln lufln sfii<br /> Bdn bdng tU duy phi phdn" cua Kato chu noi sutft tfl nflm 1945 dtfn nay. N l n giao<br /> trpng phfit triln tu duy Ijch sii cua hpc sinh due hoat dtfng dfla trgn moi quan hfi cfin<br /> tien hfinh tfl nfim 1983 dtfn nay da cd finh bfing gifla "ehUdng trinh khung" cua Bfi<br /> hudng tfeh cUe tdi eac gifio vifin gifing dgy Giao due vfi thye t i l n gifio due phong phd<br /> lieh sfl d trudng pho thong vfi cd ddng gdp eua gifio vifin da tgo d i l u ki$n vfl dam bfio<br /> quan trpng v l ly lufin. Dfic dilm nfi'i bflt vfl v l mfit phfip ly eho nhflng flng dung ly<br /> cung Ifl ddng gdp dfing k l eua Kato lfi sU lufln vtf tfl duy ljch sfl vfio thflc tiln (21).<br /> thfla nhfln tfnh da dang cua nhfln thflc ljch Thflc t i l n "Gid hgc lich si Nhdt Bdn bdng<br /> sd trong dd tu duy phfi phfln dupe coi trpng. tu duy phi phdn" cua Kato Kimiaki lfi mpt<br /> Kato da coi mue tifiu cua giao due ljch sfl lfi trong nhflng thii nghifim nhu thtf. Trong<br /> nang cao nflng lUc nhfln thflc lich sfl (nflng gid hpe cua Kato hpc sinh khfing thy dong<br /> lUc tu duy lich sfl) eho hpe sinh vdi tu efieh lfing nghe, ghi chfip vfl ghi nhd nhflng<br /> Ifi ehu t h l cua qufi trinh hpc tflp tfl dd titfn giang giai, thuytft rainh rafit chilu ciia<br /> hflnh cfic bifin phfip to ehfle, hUdng dfin hpe gifio vifin rafl chu dfing tich cflc khfim pha<br /> tflp nhfim phfit huy eao dp tU duy dfic l^p chfin ly (sy thflc ljch sfl), gifii thfeh nfi<br /> vfl nflng lyc tu hpc cua hpc sinh. bfing kinh nghi$m, ly lufin cua minh vfl<br /> Tfi't nhien, thue tiln eua Kato cung ehi bao vfi sfl giai thfch d6. Dudi sd hudng dfln<br /> cua giao vifin, hpc sinh da cd trai nghifim<br /> Ifl mfit sU thfl nghifim, m^t lfii di rifing cua<br /> giong n h u nhflng nhfl "sfl hpc tf hon" trong<br /> fing. Ngofii "Gid hgc lieh sQ Nhdt Bdn bdng<br /> vigc phfit hitfn, tim kitfm sfl thflc lich sfl vfl<br /> tu duy phi phdn" cdn cd nhilu cfic thuc tiln<br /> suy ngfim v l nd. Nhflng nghifin cflu v l ly<br /> khac chu trpng phat t r i l n tU duy Ijeh sfl<br /> Tim hi^u v& "hr duy iich aii"...<br /> <br /> lufln vfl thflc t i l n lifin quan den tU duy c I n thitft c h o c a c nhfi gifio d u e Iich afl Vifit<br /> ljch sfl vfl phat t r i l n tU duy Iich sfl cua N a m t r o n g qufi t r i n h d o i m d i s d h p e vfi<br /> Nhfit Ban tfl sau 1945 den nay ed t h l se gifio d u e ljch sfl t r o n g boi cfinh tofln cfiu<br /> chfla dyng nhflng thfing tin tham khao hda.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). NguSi Nhflt thudng goi n l n gido dye sau (8). Cflc nhfl giflo dye lieh sii Nhat Ban ddi khi<br /> Chien t r a n h thtf gi6i thii Hai Ifl "giflo dgc mdi" khdng phfin bi§t thu^t ngQ "tU duy lieh sil" v&<br /> hoflc "giao dye dfin chii". "nftng lyc tu duy ljch sil".<br /> (2). Thye t i l n giflo dgc x4t cl nghia h^p khdng (9). Xem thfim Tanaka Masatoshi, Higashi Ajia<br /> phai ddn thufin chi Ifl giflo fln hay n6i dung hk\ kingendaishi no hohou (Phitqng phdp lich sii c^n<br /> giang ciia giflo vifin mfl cdn Ifl tofln b^ nhi!ng hoat hiin dqi Ddng A), Meichokangyokai, 1999,<br /> dong dgy-hoc d i l n ra trfin ldp, nhQng t&i h^u, dung (10). HOi giflo dye mdn Xa hdi Nhflt Ban,<br /> cy ail dyng trong gid hpc, nhQng ldi phflt biou, cflc Shakaika kyoiku Jiten (Tit dien gido due mdn Xd<br /> cau hoi dUa ra vfl p h a n hdi ciia hoc sinh trong v& hpi). Gyosei. 2000, tr. 156.<br /> sau bfli giang. Sau n&m 1945, Nhflt Ban thye hi^n<br /> (11). y^ thdc lich sir vft nhan thflc lich ail 1ft<br /> m&t chitdng t i i n h dflo tgo cd n h i l u bd sflch gi&o<br /> nhflng thuftt ngQ khd dat dUOc sU thd'ng nha't trong<br /> khoa nen thye t i l n ciia giflo vifin rfl't phong phii.<br /> tranh luIln hoe thuat d Nhftt Ban. Chung tdi se<br /> (3). d Nh|lt Ban "triet ly giao dye" Ifl eym tit tifi'p tye bftn sau thfim v l vft'n d l nfty d mdt dip<br /> duoc diing tUdng dfii pho bitfn. Trong lotit cong khac.<br /> trinh t^ng ktft v l cai each gi&o dye thdi hftu chifi'n b (12). De bitft them v l cac cdng trinh nghien cilu<br /> Nhflt Ban do D ^ hoc Tokyo thye hifin gom 7 t§ip c6 eua ong, mdi tham khao: Saito Hiroshi, "Chiriteki-<br /> rifing tap II dfly 462 trang bfln ve "triet ly giao due rekishiteki ishiki no hattatsu" {"S^ phdt triin y<br /> Nhflt Ban" thdi hflu chitfn do Nhfl xufft ban Dai thitc dia ly, lich sO"), Shinano kyouiku kenkyu<br /> hoc Tokyo xutft ban vflo nSm 1976. kiyo dai 19 shu (Kl yeu nghifin eClu giao due<br /> (4), (5). H6i giao due mfin Xa hfii Nhflt Ban, Shinano tftp 19) Shinano kyoiku shuppanbu, 1953.<br /> Shakaika kyoiku jiten {Tit dien gido due mdn Xd (13). D^i hoc Hiroshima, Hiroshima daigaku<br /> hoi), Gyosei, 2000. tr. 74. fuzoku chutogakko no kenkyu kiyo, dai 47 go (Ky<br /> (6). Xin t h a m khao Honda Koei, Shakaika no yg'u nghien cQu tnidng THCS-THPT true thuoc<br /> gakuryoku zo (Hinh dnh hqc hic mdn Xd hqi), Meiji Dai hoc Hiroshima, stf 47), 2000. tr. 3.<br /> Tosho, 1980. (14). Kodama Yasuhiro quan nifim cong vifie<br /> (7). Tfli U | u nfly do B6 Giao dgc Nhflt Ban bifin cila nha sil hge 1ft "tim kifi'm, Iftm rd cac sQ thuc<br /> eoan vfl ban hflnh trong d6 t6m lUdc v l m.uc tieu, lich sil" vfl "giai thich" cflc sQ thuc lich sd dd.<br /> nfii dung, phUdng phflp hifdng dfin hoc ainh hoc tflp (15). De bitft thfim chi tiet ve thUe tien giao due<br /> trong cac trUdng pho tliSng. CU khoang 10 nflm bo cila Kato Kimiaki, mdi tham khao bfli viet ^Hitdng<br /> giao due Nhflt Ban lai titfn hflnli siia doi ban ddn hqc sinh tU hoc trong "Gib hoc lich sit Nhdt<br /> hudng d i n hoc tflp mot Ifin. Moi iSn sda doi c6 the Bdn bdng tit duy phi phdn: cda Kato Kimiaki" cila<br /> coi Ifl mdt cudc cai each giao dye. Sau Chien tranh Nguyin Quoc VUtJng trong Ky yi'u Hoi thdo khoa<br /> th^ gidi t h a Hai, ban hudng dSn hoe tap dfiu tidn hqc quo'c gia: Nghien citu, gidng day lich sit trong<br /> ban hflnh nfim 1947 vfl ban hudng d i n hoc tap mdi bdt cdnh hqi nhdp quoc ti'vd phdt triin ky ndng tU<br /> nhift ban hflnh thflng 3 nflm 2008. hqc cho hqc sinh, Bd Giao dye vfl Dfto tao-Tnidng<br /> 62 Rghl&n cflu lilch aJr. atf 11.2012<br /> <br /> Dgi hgc Su phgm Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 2011, ir. 246- cflng tflc nghifin cflu. Trong hi ad gid hpc cd ghi diy<br /> 260. dil vft khfich quan vl gifio fln, tfti lifiu, dfi diing<br /> (16). Kato Kimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no giflng dgy dfi ad dyng, diin bitfn gid hpc, hogt d$ng<br /> susume kata {Phitdng phdp tO^n hdnh gid hqc thdothiy-trd, y kii'n cua hpc sinh vfl dftc bi§t 1ft cam<br /> lu^n lich sdNh^t Bdn), Nihon Shoseki, 1996, tr. 1. tudng, cfic y kitfn tranh lufln ctia hpc sinh.<br /> (17). Kato ICimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no (20). Hda blnh, dfln chii, tfin trflng con ngUdi 1ft<br /> susume kata {fhitang phdp tii'n hdnh gid hqc ba try cfit cQng gpi Ifl ba nguyfin ly cila Hitfn phftp<br /> thdo ludn lich aCl Nhdt Bdn), Nihon Shoaeki, Nhflt Bfin 1947. Hitfn phflp nfly cdn dupc gpi 1ft<br /> 1996, tr. 1. Hii'n phflp hda blnh.<br /> (18). Jomon 1ft tSn gpi m$t giai dogn ljch sil (21). Luflt giflo dgc trUdng hpc, Luflt giflo dgc cd<br /> Nhflt Bin (13.000-300 tr.CN). bfin vfl c&c bfi luflt gi&o dgc cfi lifin quan dam bao<br /> (19). Hfi BO gid hgc Ifl nhflng ghi ch£p to&n di$n cd ed phflp ly cho c&c sflng tgo cua gi&o vifin trong<br /> vl gid hgc dfl thye hi^n eiia gifto vifin phyc vy cho c&c hogt dfing thye tiln gifto dye.<br /> <br /> <br /> H0P TAC VIIT-TRUNG TRONG VAN DE BIEN Gldl<br /> (Tidp theo trang 52)<br /> <br /> (8). 6y ban Nhftn dfin tinh Quang Ninh, Bflo (2009), B&o c&o ttfng ktft hofln thftnh cdng tftc<br /> c&o ktft qua thye hi^n ban ghi nhd hfli nghj Iln thfl PGCM trfin dogn biln gidi dtft Uln do tJnh Quang<br /> hai UBCTLH giQa cac tinh phfa bic Vi§t Nam vft Ninh quan ly, th&ng 12/2009.<br /> khu ty trj dftn tfic Choang Quang Tfly, ngfly 6 (12). Cy ban Nhfln dfln tinh Quang Ninh<br /> thftng 9 nfim 2010, Ha Ixing, tr. 4. (2009), B&o c&o ting ktft hoftn thftnh cdng tftc<br /> (9). Cyc Hai quan Quang Ninh. Bdo c&o iSng PGCM trfin dogn bifin gifii dfl't hin do tinh Quing<br /> ktft cdng tftc kilm soflt Hai quan 5 nftm (2006- Ninh quan ly, tilt nflm 2000-11/2009, thfing<br /> 2010) atf 2005/HQQN-CBL, Quang Ninh, ngfty 26- 12/2009.<br /> 12-2010. (13). Bfti phdng vfo Thfl tnidng Bfi Ngo^i giao VG<br /> (10). Dia chi Qudng Ninh (2001), tftp 1. Diing, Chii nhi$ra Oy ban bifin gidi Quflc gia, Tgp chf<br /> (11). tly ban Nhfin dfin tlnh Quang Ninh Nghiin ciht Trung Qu&. atf 1 (80), 2008, tr. 4.<br />