Tội phạm và phòng ngừa tội phạm nhìn từ lý thuyết "hoạt động thường nhật"

I iioi pQc the gioi<br /> <br /> ^^ hpi hpc. s6i (137). 2017<br /> <br /> TOl P H A M VA P H O N G NGlTA TOI PHAM NHIN T t r LY THUYET<br /> "HOAT D O N G THLTCSNG N H A T '<br /> <br /> Tom tdt: Trong Itnh vuc xd hgi hoc tgi phgm, phdn ldn cdc ly thuyit diu chu trgng<br /> ly gidi hi$n tu(mg tgi phgm td nhiing nhdn td kinh ti - xd hoi. Thi nhung nhiing ly thuyit<br /> dy da ggp khd khdn khi ddi dien vdi hien trgng Id cdc diiu kien hnh ti - xa hdi dugc cdi<br /> then nhung Ipi phpm van khdng hi gidm. Di gidi thich cho linh thi ndy Lawrence E<br /> Cohen vd Marcus Felson dd dua ra ly Ihuyit "hogt ddng ihudng nhgt" vdn dogn tuy?t vdi<br /> nhdn quan tdt djnh ludn xd hpi hpccd diin di chi tgp Irung vdo chinh cdc hdnh dpng Idi<br /> pham cdng nhu nhimg ddc trung vi mat khdng gian vd thai gian cua chting Ldi liip cpn<br /> mdi me ndy Id mgt thdnh cdng khdng thi Iranh cdi cua hi hinh hdnh dgng (le paradigme<br /> actionniste) trong ITnh vuc nghiin cuu xa hdi hgc tgi phgm. Bdi viit trinh bdy nhirng net<br /> chinh cita^ ly thuyit mdi me ndy nhu mgt gai md cho nhirng nghien cuu xd hdi hpc thuc<br /> nghiim ve tgi phgm tgi Viet Nam trong luang lai.<br /> Tir khda: tdi pham, hoat ddng thudng nhat, ngSn ngira tpi phtun.<br /> <br /> 1. Dan nhdp<br /> Trong Ijch siJt nghien cuu chuyfn nganh xa hdi hpc Ifi pham, phan ldn cac ly thuyet<br /> Idn trong xd hfi hgc toi pham nhu ly thuyft xung dft xa hgi (conflict theory), ly thuyft<br /> cdng thdng (strain theory) dfu ly giai hifn tugng lgi pham nhu la ket qua ciia nhiing dilu<br /> kifn kinh tf va xd hgi nhu ngheo ddi, su bat binh dang vf ihu nhap va co hgi. Tir do, vifc<br /> ngdn ngira tgi pham dut?c xem Id hifu qud khi nhirng dieu kifn kinh te - xd hgi dugc cdi<br /> thifn, tiic la giiia hai hifn tugng ndy cd mdi quan hf tuong quan nghjch vdi nhau, bdi khi<br /> nhiing dieu kien kinh te - xa hfi dui^c cdi thifn thi tinh hinh tgi pham s2 gidm theo va<br /> ngugc lai. Thf nhung thuc te xd hgi tai mgl s6 nude ma cii thf Id My trong giai d o ^ 1960<br /> - 1970 lai cho thay mgt hifn tupng kha mau thuan neu xet theo ldi nhin truyen Ihong vf<br /> tgi pham md theo dd, tinh trang tgi phgm van khdng he thuyen giam dii cdc dieu kifn ve<br /> kinh tk - xa hgi d nude ndy da dupe cdi thifn. Cu th6 la trong cdc sd lifu thong ke d Mj*,<br /> cdc chi bao ve diSu kifn sdng tai cdc do thj ldn diu dugc cai thifn, ching ban ly If ngudi<br /> da den d cdc dd thj hoan thdnh bgc trung hgc tang lir 43% vdo nam 1960 Ien 61% vao<br /> nam 1968; ciing thdi ky dd, thu nhgp trung vi ciia cac hg gia dinh ngudi da den lir b5ng<br /> 61% thu nhdp trung vj ciia cac hf gia dinh da trdng Ifn biing 68%. Cung trong giai doan<br /> 'Dgi hpc Md. Thdnh phd Hd Chl Minh<br /> <br /> Tpi phpm vd phong ngiea Ipi phpm nhin Id ly ihuyel...<br /> ndy, sd ngudi sdng dudi nguong ngheo tgi cdc do thj tCr 11,3 trieu ngudi gidm xuong con<br /> 8 trifu ngudi (Cohen & Felson, 1979: 588).<br /> Tuy nhien, tinh hinh tgi pham d Mp lai khdng gidm Iheo su cdi thifn ve kinh tf - xd<br /> hgi dy ma lai tang rdt cao. Cy the, theo bao cdo cua Cyc difu tra LiSn bang My (FBI),<br /> trong giai doan tul960 - 1975, ty If cudp cua tdng len 263%, t^ le cdc vy hanh hung<br /> nghiem trgng tang 164%, hiSp ddm tdng 174% va tgi pham giSt ngudi tang 188% va<br /> nhieu loai tgi pham khdc cijng tSng vdi ty If cao (xem Bdng 1).<br /> Bing 1. Tinh tr^ng t^i pham & My giai do^n 1960-1975<br /> Cic loai tgi pha<br /> Tong cgng<br /> • B^D l^c<br /> - Tii sin<br /> Giei ngudi<br /> Hiep dam<br /> CirSpeua<br /> Hinh hung nghiem ttpng<br /> Trgm cip<br /> An cip vjt<br /> Trgm xe m6t6<br /> <br /> Udc Unh nim 1975<br /> Sovu<br /> Tv If/100 000 dan<br /> 11.256.600<br /> 5.281,7<br /> 1.026280<br /> 481,5<br /> 10 230 300<br /> 4 800,2<br /> 20.510<br /> 9,6<br /> 56 090<br /> 26.3<br /> 464.970<br /> 218,2<br /> 4S4,7I0<br /> 227,4<br /> 3252.100<br /> 1 525,9<br /> 5.977.700<br /> 2 804,8<br /> 1.000 500<br /> 469,4<br /> <br /> Sov6inim 1960<br /> Tyl¥<br /> Sovu<br /> +179,9<br /> +232,6<br /> +255,8<br /> +199,3<br /> +230,5<br /> +178,1<br /> +12S.I<br /> +88,2<br /> +226,3<br /> + 174,0<br /> +331,2<br /> +263,1<br /> +214,1<br /> +164,1<br /> +256,6<br /> +200,0<br /> +222 2<br /> + 171,1<br /> +204.8<br /> 156,5<br /> <br /> Ngudn Uniform Crime<br /> •<br /> Reports foi• Ihe United Stales FBI, 1975. 11.<br /> <br /> Nhu vdy, cdc so lifu vh tgi phgm va cdc difu kifn kinh tf - xd hgi lai di theo mdi<br /> quan he tucmg quan thuan (cd hai yfu Id ciing tSng) chii khong phai theo moi quan he<br /> tuong quan nghieh (yfu td nay ISng, yeu to kia gidm). Vay idm thf ndo df gidi thich mdi<br /> quan hf tuong quan thuan ndy? Bai viet ndy trinh bay quan difm cua Iy thuygt "Hogt<br /> dpng thuang nhdl" (Routine Activity Theory) dugc Lawrence Cohen' va Marcus Felson^<br /> dua ra vdo nam 1979 nhu la mgt each gidi tiiich cho su mdu thuan giiia toi pham vd cdc<br /> dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi nhu vira neu tren. Dinh df chinh dugc hai tac gia ndy dl xudt dd<br /> la thay vi tap trung phan tich nhimg d^c difm kinh tl - xa hoi ciia ngudi cd hdnh vi lgi<br /> phgm vd nhiing nhdn Id kinh ti - xd hgi ciia hifn tugng toi phgm, cdn tap trung phan tich<br /> theo nhan quan sinh thai nhdn van (human ecololy) df xem xel xem lifu co cdu xa hgi cd<br /> tgo ra sy hdi ty ciia cdc yeu Id lao ra tgi pham trong khdng gian va thdi gian hay khdng,<br /> bdi chinh sy hoi lu ay tao nen co hgi pham tgi cho nhiing ngudi pham tgi tif m nang.<br /> 2. Gidi thich tgi pham tir ly thuyet "Cdc hdnh dfng thudng nhat"<br /> Vdo nam 1979, hai nhd nghien cuu vk tgi pham Id L.E Cohen vd M. Felson cho<br /> cong bo trfn Tap chi Xa hgi hgc My (American Sociological Review) cong trinh cd nhan<br /> de "Su biin ddi xd hdi vd nhiing xu hudng ciia ty le tpi pham Ldi dip can hoat ddng<br /> Ihirdng nhgt" (Social change and Crime rate trends: A routine activity theory). Hai tac gid<br /> ^Lawrence E. Cohen hi?n li giio su l^i khoa Xi h^i hgc tnrftng D?i hgc California, Davis.<br /> Marcus Felson hifn li giio sir l^i truimg Texas State University,6ng tiing dugc trao giii thudng Ronald<br /> Clarke tir H^i T^i ph^im hgc moi tnrOng vi Phin lich lgi ph?m cDng nhu giii thudng Paul Tannan cila HAI<br /> T^i ph?m hpc mien Tay (MJ)<br /> '^^ " ^ " "<br /> <br /> it' Minli Ttin 93<br /> cho Aig l6i tiip can If thuyet nay li Ihlch hop (ts hiSu ducrc sit mau thuIu vj tSi pham va<br /> cac dieu kicn kinh t^-xa hpi ma My da gap ph^i,<br /> •<br /> Theo quan diSm cia Cohen vi Felson, hanh vi t«i pham chi diSnia khi co ba ylu t6<br /> cung ho, tn trong mpt khong gian va thcri gian nhSt dinh. Ba y6u 16 de tpi pham diln ra Ir<br /> mpc neu thich hop (suitable target), ke tpi phm, tilm nilng (likely offender) vi vice IhiSu<br /> ving nguo, bao vc (absence of capable guardian), L6i phin tich niy con dupe gpi li l6i<br /> phan trch "tam giac vin de" (problem analysis triangle) voi him y li ca ba ylu 16 do nhii<br /> cimg cd mit grong nhu ba canh eda mot tam giac thi hinh v, tpi pham moi duoc diln ra<br /> nhu dien td qua hinh sau:<br /> <br /> Trong ba yfu to trfn, muc tieu thich hop cd Ihf la ngudi ho^c Id mgt vdt nao dd va<br /> myc tifu ay phai cd nhiing dac trung thu hiit dugc ke pham tgi. Do do, muc tifu thu hut<br /> phdi thugc mgt trong hai loai sau:<br /> - VrVA: cd gid tq cao (Value), co djnh (Inertia), nhin thdy dugc (Visibility) vd lilp<br /> can duoc (Access)<br /> - CRAVED: cd the gidu dug-c (Concealable), cd the dich chuyen dugc<br /> (Removable), cd the sir dung dirge (Available), cd gia tri (Valuable), thii vi (Enjoyable)<br /> vd dimg duoc ngay (Disposable).<br /> Vdi yeu to thii hai Id vifc Ihiiu vdng nhiing ngudi co khd ndng bdo vp, khi nhiing<br /> dieu kifn kinh te - xa hgi dugc cdi thifn nhu thu nhap ldng len dan din vifc con ngudi<br /> ciing thay ddi cac hoat dgng thudng nhat ciia minh nhu thudng di nghi d nhiing ncri xa vd<br /> do dd, CO hdi de cho ha ylu t6 trfn hgi ty cdng cao vd dan dfn ty If tgi pham cung cao<br /> theo. Ben canh do, neu trong thdi ky khd khan, phu nil phai thudng xuyen d nha dam<br /> nhan cdc cdng vifc ngi trg, khi tinh hinh kinh te - xa hgi cai thifn, ty If phy nii tham gia<br /> vdo thi trudng lao dgng ciing ldng theo, do dd boat dgng ihudng ngdy ciia gia dmh bi thay<br /> ddi khi gia dinh gan nhu khdng cdn cd ngudi trdng giii, vd nhu vdy difu kien thd liai nay<br /> ciing xudt hifn thudng xuyfn hem, do dd khd nSng hfi ly ciia ba yeu Id tgo ra tfi pham<br /> cting cao theo. Nhiing Ihdnh phdn thugc ylu Id Ihii hai nay cd thf la mang linh chinh thirc<br /> ho?ic phi chinh thiic nhu: hoat dgng luan tra ciia canh sdt, nhiing ngudi gia gin an ninh,<br /> ngudi di dudng, camera theo ddi, hf thdng den dudng, hf thong chuong bao dgng, nhiing<br /> <br /> 96<br /> <br /> Tpi pham vd phong ngira tpi phpm nhin lir ly ihuyet...<br /> <br /> ngudi hdng xdm, hdng rdo v.v... Tir dd, Cohen va Felson (1979) dua ra cdc gia thuyet<br /> nhu nhihig hg gia dinh chi cd mgl thanh vien, nhibig hp gia dinh md moi thdnh vifn deu<br /> lam vifc ngoai gia dinh Ihi se c6 nguy co la nan nhan cua hdnh vi tgi phgm cao hon<br /> nhiing hg gia dinh khdc. Nhiing bgn trf gan bd vdi nhieu hogt ddng ben ngoai (chang ban<br /> thudng xuyfn tham gia cdc hoal dgng ve dem ngodi gia dinh) thi thudng trd thdnh nan<br /> nhdn ciia tgi pham hon. do cd the cac bgn ire ndy lui tdi nhirng noi de cd su hgi ty ciia ba<br /> y5u td tgo co hfi cho hdnh vi tgi pham. Nhiing ngudi dgc than thi cd xac suat trd thanh<br /> nan nhdn ciia tgi phgm hon nhiing ngudi cd vg/chdng do yeu td thii hai (thieu vang ngudi<br /> bao vf) thudng xuyfn hon.Vd cho dii s6 lugng kf phgm tgi tiem ndng khdng tdng Ifn<br /> nhung ty If tgi pham van lang trong thdi ky cdc dilu kifn kinh te-xd hgi dugc cdi thifn,<br /> bdi d nhiing thdi ky nay cd sy gia tang ciia cac myc lieu hdp dan, vd su thieu vang ngudi<br /> bdo vf ciing lang khi con ngudi chu lam hudng thy cugc sdng rieng ciia minh nhieu hon<br /> la quan tam den cgng ddng hay nhOng ngudi xung quanh (Bang 2).<br /> Bing 2. Tinh Ir^ng gia di n h v i 15'If trir thinh n^D1 nhin ciia 1(11 ph^m<br /> noi nhihig ngiriri tCr 12 1tu6i trA len t^i MJ (tinh tren 100 000 nguin)<br /> GiiM llnh<br /> Nam<br /> <br /> Nft<br /> <br /> Thih t r ^ g gia dinh<br /> Chua k^t hon<br /> Dik^thgn<br /> Ly thSn/ly dj<br /> G6a<br /> Chua kel hSn<br /> Di kk h6n<br /> Ly thin/ly d|<br /> G6a<br /> <br /> Bj biep dim<br /> <br /> 360<br /> 70<br /> 540<br /> <br /> Bl trgm Clldp<br /> 1 SOO<br /> 550<br /> 2.270<br /> 1.150<br /> 580<br /> 270<br /> 1090<br /> 450<br /> <br /> Bj hinh hung<br /> 5.870<br /> 2.170<br /> 5.640<br /> 1.500<br /> 2.560<br /> 910<br /> 4.560<br /> 590<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Cohen. L.E & Felson. M. 1979.<br /> <br /> Dua trfn loi tilp cdn vl hogt dgng thudng nhdt ay, vdo ndm 2010, cac nha nghifn<br /> Cliu Pratt, Holtfreter vd Reisig dd tif n hanh nghifn cim xem s\r phdt trien ciia cdng nghf,<br /> ma d^c bift Id vifc mua bdn tren mgng internet cd lam gia tdng khd ndng trd thanh nan<br /> nhdn ciia tgi pham noi nhiing ngudi lieu dung hay khdng Cac lac gid nay d3 tiln hdnh<br /> phdng vdn qua difn thoai 922 ngudi trudng thdnh sir dung Internet trong nim tudn gdn<br /> nhat tgi bang Florida (MJ). Ket qua cho thay nhting ngudi nao ihudng xuyfn tim mua sdn<br /> phdm tren mang Ihi kha nang trd thanh ngn nhan cua thuang mai lira ddo ISng len dfn<br /> 377%. Sd dl nhu the la khi tham gia tim kiem mua hang tren mang, nhiing ngudi ndy trd<br /> thdnh myc lieu thu hiit cho nhiing ngudi tgi phgm tifm ndng, vd vi tham gia mua hdng<br /> tren mang nfn hg ciing khdng cd dugc sy bao vf, tiic Id hai ylu td can thilt cho lgi phgm<br /> da hgi tu noi nhirng ngudi mua hang tren mang internet (Pratt. Holtfreter & Reisig, 2010).<br /> Bill Kieu Minh Tnll (2014) da dp dung I6i tilp cgn ndy dl nghifin ciiu linh hinh an<br /> ninh trat ty tai Lang Dai hgc Thii Diic (TP. Hd Chi Minh). Day la dja ban gidp ranh giiia<br /> E>dng Nai, Binh Duong vd quan Thti Diic (TP. Ho Chi Minh) v6n tap irung nhieu sinh<br /> vien d trg va cung la dia bdn xay ra nhieu logi hlnh tgi phgm nhu trgm cap, cudp gidt, dua<br /> xe, du dd.,. Theo kft qud khdo sdt cua tdc gid tren mgt mau gdm 300 sinh vifn dang s6na<br /> vd hgc tap tgi Lang Dgi hgc Thit Diic, cd dfn 34,3% so sinh vifn cho bilt minh limg hi<br /> <br /> ~~<br /> <br /> ,^___<br /> <br /> Le Minh Tien<br /> <br /> 97<br /> <br /> ttgin cap, 18.0% bj^moc tiii vd 8,7% timg b, cudp gigt tai dja ban nay (Biii Kilu Minh<br /> inet, 2014: 60). Ket qua khao sdt ciing chi ra ba ly chinh do din din cdc hifn tugng tgi<br /> pham^ tgi khu vuc Lang Dai hgc Id "nhilu thanh phdn dan nhdp cu" (88,7%), "dudng<br /> vang" (83,7%) vd "thilu luc lugng an ninh" (80,0%) (Biii Kilu Minh Trill, 2014' 67)<br /> Nhu vgy, so di Lang Dai hgc Thu Diic xdy ra nhilu loai hinh tgi phgm Id bdi ddy Id noi cd<br /> xac suat dien ra sy hgi ty ciia ba yfu td lao nen tgi pham cao.<br /> 3. Phong ngiia tgi pham nhiD tir \S thuylt "Cac hdnh dgng thudng nhat"<br /> Vi quan mgm tdi pham la kll qud ciia su hgi tu vl myc lieu, sy thilu ving ngudi<br /> bao vf va nhung ke tgi phgm tiem ndng nfn chi cdn thilu vdng mgt trong ba ylu Id ndy thi<br /> hdnh VI tgi phgm sg khong the diln ra. Do do, cac chinh sdch keo giam tgi pham dya trfn<br /> Ioi tifp_cdn hoat dgng Ihudng ngay khdng chii trgng vifc kfo gidm si lugng ngudi tfi<br /> pham tifm nang, ma Id keo giam sy hgi ty cua ba ylu td ay.<br /> Tir dd, cdc nhd nghien ciiu dd dua ra mgl chinh sdch ngan ngira tgi phgm dugc ggi<br /> la "ngan ngira tgi phgm theo hodn cdnh" (situational crime prevention), tiic Id hudng din<br /> vifc ngan ngira cac tmh hudng hgi ty cua cdc ylu td tao ra tgi pham hon la lap Irung vao<br /> vifc truy bat hay trimg phat nhimg ngudi pham tgi hay cd nguy co phgm tgi. Chinh sdch<br /> ngdn ngira nay dua trfn ndm nguyfn tdc chinh: 1/ huge ke tgi pham tifm nang phai no lyc<br /> nhieu hon khi thyc hifn hdnh vi tdi phgm. 2/ gia tdng cdc nil ro cho ngudi muon thyc hifn<br /> hanh vi tgi phgm, 3/ gidm nhihig thdnh qud cd dugc lit hdnh vi tgi pham (chang hgn<br /> khdng mua cac loai vat dyng khdng ro ngudn gdc), 4/ giam idt cd nhiing hdnh vi khifu<br /> khieh cho ngudi phgm lgi tiem n5ng (chSng ban khdng phd tnrong tai san) va 5/ khdng<br /> chdp nhdn bdi cii sy bifn hg ndo cho hdnh vi tgi phgm. De thyc hifn dugc ndm nguyen tdc<br /> ndy, cdc nha nghien ciiu dua ra mudi hai ky thugt can thyc hifn dl ngSn ngiia tgi phgm<br /> nhu sau (Bang 3):<br /> Bing 3. Mirifi hai kf thu^t ngin ngira l$i ph^m theo hoin cinh<br /> Ting n3 li/c khi ph^m tgi<br /> Ting cic rut ro khi ph^m tgi<br /> Lim dong cdng myc ti^u<br /> Kiem tra vio/ra<br /> Kilm soit vi^ ti^p c|n<br /> Giim sil chlnh ihirc<br /> Dinh lac hudng ki pham lgi Giimsit bing cic nhin vien<br /> Hem ning<br /> Giim sit ty nhiSn<br /> Kilm soit nhOng nguiri moi gi6i<br /> <br /> Giim ihinh qui til t$i ph^m<br /> X6a myc li6ii<br /> Xic djnh tii sin<br /> Giam nhOng sir quyfn rO, kich<br /> thfch<br /> Thiel Igp cic quy tic<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Filheuie, 2001<br /> Nhu vdy, df thyc hifn cdc ky thudt cua vifc ngSn ngira tgi phgm theo hodn canh,<br /> trudc hit, ban than cdc cd nhan trong xa hgi cdn thay dfi ldi song ciia minh. Cy the Id thay<br /> dti cdc hogt dgng thudng ngdy nhu Idm viec, vui choi gidi tri. du Ijch sao cho khong trd<br /> thanh muc tifu Ihu hiit ciia ngudi pham tgi tiem ndng. Chang han nhu hgn che cdc hogi<br /> dgng ngodi gia dinh vao budi toi. khdng lui tdi nhitng noi vdng ve mgl minh, khong den<br /> nhimg noi khdng cd den chilu sdng hay nhiing noi cd khd ndng tap Uung nhiing ngudi tgi<br /> phgm tiem ndng, ban chl vifc "phd truong" cdc logi tai sdn... nhflng hanh xi; nhu vgy se<br /> lam gidm kha ning trd thdnh nan nhdn ciia tgi phgm noi cdc cd nhan.<br /> <br />