TRUNG TAM GIONG THUY SAN AN GIANG<br />
V 6 l C H a c J N O TRINH<br />
DA DANG HOA DOI TUONG THUY SAN NUOI<br />
• Ngoc Trinh<br />
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D a dang hda dd'i tffdng thuy san nudi de khai thdc td't cac loai hinh thuy vffc, giam dp life phat trien ndng<br />
dd'i tffdng ca tra, gidi thidu nhieu md Mnh nudi mdi cd Men qua kinh td' vd trien vgng phat trien td't cho<br />
ndng, ngff dan trong va ngoai tinh la muc tidu chffdng trMh dffdc Tmng tam Gid'ng Thuy san An Giang thffc<br />
Men tff nam 2006 dd'n nay. Bang sff no Iffc cua tap the can bg ky thuat cua Tmng tam, phd'i hdp vdi cdc vidn<br />
ngMdn cffu nudi trdng thuy san vd khoa thuy san cdc tmdng dai hgc trong nffdc, Tmng tam da ngMdn cffu va<br />
ffng dung thanh cdng nhieu cdng nghd san xud't gid'ng cdc dd'i tffdng thuy san cd gia tri kinh td' cao nhff cd<br />
Lang nha; cd Leo; ca Bong tffdng, Chach lau, Lffdn ddng, ca Linh d'ng...<br />
Cac gid'ng, loai thuy san nay hoan todn tMch nghi va phdt trien td't trong dieu kidn nudi trong ao, be tai An<br />
Giang. Vi dffdc xd'p vao loai thuy dac san, ndn gia ban cd thffdng pham cua cac dd'i tffdng nay rat cao, ty sua't<br />
ldi nhuan trdn tdng vdn dau tff that sff ha'p dan dd'i vdi ngffdi nudi. Cd the gidi tMeu mot so' dd'i tffdng nhff sau:<br />
1. Ca Lang nha<br />
Ca Lang nha hay cd Lang dudi do (Mystus wyckioides Chaux va Fang, 1949) la lodi ca ldn nha't trong hg<br />
Bagridae. Ngoai tff nMdn, ca phan bd' d Iffu vffc cdc sdng Salween va Mekong, ddi kM dffdc tim tha'y d ToMe<br />
Sap vd vffng ha Iffu sdng Mekong. O khu vffc nay, ngff dan da tffng ddnh bat dffdc nhffng cd thd ddi dd'n 70cm.<br />
O Viet Nam, cung nhff ca Lang vang (Mystus nemurus) va cd Lang ham (Mystus filamentus), Lang nha la loai<br />
cd ban dia qui Mem, phan bd'rgng rai d cdc vung nffdc nggt va Id nhe thugc Iffu vffc sdng Ddng Nai, sdng Sai<br />
Gdn vd sdng Cffu Long. Cd cd pham chat thit thdm ngon, kich cd cd thffdng pham ldn. Kd't qua nudi thffdng<br />
pham trong be tai An Giang cho tha'y cd tang tmdng tffdng dd'i nhanh, sau 12 -14 thang nudi cd the cho trgng<br />
Iffdng 1kg - l,5kg/con. Theo kd't qua De tdi "Nghidn cu^i xay dffng qui tiinh nudi ca Lang nha thffdng pham<br />
trong be tai An Giang" da dffdc Sd Khoa hgc va Cdng nghd thdng qua vd UBND tinh An Giang phd duyet thffc<br />
Men trong hai nam tff 06/2008 - 06/2010 tai Trai Gid'ng Thuy san Binh Thanh thugc Trung Tam Gidng Thuy<br />
san An Giang da xac dmh dffdc vide nudi cd Lang nha bang thffc an tff chd' (kd't hdp thffc an ed tap vd cdng<br />
ngMep) cho nang sua't nudi cao.<br />
Kd't qua ngMdn cffu ndy giup giam dp Iffc khai thdc cd tff nhien lam mdi cho ca Lang nha va chu dgng dffdc<br />
ngudn thffc an, khdng phu thugc ldn vao ngudn thffc an ca tap. Hidn nay, nMeu hg nudi ca Lang nha d An<br />
Giang da dffdc tap hud'n ky thudt nudi va dp dung dat nang sua't binh quan 50 kg/m^ dd'i vdi md hinh nudi trong<br />
Idng, be. Gid thanh san xua't dao dgng tff 40.000 - 42.000d/kg, vdi gia ban trdn tM trffdng Men nay 47.000 -<br />
50.000d/kg, Idi nhuan thu dffdc 5.000 - lO.OOOd/kg ca thffdng pha'm.<br />
Md hinh nudi ea Lang nha dffdc xem Id rat cd trien vgng phat trien d An Giang ndi ridng vd DBSCL ndi<br />
chung. Vdi kd't qua nghien cffu thanh cdng qm trinh sinh san nhan tao vd nudi thffdng pham ca Lang nha cua<br />
Tmng tdm Gidng Thuy san An Giang (phd'i hdp vdi tmdng Dai hgc Ngng Lam - Thdnh phd Ho cM Minh) da<br />
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I25I<br />
giup cho ngffdi nudi ddi tffdng nay chu ddng san xua't vdi qui md ldn. Va'n de hidn nay la can xuc tid'n thi<br />
trffdng xua't kha'u ddi tffdng thuy san nay dd' thuc da'y nhanh qui md phat trien.<br />
2. Ca Leo<br />
Cd Leo (WaUago attu Bloch and Schneider, 1801) cd kich thffdc ldn, pha'm cha't thit ngon, dffdc nhieu<br />
ngffdi ffa tbich. Cd Leo la loai ca cd gid tri kinh te, cd tiem ndng ldn de phuc vu nhu cau tidu thu trong nffdc va<br />
xua't khau. Ca leo sdng vd phat trien d cdc con sdng ldn, sudi vd cdc vung da't tha'p cua Iffu vffc ha Iffu sdng<br />
Mekong. Cd Leo phan bd nhieu d Combodia. Cd cd kha ndng thich ffng trong dieu kidn nudi nhd't. Tff nhffng<br />
thdng tin trdn cho tha'y, trong dieu kidn tff nhien d cac tinh Ddng bang sdng Cffu Long dac biet Id d tinh An<br />
Giang vide nudi thffdng pha'm cd Leo trong ldng be va trong ao dat la rat phu hdp. Tmng tam Gid'ng Thuy san<br />
An Giang da cd nhffng bffdc thanh cdng trong vide nghidn cffu cdc bidn phdp ky thuat sinh san nhan tao ca Leo<br />
vd da cung cap con gid'ng cho ngff dan phuc vu cho vide nudi thffdng pham tff nam 2009. Hidn nay, Trung tam<br />
dang tie'p tuc cho sinh san vd ffdng gid'ng cd Leo tai Trai gidng Binh Thanh (huydn Chau Thanh) vd trai Binh<br />
Thanh - cd sd 3 (huydn Phu Tan) nham cung ca'p con gidng cha't Iffdng cho ngff dan vdi so Iffdng ldn, gop<br />
phan phat trien loai ca nay trd thanh ddi tffdng nudi mdi trong nghe nudi ca nffdc nggt d tinh An Giang noi<br />
ridng vd Ddng bang sdng Cffu Long ndi chung.<br />
3. Ca Chach Lau<br />
Ca Chach lau (Mastacembelus armatus) cd mau xanh dam hoac den xdm, cd nhieu ddm vang hinh trdn<br />
hoac bau due khap than, vi Iffng va vi bau mdn. Vi ngffc cd mot ddm den nhd, khdng cd vi bung. Day la loai<br />
ca cd kicb thffdc ldn, cd gid tri kinh td' cao.<br />
O Viet Nam, ca Chach la'u phan bd'phd bid'n d cdc tinh phia Bac va Nam Trung Bd, ca ffa sd'ng d cac khe<br />
da, ca an dgng vat la chinh gdm cac loai giun, au trung cdn trung va cdn trung tmdng thanh, tdm, tdp, ca con<br />
va mun ba hiiu cd.<br />
Kd't qua nghien cffu ban dau ve san xua't gid'ng nhan tao ca Chach la'u cho tha'y loai ca nay hodn toan co<br />
kha ndng thdnh thuc td't khi nudi trong be, ao. Qui trinh sinh san nhan tao cd Chach la'u da dffdc hoan thidn tff<br />
nam 2009 do Thac sT Phan Phffdng Loan - Dai Hgc An Giang nghien cffu vd phd'i hdp thffc Men vdi Tmng tam<br />
Gid'ng Thuy san An Giang.<br />
Ca Chach la'u cd the nudi thffdng pham trong ao, be bang thffc dn cd tap, tdp, trung qud'bode kd't hdp thffc<br />
dn triin qud' vdi thffc an cdng ngMep. Trong qua trinh ffdng gid'ng va nudi tMt ca Chach la'u, van de phdng tri<br />
bdnh cho ca dffdc thffc hidn trdn cd sd theo ddi mdi tmdng nudi, bd sung dinh dffdng vao khau phan dn de tang<br />
cffdng sffc de khang, dinh ky kiem tra va xff ly bdnh do ky sinh trung gay nen, ddng thdi dinh ky kiem tra ca<br />
de k|p thdi phat hidn sdm dau hieu gay nMdm khuan cho cd.<br />
Thdi gian nudi 1 nam tff con gid'ng 2 thdng tudi cd the thu hoach cd thffdng pham dat trgng Iffdng 0,3 -<br />
0,5kg/con. Ty Id sd'ng dat 50-60%, FCR dao ddng 4 - 6 . Vdi gia ban ca thffdng pham Men nay khoang SO.OOOd<br />
- lOO.OOOd/kg, ldi nhuan thu dffdc tff md hinh nudi cd Chach la'u that sff rdt hdp dan.<br />
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4. Lrfdn ddng<br />
Lffdn ddng cd tdn khoa hgc la Monoptems albus. Lffdn cd than ddi, phan trffdc trdn, phan sau dep bdn va<br />
mdng. Toan than khdng va'y, mau sac cua lffdn cd the thay ddi theo mdi trffdng sdng. Lffdn khdng chi la ngudn<br />
thffc pha'm giau dinh dffdng, chffng cdn Id ddi tffdng cd gid tri kinh te khd cao trdn tM trffdng so vdi mdt sd<br />
gid'ng loai thuy san nffdc nggt khdc; trong y bgc thit lffdn cd tdc dung bd mdu vd an than.<br />
Lffdn la loai phan bdrgng, nhffng tap trung nhieu vdn la khu vffc nhiet ddi. O Dong bang sdng Cffu Long<br />
(DBSCL), Lffdn sd'ng phd bid'n trong cdc ao, hd, sdng rach, rudng Ma ndi cd nhieu mun ba hiiu cd va sinh vat<br />
nhd lam thffc an. Hidn nay, nhu cau cua thi trffdng ngay cdng tang ldn, gia Lffdn thffdng pha'm gan nhff on dinh<br />
tff 75.000 - 90.000d/lkg Lffdn loai >200g/con. Md hinh nudi Lffdn ddng dffdc xem Id md hinh nudi thuy san<br />
cd hieu qua cho ngffdi ngheo, ngffdi it vdn, it da't canh tdc.<br />
An Giang la mot trong nhffng tinh DBSCL cd phong trao nudi Lffdn phat trid'n tff nam 2000. Nam 2004,<br />
todn tmh cd 290 hg nudi, didn tich 4.300m2. Nam 2006, cd gan 1.000 hg nudi vdi didn tich trdn 30.000m2.<br />
Theo sd Ueu thdng ke cua cue Thd'ng Kd tinh An Giang thdi die'm 1/11/2009, tdng didn tich nudi Lffdn<br />
trong todn tinh la 130.000m^ tang gd'p 4 - 5 lan so vdi nam 2006, tap tmng nhieu d huydn Chdu Thanh vdi<br />
didn tich nudi 37.300 m^, huydn Thoai Sdn: 53.800m2, thanh Phd Long Xuydn 18.500 m\ huydn Tan Chau<br />
15.300 m^. Ngodi ra, tai cac huydn Phu Tan, Tmh Bidn, Chau Phu, Tri Tdn... cung cd mdt sd'hd nudi Lffdn<br />
nhffng didn tich nudi chi dao ddng tff vai tram dd'n vdi ngan m^.<br />
Mua vu thu hoach Lffdn bat dau tff thang 1 dd'n thdng 5 hang nam, theo so' lieu thd'ng kd cua Cue Thd'ng<br />
kd An Giang thdi did'm Ol/11/2009, san Iffdng Lffdn thu hoach cung ca'p cho thi trffdng Id 137,29 tan.<br />
Vdi kd't qua bffdc dau trong vide nghidn cffu san xua't gid'ng Lffdn ddng bang phffdng phap sinh san ban<br />
nhan tao tai Tmng tam Gid'ng Thuy san An Giang md ra mot trien vgng mdi de phdt trien md Mnh nudi Lffdn<br />
ben vffng va chu dgng hdn. Dff kid'n trong nam 2011, Tmng tam sd trien khai dff an xa hgi hda san xua't gid'ng<br />
Lffdn ddng de chuyen giao ky thuat san xua't gid'ng cho nhieu hg nudi lffdn trong tinh chu ddng sdn xua't con<br />
gid'ng de nudi thffdng pham nham ban chd' tinh trang hao hut do tha nudi con gid'ng danh bat tff tff nhidn.<br />
5. Ca Linh 6'ng<br />
Ca Linh dng (Cirrhinus jiuUeni) thugc gid'ng Cirrhinus, hg Cyprinidae, bg ca Chdp Cypriniformes va la<br />
lodi phan bd' khd phd bid'n thudc cdc nffdc Ddng Nam A. Chung thffdng sd'ng d nhffng thuy vifc cd nffdc chay<br />
cd ham Iffdng oxy cao, gidu dinh dffdng (Mai Dinh Yen & ctv, 1992; TrUOng Thu Khoa vd Trdn Thi Thu<br />
Huong, 1993; Walter J. Rainboth, 1996). Theo Trmh Qud'c Trgng va ctv (2002) thi it bat gap cd 6 nhffng thuy<br />
vifc nffdc tinh nhff lung bau, rudng trung. Ca linh dng la lodi ca cd kich cd nhd (MRC, 2005) nhffng san Iffdng<br />
khai thac khd cao vd cd cd tap tinh di cff sinh san. Cd linh khai thac d DBSCL thugc chung quan cd linh phan<br />
bod ha Iffu sdng Mekong (tff chan thac Khone thudc qud'c gia Campuchia vd cdc chi Iffu cua sdng Mekong).<br />
Cd the ndi Cd linh d'ng la qua tang cua tMdn nhidn danh cho DBSCL vi tinh dac trffng ridng cd cua chung.<br />
Vdi sff hidn didn tap trung cd mua vu trong nam (tff thdng 7 dd'n thang 11 hdng nam), cdc mdn an dffdc chd'<br />
bid'n tff cd linh giai doan con gid'ng (thffdng ggi la cd linh non) dd'n cd thit deu rat ngon va rat dac trffng ma<br />
khdng phai loai thuy san ndo vd d vung, mien nao cung cd dffdc. ,... ^<br />
Vdi muc tidu chu ddng san xud't con gid'ng de phat trien md binh nudi cd linh thffdng pha'm phuc vu cho<br />
nhu cau tidu thu ndi dia va chd'bid'n xud't khau (Men nay Cdng ty Antesco - An Giang dang cd nhu cau thu<br />
mua quanh nam de chd'bid'n cac mdn an ddng hop tff ca linh), ddng thdi hffdng dd'n vide thff nghidm phdt trien<br />
md hinh nudi ca linh trdn rudng lua 3 vu, de ndng cao hieu qua kinh td' trdn mot ddn vi didn tich vd gdp phan<br />
phdt trien san xua't ndng nghidp theo hffdng ben vffng. Trung tam Gid'ng Thuy san An Giang da phd'i hdp vdi<br />
Khoa Thuy san - Trffdng Dai hgc Can Thd thffc hidn de tai Thffc nghidm san xua't gid'ng ca Linh d'ng (Cirrhinus<br />
jiuUeni), thdi gian thifc Men tff nam 2010-2011. Hidn nay, Tmng tam da hoan thidn qui trinh sinh san nhan tao<br />
vd san xud't dffdc 2.000.000 cd bdt.<br />
^ .' 11 •, (Xem tie'p trang 29)<br />
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DBSCL dang phai can tdi mdt Iffdng cd bdt khdng Id qua sdm ndy smh san, vi thd', cha't Iffdng ca gidng lai<br />
khoang vdi chuc ty con. Va de cd dffdc Iffdng ca bdt cdng khd dam bao.<br />
nay, phai can tdi vdi ngan ta'n ca bdme. Trong kM dd, Tinh trang san xud't va chat Iffdng ca tra gid'ng, cd<br />
theo tInh toan cua cac nha khoa hgc, nd'u ty Id cd bgt, the ndi da dd'n mffc bdo dgng. Thd'nhffng, dd'n gid, cd<br />
cd hffdng bi hao hut khdng qua cao nhff vdy, moi quan chffc nang d cdc dia phffdng DBSCL hau nhff<br />
nam, DBSCL cM can khoang 60 tan cd bd me. Day chffa quan 15^ dffdc vide san xua't, Iffu thdng gid'ng cd<br />
qua la sff ldng pM qua ldn. tra trong dan, cd chdng chi la mdt sd Iffdng rat nhd so<br />
Chrfa quan ly drfdc chd't Irfdng ca tra gio'ng vdi thffc td'.<br />
Theo Chi cue Thuy san Vinh Long, moi ndm tinh Vd gidi phdp...<br />
nay can 1,3 ti con ca tra, basa gid'ng nhffng nang life Bdi thd', de nghe nudi cd tra thffdng pham DBSCL<br />
cung cdp cua cac trai gidng trong tinh cM dat 62%, phdt trien ben vffng thi ngay tff bay gid, bdn canh<br />
con lai ngffdi nudi phai mua gid'ng trdi ndi tren tM cdng tac quy hoach vung san xud't cd tra thffdng pham,<br />
trffdng. Cdn dai didn Chi cue Nudi trdng Thuy san can cd quy hoach vung san xua't ca tra gidng d cac dia<br />
Long An cho biet gan 95% con gid'ng thuy san cdc phffdng de tranh tinh trang phat trien tif phat. Ddng<br />
loai dffdc tha nudi tai tinh nay deu phai mua tff tmh thdi, Bg NN&PTNT can sdm ban hanh tidu chuan qudc<br />
khac ndn khdng kiem sodt dffdc chat Iffdng dau vao. gia ve chat Iffdng cd tra bdme, cd tra gid'ng, ban hdnh<br />
Theo ddnh gia cua cdc nhd khoa hgc, nghe lam quy chd'cho cac trai san xuat cd gidng... Nganh Ndng<br />
gidng cd tra d DBSCL Men nay kha tff phat. NMeu ngMep phai cd nhffng tac dgng bang khoa hgc, cdng<br />
cd sd, do chi chay theo ldi nhuan trffdc mat, ndn nghd de nang cao chat Iffdng dan ca bd' me; khuye'n<br />
dang dffa vao sff dung mot sd "cdng nghd" nguy cao, hffdng dan ngffdi san xua't ca bgt khdng cho ca<br />
Mem nham lam tdng san Iffdng ed gidng bang mgi bd' me de nhieu Ian, tang cffdng kiem tra, kiem soat<br />
gia. Trong do, vide lam dung thud'c kich due td trd Iffdng cd gid'ng Iffu thdng trdn dia ban..<br />
nen khd phd bieii. Vdi loai thud'c nay, ngffdi ta cd<br />
the dp ca de tdi 2-3 Itfa/nam. Vi ca phai de qua nMeu,<br />
nam ndy qua nam khac, dan tdi chat Iffdng cd tra<br />
gid'ng ngay cdng xudng thap.<br />
Mat khdc, do Men nay hau hdt ed tra gidng deu<br />
cd ngudn gdc tff sinh san nhan tao, ndn gidng nhanh<br />
chdng bi thoai hda. Tmde day, ca gidng lay tff mdi<br />
tmdng tff nhidn, phai tff 2,5 den 3 nam tudi mdi bat<br />
diu thanh thue (sinh san dffdc). Cdn bdy gid, cd mdi<br />
khoang 1 nam tudi da thanh thuc rdi. Dieu dang ndi la<br />
nMeu trai ca gidng van cho nhiJng con ca thanh thue<br />
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Trung tam...<br />
(Tiep theo trang 27)<br />
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QM trinhffdnggidng va nudi thffdng pham cung dang dffdc khan tmdng ngMdn eff^ de sdm gidi tMeu cho<br />
bd con ngff ddn mot md hinh nudi mdi.<br />
Qua vide ngMdn cuii va ffng dung khoa hgc ky thudt trong Unh vffc san xuat gidng vd nudi thuy san, Tmng<br />
tam Gidng Thuy san An Giang da san xuat gidng thanh cdng eac ddi tffdng mdi gdp phan da dang hda ddi<br />
tffdng cho nghe nudi thuy san, giam vide tap trung nudi ca tra gay khd khan trong vide tidu thu san pham.<br />
Ddng thdi, vide san xua't thanh cdng cdc gidng loai thuy, ddc san qui hiem cung gdp ph|n quan trgng vd vide<br />
Iffu trff vd bao tdn cdc gidng loai thuy san ban dia, qui Mem./.<br />
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