Từ tượng thanh mô phỏng tiếng va chạm trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

64<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G C & Bfa S 6 N G<br /> <br /> S69(239)-2015<br /> <br /> ^<br /> <br /> Ttr Tir(?NG THANH MO PHONG TIENG VA CHAM<br /> TRONG THING ANH vA TIENG VlfT<br /> ONOMATOPOEIA RELATED TO COLLISION<br /> IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE<br /> NGUYfiN HOAl DUNG<br /> (ThS; Trudng B f i hpc Quy Nhom)<br /> Abstract: This article contrasts direct onomatopoeic words in English and Vietnamese<br /> related to falling and hitting in terms of the phonological structure. The findings reveals that<br /> despite some similarities, they are different in the way various speech sounds, consonant<br /> clusters, tones, and reduplication employed in both languages to imitate natural sounds.<br /> Key words: onomatopoeia.<br /> 1. B ^ t v i n d l<br /> Am tiianh l i mdt phin tit y l u cfta cudc<br /> sing. Vd v i n i m thanh tin tpi quanh ta, da<br /> dpng, phong phft khdng k l x i l t Trong cuOc<br /> sing hing ngiy, nhim midu t i v i gpi tin<br /> nhffaig i m thanh Iy, mOt ldp tft mang tinh bilu<br /> im (sound symbolism) d i ra ddi - tft tupng<br /> tiianh (onomatope, onomatopoeic word,<br /> echoic woid, imitative word, sound word). D l<br /> ding nh|n ra cuckoo, tlchtock (tilng Anh) v i<br /> mio, ctfc Idc (taxing tilng ViOt) l i nhttag tft<br /> nhu v|y. Tuy nhiOn, cftng md phdng mOt tilng<br /> dOng nhung tft tupng thanh trong m l i n^dn<br /> ngft Ifii cd ldp vd i m thanh khic nhau. Ching<br /> h^n nhu cung l i tilng chd sfta nhung d m l i<br /> ngdn ngft 1^ khi. So sinh: gdu gdu (tilng<br /> Viet); ftow-wow hoic woq/^woq^ (tilng Anh);<br /> wau-wau (tilng Dlic); ou^-ou^(^kag Phip);<br /> gaf-gc^ (tilng Nga), meong meong (fieag<br /> Hin) [7]. Bii vilt niy budc dhatimhilu hiOn<br /> tupng thu V) niy qua viOc so sinh d l i chilu<br /> ciu trie ngft Im cfta c i c tft tupng thanh md<br /> phdng nhftng Im thanh do va chpm tpo ra<br /> taxingtilngAnh v i tilng ViOt.<br /> 2. Tii tirpng thanh<br /> 2.1. Dinh nghla<br /> D i cdratnhilu djnh nghia khic nhau v l tft<br /> tupng thanh nhung phin ldn diu thong nhit<br /> ting: tft tupng tiianh l i tft dupc tiiinh l|p dvia<br /> trdn sy md phdng Im thanh trong thl gidi hiOn<br /> <br /> thvic bing c i c Im t l . Nhu ik bilt, tii l i mOt<br /> thl thing nhit cfta Im (sound image) v i nghta<br /> (meanmg), hay l i giiia cii bilu hiOn (signifier)<br /> vk cii dupc bilu hiOn (signified} theo nhu<br /> quan niOm ciia F. de Saussure. Thdng thudng,<br /> mli quan hO niy mang tinh vO doin<br /> (arbitrary). Tuy nhiOn, ddi khi ta vin bit gjip<br /> nhftng tft m i ldp vd i m thanh cfta nd gpi l&i<br /> sy lidn tudng den sy v | t m i nd bilu niOm.<br /> Nhfing tft tupng thanh nhu zip, cuckoo, meow<br /> (trong tilng Anh) hay hu hu, ldp bdp, rei^<br /> (trong tilng ViOt) dupc l i vl dy rd ring nhit<br /> Theo Jespeisen [6, tT.3981, c i c ca quan ciu<br /> Im cfta con ngudi khdng the t ^ ra nhftng bin<br /> sao hoin hio cua c i c Im thanh ty nhidn, do<br /> v$y d mOt chiing mvic n i o dd, viOc Ivra chgn<br /> cic i m to l i n ^ nhiOn v i m i l ngdn ngft ci<br /> nhftng tft khic nhau d l md phdng cimg m$t<br /> Im thanh.<br /> ZZ Phdn hgi<br /> Theo mOt so nhi nghidn cftu [4, S, 6], ci<br /> bai lopi tupng thanh: tavc tilp v i ^ i n tilp.<br /> Tugng<br /> thanh<br /> tr\tc<br /> ttip<br /> (Direct<br /> onomatopoeia) cd thl gpi len sy lidn tudng<br /> gifta Im v i nghla vl chiing md phdng tryc<br /> tilp, gin dftng Im thanh ty nhiOn: ding-dong,<br /> ldp d$p,... Miic d$ tinh c l ^ md phdng cfta ti<br /> tupng thanh cung khic nhau. Cd tft khi dpc<br /> ldn sd gpi ngay din nguIn phit ra Im tiianh<br /> cifc tdc, chit chit, meow, cuckoo, Ucktock...<br /> <br /> !il9(239)-2015<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G C & BfnsdNG<br /> <br /> 65<br /> <br /> I^ tft ddi hdi ta cin chftt tudng tupng click<br /> Dudi gdc do phong cich hpc, chinh nhd<br /> ; t i ^ nhap cua chuOt miytinh),neigh (tilng khi nfing phin inh Im thanh cua sy v|t dupc<br /> Qgya b£),dmdm,lvc difc,...<br /> mieu ti mi tft tupng thanh thudng dupc sft<br /> Dli vdi tft tupmg thanh trvic tilp, cin phin dyng lim biOn ph^ tu tft trong vin tha, khiln<br /> bipt lii tugng thtsnh Ihtfc (non-lexical) vdi titcho hinh inh dupc kbic hpa trd ndn sinh<br /> tugng thanh gid (lexical onomatopoeia) [1,4, dOng, bilu cim, vi sftctichhem nhu trong vi<br /> 5]. Tft tupng thanh thvrc chi md phdng Im dy (2): Gd vttc gdo nude trong bi, sic mieng<br /> tiianhtiiuIntfty chft khdng gpi tin sy v|t hay dng PC nhd to§l xudng ddt. (MaVSnKhing)<br /> hinh ddng. Vi dy: shshsh, cuckoo, odd, meo<br /> 3. Khio sit Of thl<br /> meo. Trii l^i, tft tupng thanh gii "li nhftng tft<br /> 3.1. Tittitgngthanh trong tiing Anh<br /> dupc sinhratft tft tupng thanh thvic nhung d<br /> 3.1.1. Am ddu<br /> nhitng mftc dO khic nhau, khdng trvrctilpmd<br /> 6 vj tri im diu, phy Im tic /p/, /b/, /t/,<br /> phdng tilng dOng vi cd chftc ning djnh /d/, /k/ hiOn diOn trong phin ldn tft tupng<br /> danh". [1, ft.l67] Nd li mOt tft hoin chinh, thanh (45 tft) chi tilng gd, chpm, roi. Ta diu<br /> dpc 1^. Vi dy: Mcctp (ndc ctti), twitter (tilng bilt Im tic dupc ciu thinh hoi bj khi don lpi<br /> hit liu lo,tilngkdu liuriu),mio, khic khich trong khoang cOng hudng i^i dOt ngOt md ra,<br /> Tuy nhidn, *Vanh gidi gifta tft tupng thanh t ^ ndn tilng nl. Vdi d$c dilm niy, cic Im<br /> thvic vi tupng thanh gii khdng rd iing \i phin tic, nl cd vd rit phft hpp vdi vai trd tupng<br /> ldn cic chu5i Im thanh deu cd thl dupc tii trung cho tilng d$ng mpnh, dpt ngOt cua hai<br /> vyng hda" [4, tr.l24], cd till bing cich vOt thl cftng va chpm vdi nhau. VI dy: dop<br /> chuyin lopi tft (conversion), nhu tilng keu (tilng vd ngvia Ipc cpc/ lOp cdp^ lip d p trdn<br /> cuckoo cua con chim trd thinh tdn gpi cua<br /> nin dit Cling), pitter-patter (tieng mua roi lOp<br /> lo^ chim niy; hay trong vi dy Hi Le dua ra:<br /> dOp)t dong (tilng chudn "boong"), bong<br /> "Con gd chodc len mdt tiing thdt to" [1,<br /> tr.l77] till tft hipng tiianh th|t "chodc" md (tilng chudng) tinkle (tilng chudng leng<br /> phdng tilng gi di dupc dCuig nhu dpng tft keng),...Trong sl dd cd IS trudng hpp phy<br /> bilutil)hopt dOng. Trongtiudnghpp ngopi 10 Im tic, nl kit hpp vdi cic Im c|n /r/,/!/<br /> vdi cic chuli phy im nhu shhh, zzzzz... thl xuit hiOn trong cic tl hpp phy im diu /dr/,<br /> tiiudngtiiOmmOt hoic hai im v) vio dl biln /kl/, /kr/, /pi/, ding luu y li tl hpp /kl/ chilm<br /> ndtiiinhnhftng tft thvrc nhu hush (\km cho hntdi hai phin batiudnghpp. Da so cic tft niy<br /> ling, nhitiunh),buzz (tilng ong vo ve).<br /> (8/10 tft) phin inh tinh chit lip lpi liOn tilp<br /> cfta hinh ding dd: clack Oich cich), clang<br /> Khdng chi tft mdi cd "khi ning bit chudc" (loing xoing), clink (lanh canh, leng keng),<br /> Im thanh cfta thl gidi hiOn thvrc mi im cfta clop (ldp cpp, lip dp),...Ngoii ra, chftm phy<br /> cic Im trong mOt phit ngdn (utterance) [5] Im /pi/ thuimg hiOn diOn trong cictilngIn do<br /> cfing cd khi ning ket hpp lpi nhim tporahiOu va chpm mim (gifta vit cftng vdi v|t mim<br /> ling "tilng vang" (echoism) gpi ti y nghta cfta hoic hai v|t man vdi nhau nhu jiop (tdm,<br /> du tiio. £)6 chinh li trudng hpp tugng thanh bdm), plonk (phjch, ftm - tilng vOt ning loi<br /> gidn ttip. Trong ciu flio sau, viOc lip lpi cfta xulng nude), plash (tilng v$t roi xulng lim<br /> Im xuyt Isl thvic sy gpi ti trong til tudng nude bin tde), pat (cii v5 nhp),...<br /> tupng ciia ngudi dpc im thanh sdt sopt cfta<br /> Cic phy Im cdn lpi (tic xit miii, chilm sl<br /> nhiing tim rim trong khdng gian yOn tiiih.<br /> (1) And the silken, sad, uncertain rustlinglupng khdng ding kl. Am xit / 6 / , xuit hiOn<br /> ttf each purple curtttin (Poe, E. A. The trong 4 tiudng hpp. Dilm chung cfta 3 taxing<br /> sl bdn tft niy li diu kit hpp Im ring, vd<br /> Raven)<br /> <br /> 66<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> Sl9(239)-2015<br /> <br /> tiianh 16/vdi nguydn Im gifta, md /A/ nhim bang clang bong, ding-a-ling clank, clink<br /> md phdng i m thanh trim dye cfta mdt v|t Nghidn cftu nhitng tft niy, chftng tdi nhjta<br /> n|ng dip len mOt b l mit: thud, thunk, thump thiy d mOt phucmg diOn nio dd, tit c i cic ph\i<br /> Im thinh phin trong chftm phy Im culi diu<br /> (thich, uych)<br /> gdp phin vio viOc phin inh im thanh ni.<br /> 3.1.2. Am chinh<br /> midu ti. Hiy cftng xem xdt cip tft clang vt<br /> Dpi da s l cic tiudng hpp sft dyng nguydn<br /> clank. Theo d ^ nghta, clang l i "Im tiianli<br /> im don, ngin (55/56 tiudng hpp; ngopi trft<br /> ldn, chdi tai, ngin vang tpo ra do kim lopi va<br /> duy nbit mOt nguyOn im dii Ai:/); cd 18 U do<br /> chpm nhau", cdn clartk l i "Im thanh ldn t ^ ta<br /> l i bdi phin ldn cic hinh dOng va chpm, gd,<br /> do hai v|t ning bing kim lopi va chpm nhau,<br /> roi diu diin ra trong khoing thdi gian ngin.<br /> khdng vang nhu chng vk ngin hon vl d9<br /> Nguydn §m trudc III, Isl dupc sft dyng<br /> khi nhieu (36 trudng hpp). Xdt v l dO cao cfta dii". Rd ring l i i m / r ] / 6 culi c i hai tit di<br /> phin inh dupc dO vang cfta hai Im thanh niy.<br /> nguyen Im, cic nguyin Im md /as/, / A / , / D /<br /> Tuy nhidn trong tft clank, ddng hoi phit ra<br /> chilm uu till (40/56 til), nhit l i im / a s / .<br /> lidn tyc qua khoang mui b) chin lpi bdi phy<br /> NguyOn Im gifta, md /A/ dupc dftng dl md Im tic / k / taxing t l hpp phy Im c d i /i)k/<br /> phdng Im thanh trim (vi dy: pliuik, drum, nhim bilu thj sy gidi hpn ban v l thdi gian.<br /> clunk) (7/7 tiudng hpp) cfta mOt vit ning dip<br /> Bin cpnh dd cd mOt s l dilm ding luu y<br /> lOn mOt bl mit (vl dy: thud, thunk, thwip (5/7<br /> cfta cic tft md phdng nhftng tilng d$iig do gO,<br /> tiudng hpp)<br /> chpm, roi trong tilng Anh nhu sau:<br /> DO md cfta cic nguyOn Im it nhilu cd liOn<br /> - C ^ Im don tilt (ehl cd mOt phy Im diu)<br /> quan din Im lupng cfta i m thanh dupc md<br /> thudng md phdng cic Im thanh cd tinh don<br /> phdng. Cy till cd 14/17 tft dftng Im khip / l / i m (20/24 taxrimg hpp). VI dy: pow, thud,<br /> dl md phdng i m thanh nhd, cd Im sic cao thwack, Icq}, bop, bump, bam.<br /> nhu tick-tack, tinUe, flick, click, clink, ting-a- Nguydn i m md / x / thudng kit hpp vdi<br /> ling, cMnk,... trong khi nguvdn i m md / D /<br /> dupc tim thiy trong mOt so tft midu ti Im<br /> thanh to nhu bong (boong - tilng chudng),<br /> (hng (boong tilng chudng), ding-dong<br /> (tilng chudng blnh boong). Bdn cpnh dd, Im<br /> <br /> phy Im tic /k/, / p / d c d i Im tilt dl miSuti<br /> cic i m cd Im wic cao nhu clack, cUgi,<br /> thwack, ttqj, rtgj, tick-tack, whack<br /> - Cic tft liy (vl dy: ding-a-ling ding-dong,<br /> rat-a-tat, pitter-patter, ping-pong), cic tft da<br /> I m tilt (vi dy: jin^e, tick-lack, rattle, tinkle)<br /> v i cic t l hpp phy im, die biOt l i tl hpp /kl/<br /> (vi dy: clop, chink, clash, clink, clatter) dupc<br /> sft dyng dl md phdng thih chit U^ lpi Udn t|ic<br /> cfta cUnh hinh dOng dd.<br /> <br /> md /ml cing dupc bit g ^ trong cic tft md<br /> phdng cic Im ldn nhu bang, clang, tang,<br /> clack, clash, crash, clatter.<br /> 3.1.3. Am cudi vdn<br /> Phin ldn cic tft tupng thanh miOu t i cic<br /> tilng dOng cd dd dii i m tiianh ngin diu kit<br /> 3.2. Tit titang thanh trong tidng Vl(t<br /> tiiftc bing Im tic (18/ 20 tiudng hpp). VI dy:<br /> Cd mOt so lupng ldn tii liy tupng thaab<br /> cli^, rap, slap, rat-tat, knock, whack.<br /> Tit c i 20 trudng hpp md phdng Im thanh liOn quan din tilng gd, roi, chpm (chi^<br /> 79/118 til). Trong khi cic tft don md phing<br /> vang hoic ngin (thudng l i Im do Idm lopi<br /> nhftng tilng ddng phit ra cd thih hftu kit (telic<br /> h o ^ tiiify tinh va chpm) diu cd sy hiO>> diOn<br /> - diin ti mOt hopt dOng tipn vpn) nhu bich,<br /> cfta phy Im vang (Im ben tli / I / v i hai i m bdp, cdp, tSm, liiintiti cic tft liy phin inh cic<br /> mfti / m , 1)/). Vi dy: drum, Jmgle, tinkle. titag In cd thih 1 ^ lpi, liOn tyc.<br /> <br /> il9(239)-201S<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bid S6NG<br /> <br /> 67<br /> <br /> 3.2.1. Am ddu<br /> nglu nhiOn di dupc chpn dl phin inh tinh vd<br /> Xdt vl vjtiiim dau, cic phy am tic /b, t, kit (atehc), UOn tvic (continuous) ciia Im<br /> :', d, c, k, 7/ chilm uu thl so vdi cic phy am thanh. Vdi titphdnh phgch, Im vd thanh mdithic, xuit hiOn ti^ 80% cic tft tupng tiianh ling /S biluflijdupctinhnhd, Om cia tilng<br /> rang nhdm niy (55/66 myc tft). VD: boong ttd ^ cinh vi quan trpng li sy ma sit cfta cinh<br /> dch, iMch, den dit, chi chdt, leng keng, cgc,trong khdng khi tnnic khi d|p mpnh vio ca<br /> igch. Trong d dd,ridngphy im ngpc mim thl ciia con v|t<br /> 3.2.2. Am chinh<br /> /k/