Ultrashort-term dual ultraviolet-irradiated nickel-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticle mesh for photocatalytic disinfection with minimum exposure risk to human health

The results suggest that the improved NP characteristics on a steel mesh substrate, including multi- and mixed metal oxides, can display photocatalytic antibacterial activity against E. coli along with minimization of NP exposure due to NP immobilization.