Vài nét về nông nghiệp Mỹ Tho - Gò Công từ năm 1954 đến năm 1975

/v''<br /> <br /> VAI IWIT VE NO]\G IVGHIEP MY TIIO - GO COIVG<br /> ^'<br /> Tlf ]\AM 1 9 5 4 DEI\ ]\AM 1 9 7 5<br /> <br /> NGUYfiN PHUC NGHI$P'<br /> TRAN THI THANH HU£"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Chinh s a e h r u o n g d a t c u a c h i n h giup hg bdn di nhiing rugng ddt qud gidi<br /> q u y e n Sai Gon va svf a p d u n g c h i n h hgn do (Du so'57)" (1).<br /> saeh do t a i My T h o - Go Cong The nhUng, tren thUe te, van theo tac<br /> Sau nam 1954, vdi y dd "binh dinh nong gia Lam Quang Huyen, thue chat eiia Du<br /> thon" va chd'ng pha each mang, dUdc sU cd' sd' 2 va so' 7 "chi Id thd lugt phdp cho phep<br /> va'n cua cae ehuyen gia kinh te Hoa Ky, dia chu vd thiic ddn chiem doat lgi tren 75<br /> chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da de ra vgn hec ta md chinh quyen cdch mang dd<br /> ehUdng trinh "cdi cdch dien dia" va nang nd chia cho nong ddn, bdt hdng chue vgn gia<br /> len hang "quo'c sdch", xem dd la "khdu then dinh nong ddn lao dgng trd lgi dia vi td<br /> chdi cua cdch mang kinh te d mien Nam", dien vdi mdc to pho bie'n dd tang len"; cdn<br /> vdi cac Du so 2 (1-1955), Du so 7 (2-1955) Du so' 57 thi "vdn duy tri dgi bg phan giai<br /> vaDu so 57 (10-1956). cap dia chd phong kien vdi 2/3 so'dien tich<br /> hg chiem gid vd boc lot td" (2).<br /> Theo tac gia Lam Quang Huyen trong<br /> quyen Cdch mang rugng ddt d mien Nam Dua vao eae Du tren, chinh quyen Sai<br /> Viet Nam, ndi dung cua cae Du tren bao Gdn va dia chu 5 tinh My Tho da cUdp doat<br /> gdm hai diem chinh ye'u sau day: 46.415 ha rugng da't cac loai ma chinh<br /> quyen each mang da chia ca'p cho ndng dan<br /> "i. Xdc dinh bdng phdp ly mot quan he<br /> trong thdi ky 9 nam khang chie'n choiig<br /> giUa dia chu vd td dien, cu the Id quy dinh<br /> thuc dan Phap. Mdc to tang len td 20 - 25<br /> mgt loat mau khe Udc td dien cho cdc<br /> gia/ ha len de'n 35 - 60 gia / ha. Dien tich bi<br /> trudng hgp mUdn rugng cua dia chu, mUdn<br /> tang td len de'n 25.000 ha. Nhieu ndi dia<br /> rugng cong, hay mUdn rugng bo hoang,<br /> chu cdn phuc hdi ca td phu. Cd ndi chung<br /> trong do co dn dinh mdc to nong ddn phdi<br /> cdn truy thu nhiJng nam khdng thu to dUdc.<br /> nap (Du so'2 vd so'7).<br /> Tinh den thang 4-1960 la thdi diem chinh<br /> 2. An dinh mgt gidi hgn viia phdi, co lgi quyen Ngd Dinh Diem tuyen bd' ke't thuc<br /> cho che do sd hUu rugng ddt cua dia chu chUdng trinh "cdi cdch dien dia", khoang<br /> <br /> ^_TS. Dai hoc Tien Giang<br /> " Dai hoc Tien Giang<br /> Vai nel ve nong nghiep HTy Tho... 25<br /> <br /> <br /> 90% dien tich canh tac d My Tho va Gd cua My va ehinh quyen Sai Gdn; dien hinh<br /> Cdng n i m trong tay giai ca'p dia chu, chi la •viec hg cUdp 640 ha rudng da't cua ndng<br /> cdn laikhoang 10 % dien tich la thudc phu dan xa Binh Ddc (huyen Chau Thanh) de<br /> ndng va ndng dan lao dgng (3). xay dung can cd Ddng Tam cho sU doan 9<br /> My. Chinh quyen Sai Gdn cdn bay ra trd<br /> The nhung, tif sau "Ddng khdi", phdng<br /> vda ca'p "ehdng khoan", vrfa phat sung cho<br /> trao each mang d mien Nam phat trien v6<br /> "nhan dan trf ve" de danh pha cd sd each<br /> cung manh me. Nhieu vung n6ng thon da<br /> mang, nhu Phd Td'ng thd'ng Tran Van<br /> dUde giai phdng. Nong dan da gianh quyen<br /> Hudng da tiing lam d Gd Cdng. Day cQng la<br /> lam chu nong thdn va quyen lam chu rudng<br /> ed hdi de bgn te a'p, te xa saeh nhieu, nhiing<br /> da't tren mgt quy mo Idn. Vi the', chUdng<br /> lam nhan dan. 0 Cai Lay va Gd Cdng,<br /> trinh "cdi cdch dien dia" cua ehinh quyen<br /> ehung huge ndng dan phai nop tii 6.000<br /> Diem bi pha san hoan toan.<br /> ddng den 15.000 ddng (tien Sai Gdn) de lay<br /> TrUdc tinh hinh dd, de "tranh thu. trdi mdt "ehdng khoan", ne'u khdng thi ma't<br /> tim vd khdi 6c" cua ndng dan n h i m phuc rudng. O Chau Thanh, khi lam giay ban<br /> vu eho mUu dd chd'ng Cdng d mien Nam, rugng, ndng dan ciing phai lo lot td 10.000<br /> dUde sU dao dien cua cac cd' va'n My, thang ddng de'n 15.000 ddng/ ha (5).<br /> 3-1970, chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thieu<br /> ban hanh Luat "Ngudi cay cd rudng". Ndi Tuy nhien, luat "ngUdi cay cd rudng" cua<br /> dimg cua bg luat nay tap trung d ba diem chinh quyen Thieu thUe su la mdt bude lui<br /> chinh sau day: cua lich sU. Thue te la, td sau 'T)dng Kdidi"<br /> (1960), p h i n Idn rugng da't d ndng thdn da<br /> 1. Dien tich sd hiiu td'i da cua dia ehu la thudc quyen lam chu cua ndng dan; dai bd<br /> 15 ha d Nam Bd va 5 ha d Trung Bd, thay phan dia chu da bd rudng dat chay vao<br /> vi 100 ha dudi thdi Ngd Dinh Diem. thanh thi, trong dd cd mdt sd' da ehuyen<br /> 2. Ca'p khdng rudng da't cho ndng dan. sang kinh doanh cdng - thUdng nghiep, trd<br /> thanh giai ca'p tu san; va dd dUde xem la cd<br /> 3. Xda bd ehe do ta canh (4).<br /> sd xa hgi cua che do thUe dan mdi cua My d<br /> Ngay sau dd, chinh quyen Nguyen Van mien Nam. Cho nen, theo tac gia Lam<br /> Thieu tie'n hanh viec ca'p "chiing khodn" Quang Huyen, "mgt dieu md My • Thieu<br /> rudng da't eho ndng dan. Qua dd, hg mudn hodn todn khong mudn, nhUng khong the<br /> phu nhan viec ehinh quyen each mang da ndo Idm khdc hOn, Id phdi mac nhien thiia<br /> chia ca'p rudng da't cho ndng dan va tao nen nhdn nhiing thdnh qud cua cdch mang<br /> tam ly: chinh quyen Sai Gdn mdi la ngudi rugng ddt trong nong thon mien Nam do<br /> xac nhan quyen sd hCtu rudng da't cua ndng Ddng ta Idnh dgo tii sau cuoc "Dong Khdi"<br /> dan. 1959-1960". Chinh Nghi si Trin Van Qua,<br /> 6 My Tho va Gd Cdng, ldi dung bd luat Chu tich Uy ban Canh ndng cua ThUdng<br /> tren, chinh quyen Sai Gdn da day manh vien Sai Gdn, da thu nhan dieu dd tren bao<br /> viec eUdp doat rudng da't, nha't la rugng da't Chinh Ludn sd'ra ngay 23-2-1971 nhu sau:<br /> ciia gia dinh each mang, de xay dUng cac "That ra hdu he't so'rugng ndy dd dugc Viet<br /> khu gia binh cho gia dinh binh si quan ddi cgng cap khong cho nong ddn tii may ndm<br /> Sai Gdn va cac can cd quan sU, phuc vu cho trUdc, nay lugt "ngUdi cdy co rugng" xem<br /> muc tieu xam lUdc va chd'ng pha each mang nhu "hgp thdc hoa" tinh trgng dd" (6).<br />  25 Rghien cmi Lich si5r. sd 11.2009<br /> <br /> 2. C h i n h s a e h r u o n g d a t c u a c h i n h Idp nay, khdng la'y rugng da't cua hg trang<br /> q u y e n e a c h m a n g tinh My Tho - Go trai cho b i n , cd'ndng.<br /> Cong va nhiJng t h a n h q u a t r o n g e a c h<br /> - Ddi vdi b i n , cd' ndng, ngoai viec tam<br /> mang ruong dat<br /> cap, tam giao rudng da't cho hg, thi phai<br /> Thuc hien chu trUdng Trung Udng Cue chd y hudng dan hg san xua't, td chiie doan<br /> mien Nam, Tinh uy My Tho va Gd Cdng da ke't, tUdng trd, giup dd phUdng tien, vd'n,<br /> de ra nhieu giai phap ve rudng da't nhu gid'ng lan nhau va chd'ng nan eho vay nang<br /> sau: lai. Chie'u cd' thich dang dd'i vdi gia dinh<br /> - Rudng da't phat canh thu td cua dia each mang va gia dinh giai phdng quan.<br /> chu, phu ndng deu phai thifc hien giam td - Do'i vdi rugng da't cua cac tdn giao thi<br /> dung quy dinh. Td suat td'i da khdng qua bao dam quyen sd hiiu rudng da't chinh<br /> 15%; ndi nao tren mUc 15% thi da'u tranh dang cua nha thd va nha chua (7).<br /> ddi giam xud'ng; ndi nao dudi 15%> thi giii<br /> Nhiing giai phap tren da cd tac dung<br /> nguyen. Nhu vay, ndng dan chi phai nop td<br /> tich cue trong viec chd'ng lai chinh saeh<br /> vdi mUc tha'p hdn mdc td do chinh quyen<br /> rudng da't cua My va ehinh quyen Sai Gdn,<br /> Sai Gdn quy dinh.<br /> vifa mang lai quyen ldi rugng da't va dan<br /> - Dd'i vdi rudng da't cua bgn Viet gian va sinh cho ndng dan; vifa dam bao khd'i dai<br /> cua dia chu phan dgng thi tich thu de chia doan ket dan tgc, phuc vu cho nhiem vu<br /> eho ndng dan thie'u rugng hoae khdng cd chd'ng My cdu nude.<br /> rudng; chi chda lai mgt p h i n cho gia dinh<br /> Td dd, tren linh vife rugng da't, ndng dan<br /> cua d6'i tUdng nay canh tdc de sinh s6'ng.<br /> tinh My Tho - Gd Cdng da gianh dUdc<br /> Ne'u la rugng dat da tieh thu va chia cho<br /> nhQng thanh qua td Idn. Theo tai lieu da<br /> ndng dan trong thdi khang chie'n chd'ng<br /> d i n eua tac gia Lam Quang Huyen, tai My<br /> thUe dan Phap, ma nay bi dia chu cUdp lai,<br /> Tho, thdi chinh quy.en Ngd Dinh Diem<br /> thi kien quye't da'u tranh khdi phuc quyen<br /> (1955-1963), ndng dan bi tUde doat gin he't<br /> sd hiiu cua ndng dan tren sd'rudng dd.<br /> rudng da't; nhUng de'n cuo'i nam 1965, n5ng<br /> - Ddi vdi rugng da't cua dia chu thudng dan da gianh lai s6' rugng da't bi cUdp, va<br /> thi thUa nhan quyen thu td; nhUng huge cdn md rgng them quyen lam ehu, tdng<br /> phai giam td theo quy dinh. Ne'u do hoan cdng dUde 126.623 ha, chiem 77% dien tich<br /> canh chie'n tranh ac liet, hg ehay vao thanh rudng da't d trong tinh. Ddng thdi, ndng dan<br /> thi, thi tam giao rudng da't cho ndng dan cdn dUde chia cap tren 100.000 ha rugng<br /> quan ly va thu hoa ldi; nhung khi hg trd ve da't. Binh quan mdi nong hd cd td 0,25 -<br /> thi dUde nhan lai quyen sd hiiu rugng dat 1,77 ha; rieng d nhiing xa da't rdng, ngUdi<br /> va dudc thu td, nhung phai thue hien hien thua giap Dong Thap Mudi, mdi ndng hd cd<br /> giam td theo quy dinh; ddng thdi, phai cd td 4,18 - 6,85 ha. Mdc td dUdc ha xud'ng,<br /> nghla \Ti ddng gop cho each mang. Ben phd bie'n td 5 - 20 gia/ha dd'i vdi loai rudng<br /> canh dd, keu ggi hg hien dien de chia cap cd nang suat td 80 - 100 gia/ ha; 10 - 20<br /> cho dan cay ngheo. gia/ha dd'i vdi loai rudng cd nang sua't tCt<br /> 1 0 0 - 150 gia/ha (8).<br /> ^ - Dd'i vdi rudng da't cua trung ndng thi<br /> dam bao quyen sd hiiu rudng da't eua tang Td dd, sd'ludng va dien tich sd hdu ruong<br /> Vai net ve nong nghiep nTy Tho... 27<br /> <br /> <br /> da't cua dia chu ngay cang bi thu hep. De'n chinh quyen each mang mang lai, san xua't<br /> cud'i nam 1965, d tinh My Tho chi cdn phat trien, ddi sd'ng dUdc cai thien mdt<br /> khoang 500 gia dinh dia chu, chiem 0,5% sd' phan, nen ndng dan ddng gdp cho each<br /> ndng hd cua toan tinh, sd hiiu 24.498 ha, mang cang luc cang tang, gdp p h i n thuc<br /> chiem 15% tdng dien tieh rudng dat trong day eugc khang chie'n phat trien. Nam<br /> toan tinh. Cu the nhU d xa My Hanh Ddng 1961, ndng dan huyen Hda Ddng (nay la<br /> (huyen Cai Lay), trUdc nam 1945, h i u he't , huyen Gd Cdng Tay) ddng gdp 10 trieu<br /> rugng da't d day deu thudc ve dia chu, nam ddng (tien Sai Gdn), vrfdt chi tieu 4 trieu<br /> 1962, ndng dan da gianh dUde quyen lam ddng (tien Sai Gdn); trong dd xa Phu<br /> chu 625 ha, dia chu cdn chiem 439 ha, Thanh Ddng ddng 1,3 trieu ddng (tien Sai<br /> nhUng chi phat canh 200 ha, de'n nam Gdn), vofdt chi tieu 300.000 dong (tien Sai<br /> 1969, dia chu chi edn chiem 73 ha va chi Gdn),... Nhd the, ngan saeh toan tinh ehi cd<br /> phat canh cd 16 ha. T i n g Idp ban cd' ndng vai tram ngan ddng (tien Sai Gdn) vao nam<br /> da giam xud'ng rd ret. Do quyen lam chu 1960 da tang len de'n 60 - 70 trieu ddng<br /> rudng da't dUdc md rdng va ngay cang cung (tien Sai Gdn) vao cud'i nam 1961. Nam<br /> cd', nen tang Idp trung ndng trd thanh lUe 1968, mdt huyen cua tinh My Tho, ehi<br /> lUdng ddng did nha't d ndng thdn. Vi du trong mdt thang, da ddng gdp 50 trieu ddng<br /> nhu nam 1969, tai huyen Cai Lay, sd'trung (tien Sai Gdn) de phuc 'vu cho eugc tdng<br /> ndng d xa My Hanh Ddng chiem 74,9% tdng tie'n cdng va ndi day xuan Mau Than. Nam<br /> so' ndng hd cua toan xa, d Long Khanh 1973, ndng dan toan tinh da ddng gdp 305<br /> chiem 74,5%, d hai xa Thanh Hda va Long tieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn); va nam 1974 la<br /> Tien chiem 71,4%. Mdc sd'ng cua tang Idp 600 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn), gdp phin vao<br /> nay dUde cai thien dang ke. O xa My Hanh thang ldi cua cude tdng tien edng va ndi day<br /> Dong, trong so' gia dinh trung ndng ed 21% Xuan nam 1975 (10).<br /> sd' hg du an, 70% so' hg du an, ehi cd 9% so'<br /> Ben canh dd, do gia dinh dudc chinh<br /> hd thie'u an. Danh gia ve t i n g Idp nay, tae<br /> quyen each mang chia cap rudng dat, nen<br /> gia Lam Quang Huyen vie't: "Trung nong<br /> thanh nien ndng thdn hang hai gia nhap bd<br /> rdt gdn bd vdi cdch mgng, vdi Ddng, cd tinh<br /> ddi, du kich chien da'u, giai phdng que<br /> thdn chie'n ddu cao, quye't tdm bdo ve thdnh<br /> hUdng. Chi tinh rieng vao cudi nam 1974,<br /> qud cdch mgng, tich ciic dong gop sdc<br /> toan tinh cd hang ngan thanh nien tham<br /> ngiidi, sdc ciia cho khdng chie'n, hdng hdi<br /> gia lUc lUdng vii trang. Ddng thdi, ndng dan<br /> tham gia cdc phong trdo ddu tranh vu<br /> la mdt lUe ludng quan trgng trong da'u<br /> trang, chinh tri, binh van" va "trong viing<br /> tranh chinh tri, ket hdp chat che vdi dau<br /> gidi phong, trung nong dd dong vai trd<br /> tranh vii trang cua lUc lUdng vii trang, tao<br /> quan trgng trong sdn xuat vd cdc phong<br /> thanh sdc manh tdng hdp cua each mang<br /> trdo ddu tranh cdch mgng; dd lam cho khdi<br /> de chien thang ke thu. Ngoai ra, ndng dan<br /> lien minh cong - nongdugc tdng cUdng, mgt<br /> edn tham gia di dan cdng tai dan, tai<br /> trong nhiing nhdn to'bdo ddm cho thdng ldi<br /> thUdng, phuc vu chie'n trUdng. Trong chie'n<br /> cita cuoc khdng chie'n cho'ng My cdu nUdc"<br /> dich Mua Khd 1974 - 1975, hang ngan dan<br /> (9)-.<br /> cdng da ehuyen chd hang ngan ta'n hang td<br /> Mac du tinh hinh chie'n sU diin ra ra't ac bien gidi, vUdt Ld 4 (nay la Qud'c Id I A) ve<br /> liet; nhung do Idm chu dUdc rugng dat ma Chd Gao cat giau, dU trii.<br /> 2S Rghien cihi Lich sCr. s611.2009<br /> <br /> 3. Hoat d o n g s a n x u a t n o n g n g h i e p Vdi viec du nhap cac gid'ng Ida nang<br /> sua't cao va do tac dgng cua chUdng trinh<br /> Viec trdng Ida van la hoat ddng chu yeu<br /> phat trien ndng nghiep cua chinh quyen<br /> trong san xua't ndng nghiep. Dien tich eanh<br /> Sai Gdn dUdc bao trd bang vien trd My, nen<br /> tae Ida (ca My Tho va Gd Cdng) trong thdi<br /> ky nay khoang 170.000 ha. NgUdi ndng dan ndng dan sd dung phan hda hge ngay cang<br /> trdng rat nhieu gid'ng lua; vu Ida sdm cd cac nhieu, Ude lUdng khoang 130 - 150 kg phan<br /> gid'ng Sa mo r i n , Sa mo trang, Lua Xiem, ure eho mgt ha da't canh tac. NhiJng cai<br /> Nang Cdc, Ca dun sdm, Lua tieu, Lua thien dang ke ve cac gid'ng Ida mdi va viec<br /> nhum, Ca dun ket sdm,...; vu Ida Id cd eae sd di^ng rgng rai phan hda hge da eho ph^p<br /> gid'ng Nang Qudt, Ba Xuyen, Chim nghe, ngudi ndng dan, td nam 1967, trdng dUde<br /> c a lay, Lua nd'i, Nang Lai, Nang ehdn, hai vu Ida trong mdt nam (vu he thu ca'y<br /> Mong chim, Nang mau, Nang vu, Nang co vao thang 5 - 6 , thu hoach vao thang 8 - 9 ,<br /> Id, Ddc vang,...; vu Ida mua ed cac gid'ng vu ddng xuan ca'y vao thang 12-1, thu<br /> Nang Ra, Nang Phat, Nang Gong, Nang co hoach vao thang 4 - 5); sau dd, tang them<br /> mua, Sdc nau, T r l n g nhd, Tau hUdng, Lua mdt vu Ida hay mgt vu mau.<br /> chum, Lua soi, Lua mong chum, Lua nhd, Viec sd dung may mdc trong san xuit<br /> Chum mai. Chum mua. Bong sen, Ca ndng nghiep ngay cang trd nen phd bien.<br /> dum,...; vu Ida mudn cd cac gid'ng Lua sa Nam 1962, mgt ndng dan d huyen Cai Lay,<br /> vdt, Ve vang, Nang thdm, Tau chen, Lua Ian dau tien, da c6 sang kie'n cai tie'n may<br /> trang nhdt, Nang Qudt, Nang ut, Nang dudi tdm dung de chay xudng ghe thanh<br /> Tien, Dd'c phung, Phung lun, Rua vang, may bdm nUdc. May dudi tdm dung de chay<br /> Dung ket,... Tuy nhien, cae gid'ng dia xudng ghe gdm mgt may chay bang xang<br /> phudng a'y ed mgt sd'nhUde diem, nhu nang (loai 3,5 CV, 4,5 CV, 6 CV), mgt cay true<br /> suat thap, thdi ky sinh trudng dai, hay bi trdn gan lien tif may de'n bg phan ehan vit<br /> nga vi than eao, la dai va mgc theo chieu dai khoang 3 met, bg phan ehan vit cd ba<br /> ngang nen thie'u anh sang eho quang hdp, canh gin gid'ng nhu dudi tdm, nen ngUdi ta<br /> kha nang hap thu phan bdn thap, nha't la ggi la "may dudi tdm". Neu ehan 'vit dUdc<br /> phan dam. gan xudi, may dudi tdm khi chay cd tac<br /> dung day nude ra phia sau lam eho ghe<br /> Do dd, nam 1966, nganh ndng nghiep<br /> xudng ehay. Ne'u g i n ngUde ehan vit lai,<br /> cua ehinh quyen Sai Gdn da nhap cae gid'ng<br /> khi may chay se day nUdc ngUdc trd lai.<br /> Ida Than Ndng ngan ngay IR8 va IR5 eua<br /> May dudi tdm bdm nUde dUa nUdc len cao<br /> Vien Nghien cdu liia gao qud'c te (IRRI) vao<br /> de'n 02 met, eho phep ngUdi ndng dan dua<br /> mien Nam. Cac gid'ng liia mdi nay da khae<br /> nude thoai mai tif kenh mvfdng len ddng<br /> phuc dUdc nhiing nhude diem eua cac gid'ng<br /> rugng.<br /> Ida dia phudng; va nha't la eho nang suat<br /> kha cao; tai mdt sd diem trdng thd d Tien Tif Cai Lay, may dudi torn bdm nUdc<br /> Giang, cd 1 ha thi thu dUde 6 - 9 ta'n. Sau nhanh chong dUdc nhan rong ra khap ndi.<br /> dd, cdn cd them cac gid'ng Than Ndng IR20, Theo Sansom Robert trong quyen Kinh te<br /> IR22, IR24. Td nam 1967, viec trdng cac nong nghiep d vung dong bang song Ciiu<br /> gid'ng lua Than Ndng da trd nen phd bien d Long, day la mgt cuoc each mang kinh te<br /> trong tinh. thuc sU, giup eho san lUdng thdc gao cl Nam<br /> Vai nef ve nong nghiep 5Iy Tho... 29<br /> <br /> Bd cd su gia tang dang ke. Cung td thap Ilia da qua dUdc giai doan ye'u dt cd the bi<br /> nien 60, ndng dan b i t d i u sd dung mdy ddc td' xam hai; luc nay, cay Ida cd chUng<br /> cay, nha't la may cay loai nhd, trong khau lai, nhUng se nhanh ehdng phuc hdi va<br /> lam da't, van ehuyen ndng san,... phat trien. Hai ky thuat nay gidp cho viec<br /> Ky thuat canh tac cUng cd sU bie'n ddi. trdng lua tren vung dat phen dat dude<br /> Ben canh viec ca'y lua d nhiing ndi ma nang sua't kha, giam chi phi vat tU (xang<br /> rudng da't da t h u i n thue, thi ddi vdi vungdiu, thud'c trd sau,...) va edng lao ddng (11).<br /> da't nhiem phen d bic Lg 4 (nay la Qud'c Id I Chinh vi the. My Tho - Gd Cdng trd<br /> A) thudc cae huyen Cai Be, Cai Lay, Chau thanh mdt trong nhiing viing tham canh<br /> Thanh, ndng dan da nhay ben ap dung thdc gao ndi tieng d Nam bd, vdi san lUdng<br /> phUdng phap sa ngam va sa khd de trdng Udc td 500.000 - 550.000 tan/nam. Khoang<br /> Ida. Theo tac gia Tran Xuan Kiem trong 80 % sd' thdc gao nay dudc phuc vu cho nhu<br /> quyen Nghe nong Nam bg, sa nglm dUde ciu ndi tinh; khoang 20 % cdn lai dUde tieu<br /> thUe hien tren nhiing viing da't phen ngap thu ngdai tinh, nha't la dd thi Sai Gdn -<br /> Iii, dng vdi vu ddng xuan; khi nUdc rut cdn Chd Ldn.<br /> 40 - 50 em, ngUdi ta true cd dai va ddi bun<br /> Trong thdi ky nay. My Thd - Gd Cdng la<br /> ling din; khi nUde edn 10 - 15 em thi sa<br /> mdt trong nhiing dia phUdng ed dien tich<br /> gid'ng da ngam nay dai mim, bun se phu<br /> vudn cay an trai ldn nha't vung ddng bing<br /> kin hat; lua can phai sa ddng loat, tranh<br /> sdng Cdu Long. Theo tae gia Trin Xuan<br /> quay bun len, ddng thdi tie'n hanh dip bd<br /> Kiem trong tai lieu da din, nam 1969, vUdn<br /> nhim khd'ng che mUc nude rut, de' trong<br /> cay an trai cua tinh chiem hdn 27 % dien<br /> vdng 20 ngay, cay lua phai vUdn khdi mat<br /> tich vUdn d toan mien Nam. Tuy vUdn tap<br /> nude; trong thdi gian dd, nude phai trong de<br /> chiem ti le cao trong cd ca'u vUdn cay an<br /> cay lua quang hdp dUde qua Idp nude phu; trai; nhUng budc diu, d day da hinh thanh<br /> cd sd eua each xud'ng gid'ng nay Id nhd giai nhiing vung ehuyen eanh gan vdi mdt so'<br /> doan dau, cay Ida hd ha'p bang nang lUdng loai cay an trai dac san, nhu xoai cat, cam<br /> du trU trdng ndi nhii, khi cd chat xanh, lua mat, budi, quyt, di xa ly, chdm chdm, sau<br /> hd ha'p nhd dxy quang hdp dUde; khi sU rieng d Cai Be, Cai Lay, vu siia Id ren d<br /> quang hdp manh hdn thi cay Ida da vUdt ra Vinh Kim va mdt sd' xa lan can (Chau<br /> khdi mat nude, khdng sd bi phen lam hai. Thanh), man hdng dao d vdng Trung<br /> Sa khd dUde thUe hien tren vung da't phen Ludng, bao gdm cae xa Dao Thanh, Long<br /> cho vu he thu; tai nhiing vung dat nay, vao An, Trung An (My Tho) va Ludng Hda Lac<br /> diu mua mUa, khi nude vda bao hda thi da't (Chd Gad), dUa d Chd Gao, Hda Ddng (Gd<br /> cd hien tUdng tang dot nggt cac ddc cha't Cdng Tay), sd ry d Gd Cdng... (12).<br /> gay nguy hiem eho cay trdng ma ndng dan<br /> ggi la hien tUdng "Idng phen", do dd, de Dac biet, ndng dan cd nhieu sang tao va<br /> khac phuc, ndng dan ddt ddng cho saeh cd kinh nghiem trong viec cham sdc vudn cay,<br /> dai va cae tan tich cua vu trUde; dat dUde nhu chiet canh, thap nhanh, lai tao gid'ng,<br /> cay mdt lin, bda hai lan, rdi sa khd bing len lie'p, bdn phan (hQu cd va vd cd), tUdi<br /> Ida sdm va bda lap; cay lua nay mIm ngay nude, dac kenh mUdng, diet sau ray, bd' tri<br /> tu nhOng cdn mUa d i u mua, khi phen long cay trdng, xd ly cay eho qua trai vu,...<br /> thi da dUdc 1,5-2 thang tudi; nhu vay, cay Chinh vi t h e v a cgng vdi dieu kien thien<br /> 30 Rghien curu Lich sur. sd 11.2009<br /> <br /> nhien Uu dai nen san lUdng trai cay eua bap, cac loai khoai,...), cay edng nghiep<br /> tinh len de'n hang chue ngan tan, chiem 38 (nhu dda, dau phdng, mia, thud'c la,...), rau<br /> % td'ng san lUdng trai cay cua tdan mien cai (cdn ggi la hang bdng, hang gidng, nhu<br /> Nam vao thdi diem nam 1969. cac loai dUa, dau, rau, hanh, he, khd qua,<br /> dt, ca chua,...). San pham lam ra dUdc tieu<br /> Do gan nda dien tich vudn cay an trai la<br /> thu tai chd va ban di ndi khae.<br /> mUdng, nen ndng dan, ngoai hoa ldi thu<br /> dUde tif trai cay, cdn nudi tdm ca de ed Ve ehan nudi, td nhiing nam 60 cua the<br /> them thu nhap. Cd the ndi, nghe trdng cay ky XX, ndng dan da bat dau nudi mdt so'<br /> an trai dem lai thu nhap cao eho ndng dan, gid'ng eon ed nang sua't cao dUde nhap ndi<br /> hdn gap nhieu l i n so vdi loai hinh eanh tac (nhu'heo ed cac gd'ng Duroc, Yorshire; ga cd<br /> rudng. Ddn ed la viec trdng man hdng dao cac gid'ng Brown Nick, Sasso, Lohmann,<br /> Trung Ludng; thee Bao Thdi Nay, sd 139, Nagoya, Leghorn, Rhode Island, Plymouth,<br /> ngay 1-7-1965, 1 ha vudn trdng ehuyen loai Sussex; vit cd cac gid'ng vit Tau, vit Xiem cd<br /> cay an trai nay, thi mdi nam eho hoa ldi cd ngudn gd'e tif Nam My, Kaki - Campell, Bic<br /> tri gia la 200.000 ddng (tien Sai Gdn), Kinh, Ha Lan) hoae dUde lai tad vdi cae<br /> tUdng dUdng 20 lUdng vang; cdn trdng 1 gid'ng dia phUdng. Ddng thdi, hg cUng da<br /> cdng (1.000 met vudng) thi thu dUde 20.000 tiep can dUde mdt sd' ky thuat ehan nudi<br /> ddng (tien Sai Gdn), du de' "siia sang nhd mdi, nhu lap trai ehan nudi theo hUdng san<br /> ciia, chi phi may mac, tet nhdt". Hoae nhU xua't cdng nghiep, thu y phdng dich, gieo<br /> viec trdng vu sUa Id ren Vinh Kim; trong tinh nhan tao, sU dung thdc an hdn hdp,...<br /> quyen Dinh Tudng xUa vd nay, tac gia So vdi thdi Phap thuge, ehan nudi trong<br /> Huynh Minh cho bie't: "... Lien tie'p gdn thdi ky nay ed sU phat trie'n nhanh ehdng.<br /> ndm ndm nay tren thi trUdng, cdc viia trdi<br /> cdy d cdu Ong Ldnh (Sdi Gdn) dd bie't mat Ngoai cac loai gia sue truyen thd'ng, nhu<br /> trdi vu sUa lb ren Vinh Kim vi cd thi trUdng trau, bd, heo, ngUa, ndng dan cdn nudi de<br /> tieu thu mgnh, cho nen cdc chu viia ddm vdi sd' lUdng ngay cang nhieu va nudi cdu<br /> gidp vdn cho cdc ong ldi budn di bo tien cgc vdi tinh each thu nghiem. Gia cam dUdc<br /> dgt mua trUdc. Nhieu dng ldi ddm bo vd'n nudi phd bie'n la ga va vit vdi tdng dan eho<br /> mua hue lgi tii 2 - 3 miia. Vi du: miia ndm mdi loai len de'n hang tram ngan con. Dac<br /> 1966, chu. vUdn da bdn cho hg 50.000 dong biet, nghe nuoi vit chay ddng ed sU phat<br /> (tien Sdi Gdn); ndm 1967, mgc du vii. sUa trien manh. NgUdi ta mua vit con ve dm<br /> chiia cd hoa, hg chiu mua trade vdi gid khoang 20 - 25 ngay, rdi de'n khi ddng<br /> 70.000 dong (tien Sdi Gdn) vd miia ndm rugng vifa thu hoach xong, thi mdi tha cho<br /> 1968 vdi gid 90.000 dong (tien Sdi Gdn), cd vit chay ddng, de vit an thdc Ida rdi vai sau<br /> moi ndm mgt len" (13). Ben canh gia tri cao mua gat, sau bg, ca, tdm, tep, cua, d'e,...<br /> ve kinh te, nghd vUdn cdn dinh hinh cho n h i m giam chi phi thdc an; ddng thdi, bd<br /> mdt Id'i sinh boat van hda cd nhiing net dac sung ngudn phan hiiu cd, tang do phi cho<br /> sac rieng ma nhieu nha nghien cdu ggi la da't. Hang ngay, ehan tha vit vao budi sang<br /> "van minh miet vudn". va budi chieu, cdn budi trUa cho vit nghi<br /> ngdi trong bdng mat. Lg trinh ehan tha cd<br /> Ngoai ra, tren cae gidng cat thudc Gd khi rat xa ndi xua't phat, nen ddi hdi ngUdi<br /> Cdng, Chd Gao, Chau Thanh,... nong dan nudi vit chay ddng phai cd ky thuat va kinh<br /> ^'dn trdng cay hoa mau lUdng thUc (nhu nghiem ehan tha, su sieng nang, kien n h i n<br /> Vai net ve nong nghiep STy Tho. 31<br /> <br /> <br /> va chiu kho. S a u 70 - 90 ngay tudi thi vit My Tho, mdt con heo gid'ng can n a n g 10 kg<br /> da den ky t h u hoach. Gia sue, gia cam p h i n cd gia t u 1.000 - 1.500 ddng (tien Sai Gdn),<br /> ldn dUde cung Ung cho thi t r u d n g trong tinh s a u 8 t h a n g nudi se can n a n g k h o a n g 70 kg<br /> va mgt p h i n d a n h eho x u a t t i n h . va dude b a n vdi gia 6.000 ddng (tien Sai<br /> Gdn), s a u k h i t r d chi p h i con gid'ng va thdc<br /> Tuy n h i e n , e h a n nudi v i n ehUa tach<br /> a n (3.200 ddng) thi ngudi e h a n nudi chi cdn<br /> khdi ndng n g h i e p va m a n g t i n h cha't t h u<br /> dUdc t u 1.300 - 1.800 ddng (tien Sai Gdn);<br /> cdng la chinh. Sd' ludng t r a i e h a n nuoi cd<br /> dd la c h u a ke cdng lao ddng trong 8 t h a n g ,<br /> quy md vifa va ldn cdn it. P h i n ldn ndng<br /> ehi phi thud'c t h u y va rui ro khi xay r a dich<br /> d a n e h a n nuoi theo quy md nhd. ThUdng<br /> b e n h (14).<br /> mdi n6ng hg n u d i d a m con heo, ga, vit de<br /> t a n d u n g phe pham t r o n g ndng nghiep, sdc N h i n ehung, vdi sU bie'n ddi ve cd sd vat<br /> lao ddng n h d n rdi, bd s u n g n g u d n thUe cha't - ky t h u a t , sU n a n g ddng, s a n g tao eua<br /> p h a m eho biia a n h a n g n g a y h a y tiec t u n g ndng d a n va dieu kien tU n h i e n t h u a n ldi,<br /> va tiet k i e m tien bac dudi h i n h t h d c 'TDO n e n san xua't n d n g nghiep d My Tho - Gd<br /> d'ng". Vi t h e , t h u n h a p t h u a n nhd vao ehan Cdng cd su p h a t t r i e n ro net, nha't la trong<br /> nudi cdn d mUc tha'p. Theo tae gia T r i n viec t h a m c a n h cay Ida va trdng cay an<br /> X u a n Kiem d t a i lieu da dan, n a m 1967, d trai.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6). Lam Quang Huyen, (10). Trin Hoang Dieu - Nguyen 7\nh Tua'n<br /> Cdch mang rugng dat d Miin Nam Viet Nam, N.\b. (ehii bien). Dia chi Tien Giang, sdd, tr. 329.<br /> Khda hoe xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1984, tr. 23, 25, 26, 35, (11), (12). Trin Xuan Kiem. Nghi nong Nam<br /> 37, 41. bo, Nxb. Klioa hoe .xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1992, tr. 110,<br /> (7). Trin Hoang Dieu - Nguyin Anh Tuan (ehu 123.<br /> bien). Dia chi Tiin Giang, Tinh uy - Uy ban nhan (13). Huynh Minh. Dinh Tudng xUa vd nay, Tae<br /> dan tinh Tien Giang xuat ban, 2005, tr. 325. gia xua't ban, 1969, tr. 164.<br /> (8), (9). Lam Quang Huyen, Cdch mang ruong (14) Trin Xuan Kiem. Nghi nong Nam bg, sdd,<br /> ddt a Mien Nam Viet Nam, sdd, 54, 67. tr. 147.<br />