Vài nét về quan xưởng ở Phú Xuân thời các chúa Nguyễn

VAI NET VE OUAN XlTdNG d PHU XUAN<br /> THdl CAC CHUA N C U Y I N<br /> <br /> NGUYfiN VAN DANG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ciia cdc dia phUdng ma nha nUdc huy ddng<br /> T Q nam 1558, khi hp Nguyen vdo<br /> trd'n thu d Thuan Hda thi vung<br /> trung tdm Phu Xudn bdt dau hinh thdnh<br /> nhQng ngUdi thd gidi nha't trong xQ. Chdng<br /> ban, "Hai thdn Phan Xd, Hoang Giang<br /> ede xQdng san xud't thii cdng phuc vu eho cd huyen Khang Ldc diu kheo ddc sung. Hg<br /> nghiep ciia ddng hp Nguyen. Ben canh viec Nguyen lay 60 ngUdi d Phan Xd dat ldm 2<br /> ban hdnh hdng loat cac chinh sach an dan, ddi tha Td sung, Hdu sung... Sau lg.i them<br /> md cQa giao thQdng vdi ben ngoai, cdc chua mdi ddi 20 ngUdi... Lg.i lay 40 ngUdi d<br /> Nguyen da tQng bQdc tao dyng mpt bp may Hoang Giang ddt ldm ty tha Ngi sung..."<br /> chinh quyen vd qudn dpi rieng; ddng thdi (2). Rieng nganh ddng thuyen phai huy<br /> chu trQdng trQng tap vd td chQc thd thu ddng thd tQ nhieu dia phUdng khac nhau<br /> cdng san xud't cac loai vu khi, ddng thuyen, theo tQng nghe chuyen mdn: "... Thdxe dxd<br /> ede vdt dung cung dinh vd vdt lieu xay Duy Bdc Id thao nhdt. Tha ddng thuyen<br /> dyng phu chua. ngUdi Bdng Hdi vd CU Hd quen ddng<br /> NhQng ngQdi thd eua chua Nguyen trQdc thuyin to; cdc xd huyen Khang Lgc vd<br /> bet Id nhQng ngQdi linh, Thich Dai San huyen Le Thuy diu cd thd, hay ddng thuyin<br /> chep: "Trong nUdc. trdm thd tha diu do nho de chd do budn bdn" (3). Linh thd vd<br /> qudn ldm. Mdi ndm vdo khodng thdng ba, thd thii cdng lanh nghe khi huy ddng ve<br /> thdng tu, quan nhcfn di ra cdc lang bdt ddn Phu Xuan thi dUde td chQc theo ngach binh:<br /> td 16 tudi trd len. nhiing ngUdi thdn the "Cdc chua Nguyen cd nhdng quan xUdng ggi<br /> cUdng trdng. ddng gdng lai bdng mot cdi la tuang cude. tdchdc nhU qudn ddi, lUa thd<br /> gdng tre ... gidi vi phd sung qudn; vdo qudn bd sung vdo di chi tao do ddng cho Nhd<br /> ddi rdi mdi ngUdi chuyen hgc mdt nghi ..." nUdc. Cdc tha dy dUdc liet vdo hg.ng binh<br /> (1). Chinh trong dpi ngu binh Knh ddng dao linh, dn lUdng hodc dUac mien xau thue"<br /> dd, cd mdt bp phdn trd thdnh ngudn lao (4).<br /> ddng thQdng trye san xud't trong cac xQdng Ve dia diem san xud't, trong thdi gian tQ<br /> eiia chua Nguydn. Tuy nhien, de tao nen 1626-1687 khi thu phu ddng d Phudc Yen<br /> nhQng san phd'm ed chd't iQdng cao, ehua vd Kim Long, cdc chua Nguyen da "trUng<br /> Nguyin da dp dyng che dp trUng tap thd dung mot phdn ddt cua lang Duang Xudn<br /> gidi vung Thuan Quang ve Phu Xudn san (sdt bd sdng Huang) ldm dd't cua triiu dinh<br /> xud't. Tuy theo truyen thd'ng ky thuat nghe ddt dudi sU qudn ly cua phu chua. Bd't ndy<br /> <br /> ' TS. Trudng Dai hpe Khoa hpe - Dai hpc Hud<br /> Vai nel ve quan xudmg 6 Phu Xuan... 65<br /> <br /> trong dia bd cd ten Quan phdng xd phd md tuyen de dUde ldm viec: "Thg cdc cue, Cai<br /> ddn chiing ggi Id quan phong xd tho... d quan, Ty quan, Thu hop, thUdng ban vd<br /> viing ddt Tdy Nam cua phu, vi phia bd thugc lai nha mdn Chinh dinh, ai co bdng<br /> sdng Huang ben kia. tUc phdn ddt Tdy bdc cap thi dugc d lai ldm viec" (7). Ben tren<br /> cua Buang Xudn, dd thie't lap mdt cdng Tudng cue, trong ed ed'u td chQc d Chinh<br /> xUdng due dong cua chua Nguyin, tiin thdn dinh, ngodi 3 ty Xd sai, TQdng than lai,<br /> cua phudng Buc sau ndy" (5). Day chinh Id Lenh sQ cdn cd ty Npi Lenh sQ kiem coi cdc<br /> dia diem chu yeu de lap nen cdc xudng san thQ thue; ben canh dd "lai cd ty Lenh sd Bo<br /> xud't tdp trung. Thd thu cdng dQdc phien gia (Nhd do), Cdu ke, Cai hop, Thu hOp,<br /> che thee nghe, moi nghe gpi Id ty hay dpi. mdi chUc 3 ngUdi, lai vien 24 ngUdi. gid viec<br /> Dd'i vdi td't ea mpi nghe thQdng gpi Id TQdng thu phdt ddy thau, khdi sdt, dd dong, ngd<br /> cue. voi, chiing ddng, phdt cho cdc cue de ldm<br /> khi gidi, thuyin ghe, siia sang tUdng thdnh<br /> Ve so' eye thd vd sd' iQdng thd dUde phien<br /> nhd cda. vd giUa cdc tich ddu. san. than gd.<br /> che trong ede cue dQdc Le Quy Ddn ghi chep<br /> vdng thep. ciing la kho qudn khi" (8), tQc la<br /> trong Phd bien tgp luc ed the thd'y eae cue<br /> cd quan thu ehi cac dd dac, pham vat,<br /> thd tap trung d Phu Xudn khd nhieu, cd tdi<br /> nguyen lieu vd quan dd'e cdc TQdng cue de<br /> 37 cue thd, san xua't nhQng san pham thiet<br /> san xuat vd kien thiet xdy dyng. Sau cude<br /> ye'u phue vu eho nhu cau qudc phdng vd ddi<br /> cai td hdnh chinh nam 1744, Luc Bd ra ddi,<br /> sd'ng (xin xem bang 1).<br /> luc ndy cdc Tudng eye le thupc vdo Bd Binh<br /> Qua dd, cd the thd'y so' thd tdp trung ve vd Bp Cdng quan ly (9). -. .<br /> Phu Xudn it nhd't ed 37 loai thd vdi gan<br /> 1.000 ngudi. Trong dd, nhQng cue thd lien Hoat dpng eua quan xudng (10), cd the<br /> quan den ren, due vu khi, ddng thuyen, tha'y rang cdc chua ehu y nhieu den cdc<br /> nung ngdi ed sd' iQdng thd Idn nha't; ngQde xudng san xud't vu khi, ddng thuyen, vat<br /> lai cung ed loai thd chi vdi ngQdi, trong dung cung phu vd due tien.<br /> trUdng hdp ndy hp khdng dQdc phien che Id Ve xudng san xua't vu khi. Nhu cau quan<br /> ty, dpi hay cue. sy ludn thdi thue cdc chua Nguyen ehu<br /> Ve he thd'ng td chQc quan ly, mdi TQdng trpng den viec due sue. Cdc chua Nguyen<br /> cue ngodi thd lao dpng trQc tiep ed TUdng khdng ngai ddu tU ldn de due che vu khi. O<br /> muc vd dpi ngu dieu hanh thd san xud't de tren da't "quan phdng xd phu" b bd nam<br /> tao nen mdt loai san pham hodn chinh lien sdng Hudng, dd'i dien vdi dinh phii Kim<br /> nganh. Dd Id dpi ngu Chdnh ty quan, Ty Long, cho den ndm 1631 da cd 3 TUdng cue<br /> quan, Thu hdp vdi so' lUdng khdng nhd't due sung ldn vd nhd (Ndi phao tUdng, Ta<br /> dinh. Chdng ban "2 ddi thg Td sung. Hihi phdo tQdng, HQu phdo tQdng) vdi tdng so'<br /> sung, cd 12 ngUdi chdnh ty quan, cdp ngu thd vdo thdi diem cao nhd't len den 140<br /> ldc mdi ngUdi mdi mdu rudng, mdi ndm 10 ngQdi. Nhd nQde quy dinh rd ve thdnh phan<br /> quan tiin... Ty thg Ndi sung, trong dd cd nguyen lieu "che tgo khi gidi. due sung tru<br /> mdt ngUdi thu hop. mdi ndm 20 quan, 1 thi le phdt mdi khdu sdt 15 khdi, tiin than 3<br /> ngUdi ty quan, mdi ndm 30 quan" (6). quan 5 tien, gang 10 cdn, ddu 1 lUdng; due<br /> Chinh dpi ngu ndy ldm trung gian giQa nhd sung nho thi cU mdi 10 khdu le phdt sdt 30<br /> nQde vd thd quan xQdng. Gid'ng nhQ binh khdi, tien than 10 quan, gang 30 cdn". Dae<br /> linh vd thd, hp phai trai qua eae ky duyet biet d quan xQdng due sung da cd sy phdn<br /> 66 Hghicn ciJru Lich sit. s61.2010<br /> <br /> Bang 1: Thong lie cac TUdng cue thdi c h u a Nguy§n 6 Phii Xuan<br /> <br /> N g a c h thpi<br /> TT T e n c u e thpf Ghi c h u Trang<br /> (ngUc^i)<br /> 1 Ty thd due cdc cue 60 Xdm Kim Nhdn, Xdm Bon Bp 189<br /> 2 Ty thd npi sung 40 Ldng Hoang Giang 189<br /> 3 Dpi ta sung 50 189,325<br /> 4 Doi hQu sung 50 325<br /> 5 Ty thd rd'n 58 325<br /> 6 Ty thd sdn (2 doi) 61 189,321<br /> 7 Ty thd ro'n khi gidi 6 189<br /> 8 Ty thd nhuom tia 9 189<br /> 9 Thuyen Ngoa n h a t thupc noi 40 Lam ngdi. 189<br /> 10 Thuyen Ngoa nhi thupc npi 40 Thuyen: ddn vi nhd nha't 189<br /> quan dpi (30-100 binh)<br /> 11 Thd yen ngQa 2 189<br /> 12 Ty thd hoa cdng 8 189<br /> 13 Thd hoa luan 2 Tau t h u y 189<br /> 14 Ty thd mpc thuyen An mpc 56 189<br /> 15 Ty thd mpc thuyen Khang 56 189<br /> mdc<br /> 16 Thd qua nan 4 Hop dung dd an 189<br /> 17 Ty thd ddng thuyen 21 190<br /> 18 Thd kha'u ngQa 4 Bp p h a n ciia yen ngUa long 190<br /> vdo dQdi duoi<br /> 19 Ty thd tien 40 190<br /> 20 Thd ngd 3 190<br /> 21 Ty thd quat npi 7 190<br /> 22 Ty thd tien npi 3 190<br /> 23 Dpi npi phdng y 12 190<br /> 24 Dpi dien lap 31 190<br /> 25 Thd bong sung npi 1 190<br /> 26 Ty thd hdng hoa npi 2 190<br /> 27 Thp dui chieng 1 190<br /> 28 Ty thd kiem 4 190<br /> 29 Thd iQdng y 4 Ldm thud'c eho chua 190<br /> 30 Ty npi ngan tUdng Thd bae 190<br /> 31 Tudng cue Npi kim tUdng Thd vdng 190<br /> 32 Hai cd Ta trung, HQu t r u n g Thd bae 190<br /> 33 Ty thd thiec npi 10 326<br /> 34 Dpi than go 195 325<br /> 35 Thd tai 325<br /> 36 Thd ddng hd vd kinh thien ly 1 328<br /> 37 Thd due tien 221<br /> Cong 881<br /> Vat n6t ve quan xu6ng d Phu Xudn. 67<br /> <br /> <br /> cdng lao dpng khd cao, ed sy tham gia eiia sdng Gianh - NVB), cd ldn ngUdi ta dem tdi<br /> nhieu TQdng eye khdc nhau: "Binh sdng thi 68 chiee. Mdt ben khdc rdng ldn han d vdo<br /> tha ren ldm, cd mdy thi thg bgc ldm, tai gida lanh thd ggi Id ke Chdm cd rdt nhieu<br /> sung thi thg tai ldm. bdng siing thi thg mdc diing de bdo ve ddt nUdc vd budn bdn vdi<br /> ldm, qudn ba ddi chi ddc ndng sung md ngUdi Tdu thudng tdi ben ndy. Cdn bin thU<br /> thdi" (11). Ludng hang nam eua thd due ba thi d vdo bien gidi nUdc Chiim Thdnh<br /> sung Id 10 hoc thdc, 5 quan tien / mdt ngUdi (...). Thuyin cua chda Ddng Trong rd't cd<br /> (12). Dai bdc Id loai vu khi chu lye ciia chua the lin tdi con so it ra hai trdm..." (16). Vdo<br /> Nguyen. Dai bae dUde due bang ddng vd cd nam 1674, chua Nguyen Phue Tan da cd<br /> nhieu khdu vdi kich c3 khdc nhau. Mdt 133 chien thuyen do cdc xQdng trye thupc<br /> ngUdi nude ngodi da nhan xet nhQ sau: phii ehua ddng (17). Nam 1695, khi den<br /> "Nhd vua cd 1200 khdu dgi bdc, td't cd diu Hue, T. Bowyear da nhdn thd'y rang, lyc<br /> bdng ddng... cd nhiiu khdu cd kich thudc iQdng thuy quan cua ehua Nguyen Phuc<br /> khdc nhau, mang huy hieu cua Tdy Ban Chu gdm: "200 chii'n ham, mdi chiic cd tU<br /> Nha vd Bo Bdo Nha, nhUng ddc biet cd 4 16 di'n 22 khdu dgi bdc, 500 chii'n thuyin<br /> khau dgi bdc ndng, ddi khodng 6 met, mang nhd tU 40-44 tay cheo. 100 chii'n thuyin ldn<br /> huy hieu Bdng Trong, trdng that dep. Nien tU 50 den 75 tay cheo, 3 chiic cua ngUdi Au.<br /> dgi cdc khdu dgi bdc ndy dUgc ddc Id tii Cdc thuyen chii'n trin diu do xUdng cua<br /> ndm 1650 de'n 1660" (13). Mdt so'sung mang Phu chua ddng. Xudng ddng tdu Hd Mat cd<br /> ky hieu nQde ngodi do ehua dat mua, nhQng tdi 4000 thg vd ddng dUgc nhUng chii'n<br /> trong mpt tam nhin sau xa hdn, hp cung da thuyin trgng tdi de'n 400 tdn" (18). Day<br /> mdi chuyen gia ngQdi nQde ngodi la hai cha chinh Id thdi diem md ngdnh ddng thuyen<br /> con ngUdi Bd Ddo Nha ten Id Joan da Cruz xQ Ddng Trong dat dQdc nhieu ket qua<br /> (hay ten Phdp Id Jean de la Croix) vd nhd't.<br /> Clement de la Croix den dinh cU bdn d<br /> Viec due tien dQdc eae ehua Nguyen rd't<br /> phudng Due phy trdch ve ky thudt due<br /> ehu y. Budi ddu, cdc chua due tien gian<br /> sung (14).<br /> nhd, dung hieu "Thdi Binh" (19). Cho den<br /> Ve xudng ddng thuyen. Cac xudng deu ndm 1725, ehua Nguyin Phuc Tru (1725 -<br /> tap trung d hai ben bd sdng HUdng: "d 1738) mdi cho due tien ddng vdi sd iQdng<br /> thugng lUu vd hg liiu chinh dinh, nhd qudn Idn. Ndm 1736 ehua "Sat Mac Thiin Tii!<br /> bay nhu bdn cd. NhUng nhd cua thuy qudn (con Mac Cdu) ldm Bd dd'e trdn Hd Tiin,<br /> lai d ddi ngan. Xudng thuyin vd kho thdc sai md cue due tiin di tiin viec trao doi"<br /> thi d cdc xd Hd Khe, Thg Khang" (15). Sd (20). TQ nam 1746, mdi bdt dau due tien<br /> lUdng thuyen chien ddng dUdc tuy khdng kem trdng: "Nguyin Phuc Khodt nghe ldi<br /> bang Ddng Ngodi, nhUng chd't lUdng ky ngUdi khdch hg Hodng, mdi mua kem cua<br /> thuat eiia thuyen Ddng Trong khdng thua nUdc Hod Lan de due tiin, md trUdng due d<br /> kem nhu nhdn xet eua Alecxandre de xd LUdng Qudn, mdi 100 cdn gid tiin 8<br /> Rhodes vd Thomas Bowyear khi hp den quan. tinh trd phi tdn vi tiin dn. tiin cdng<br /> day. GiQa the ky XVII, A. de Rhodes phdng ra con dugc 20 quan tiin. vdnh vd net chiJC<br /> dodn khoang 200 ehiec dung de phdng ve theo ddng tiin TUdng Phii nhd Td'ng" (21).<br /> ven bien: "Trong ba ben d Bdng Trong... Day Id ddt due tien ldn "tiin ddc trong 3<br /> Mdt ben d vdo cda song ldn (cd the Id cda ndm Binh Ban, Binh Mao. Mdu Thin (tQc<br /> 6S Rghien eiiru Lich stir. s61.2010<br /> <br /> cdc ndm 1746-1748 - NVD) due duac Ngdn tuang ndu luyen thdnh hot, cdn vd<br /> 72.396 quan" (22). Theo cdc nhd Cd tien nghiem de dem nop" vQa ldm nhiem vu<br /> hpe, ddt due nam 1725 ed khoang 20 hieu trang sQc eho cung phii "thg bgc 2 ca Td<br /> tien ddng dd, nam 1736 khoang 43 hieu trung, Hihi trung. linh dong dd vd kem ndu<br /> tien ddng thau vd nam 1746 ed 57 hieu tien thdnh thau che dinh bdt thao, dinh cue<br /> kem (23). Cdc hieu tien bode Id mang nien cUdc de trang sde nhUng nhd. hien, dinh.<br /> hieu cua Trung Qud'e, Viet Nam bode Id cdc vd cdc thuyin ghe... Ty Ndi Ngdn tUgng<br /> chQa cd trong lich sii. Dieu ndy cd the giup linh ddng, kem... de trang sde cdc nhd<br /> chung ta ghi nhdn Id cac ehua Nguyin (dudng)" (27). Hai ty thd due (mdi ty 30<br /> khdng ddt nien hieu cho minh, the hien tU ngQdi, due dd ddng, vac...), ty thd thiec, ty<br /> tudng "nhd't thd'ng" phu Le eiia hp. Viec lUu thd ren lam day thep, day thau ngQdi lang<br /> hdnh tien te tren thi trQdng Ddng Trong Mdu Tai la eae ty ldm nhieu san pham ndi<br /> rd't phQc tap. Ngodi tien cua chua, ed tien tieng. Ngoai ra, cd Nguyen Van Tu ngudi xa<br /> cua Trung Qud'e, tien Nhdt Ban, tien Ddng Dai Hao, huyen Dang XUdng, hpc nghe 2<br /> Ngodi, tien nhd mdng ciia Mae Thien TQ, ndm d Hd Lan ve, ed the che dupe cdc hang<br /> tien tQ phQdng Tdy, vd ea tien due trdm ddng hd kieu phUdng Tdy vd kinh thien ly<br /> trong dan gian (den hdn 100 Id)... Dieu nay phye vy ehua...<br /> da ddn den sy khiing hoang tien te d Ddng<br /> Tdm lai, tren dd't Phu Xudn - Thudn<br /> Trong (24) dUdc Ddt s! Ngd The Lan phan<br /> Hda lan dau tien da xud't hien quan xQdng<br /> dnh trong tdc pham "Ludn tien te" va Pierre<br /> cua chua Nguyin. Tren cd sd cdc boat ddng<br /> Poivre ghi lai: "viec thUOng mgi cua xii ndy<br /> kinh te dan gian phat trien vd sy md rdng<br /> duang bi xdo trdn vi sii lUu hdnh mdt thd<br /> eua ngoai thUdng cdc chua da trUng tap thd<br /> tiin kem nd gdy ra nhiiu sit gian trd. ddc<br /> vd td chQc hp san xud't. Cd the thd'y quan<br /> quyin vd rdi ren du thd" (25). Cac ehua<br /> XQdng dUdc td chQc khd quy cu, san xud't<br /> Nguyin da khdng giai quyet dudc cude<br /> dQdc nhieu loai hinh san pham phuc vu<br /> khung hoang tien te ndy. Dd Id mdt trong<br /> mpt cdch cd hieu qua cho mye dich quan sU<br /> nhQng nguyen nhdn chinh lam suy yeu<br /> vd trang sQc eho mdt trieu dinh mdi dQdc<br /> chinh quyen Ddng Trong tQ giQa the ky<br /> xdy dyng. So vdi cac quan xQdng d Dang<br /> XVIII. Khi chie'm Phu Xuan (1774), TQdng<br /> Ngodi, quan xQdng Ddng Trong da xud't<br /> Trinh la Doan quan cdng sai Ta tQdng cd la<br /> hien nhQng yeu td' ky thuat mdi tQ cdc<br /> Lai trung hau coi viec due, md xQdng due d<br /> chuyen gia phQdng Tay trong due che vu<br /> phia hQu trd'n dinh, la'y cai dpi cu la Ludn<br /> khi, ddng thuyen chien va san xua't mdt so'<br /> binh hdu dam nhiem viec d'p ldm, ld'y ngQdi<br /> vat dung cung dinh. Cd the tha'y quan<br /> am hieu cdc xa ldm thd... eho dem pha buy<br /> XQdng d Phu Xuan cd tac dung Idn dd'i vdi<br /> sung, dinh, vac, dd ddng... de due tien "Cdnh<br /> sy nghiep eiia hp Nguyen, ddng thdi nd trd<br /> HUng thudn bdo dugc 23.962 quan" (26).<br /> thanh mpt nhdn td' tdc dpng tich eye, tao<br /> nen hang loat eae lang chuyen d vung dd't<br /> Cdc vdt dung dung trong cung phii, gach<br /> ndy so vdi trQdc md phQdng Due Id mdt<br /> ngdi xay dyng dude san xud't nhieu nhdm<br /> trQdng hdp tieu bieu.<br /> trang bi cho chdn cung dinh. Thd bae ed den<br /> 3 ty vQa lam nhiem vy luu dpng tai cdc Khi nhd Nguyin dQdc thiet lap, quan I^<br /> trQdng khai md: "a trUdng vdng cd quan dd't nQde tQ Bdc den Nam vd ddng dd d Hue<br /> chdnh cai ty Ngdn tUOng theo di di'ndu... ty thi cdc boat dpng thu cdng, dich vy nhdm<br /> Vai n6t ve quan xudng 6 Phu Xuan... 69<br /> <br /> <br /> dap Qng n h u cau eiia N h d nude vd dpi n g u trQdc, ddc biet Id nhQng t h a n h t y u ve td<br /> q u a n lieu ddng dao d K i n h te H u e ngdy chQc vd b o a t ddng q u a n xQdng d P h u Xuan<br /> cdng p h d t t r i e n . K i n h dd H u e trd t h d n h ndi thdi e h u a Nguyen chinh Id tien de trye tiep<br /> t a p t r u n g thd t h u cdng gidi k h a p ea nUde giup Gia Long vd cdc vi vua s a u dd kien tao<br /> theo cdc yeu cau s a n xud't cua N h d nQde. n e n m a n g iQdi q u a n xQdng t a p t r u n g d<br /> Md h i n h q u a n xQdng cua cdc trieu dai K i n h dd H u e eua t r i e u N g u y i n .<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Thich Dai San, Hdi ngoai ky sU, UBPDSL (16). De Rhodes, Lich si vUOng quoc Ddng<br /> Vien dai hoc Hue xua't ban, Hue, 1963, tr. 43. Ngodi, Ban Viet ngQ cua Hdng Nhue, Uy ban Doan<br /> (2), (3). Le Quy Ddn, Phu bien tgp luc, Nxb ket cong giao Tp. Hd Chi Minh xua't ban, 1994, tr.<br /> Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1977, tr. 325, 319. 14-15.<br /> <br /> (4). Phan Khoang, Viet si xi Ddng Trong 1558 (17). Le Dinh Cai, 34 ndm cam quyin cua chua<br /> - 1777, Khai tri xuS't ban, Sai Gdn, 1967, tr. 607. Nguyin Phuc Chu (1691-1725), Dang Trinh xua't<br /> *• (5). Nguyen HQu Thdng, "La Corporation des ban, Hue, 1971, tr. 98.<br /> fondeurs de Hu6", etudes Vietnamiennes, (18). Cadiere, L. et Mir, Mme, "Les<br /> Nouvelles s6rie, (6), 1986, pp. 70 - 85. Europ6ens qui ont vu le vieux Hue: Thomas<br /> Bowyear 1695-1696", BAVH, (2), 1920, pp. 183-<br /> (6), (8). L§ Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc, sdd, tr.<br /> 240. Huard, P. et Durand, M., Connaissances du<br /> 325, 144.<br /> VietNam, 6cole Fran?ais D'Extreme-Orient,<br /> (7). Qudc sil quan trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thiic luc.<br /> Hanoi, 1954, p. 299.<br /> Tap I, Ban dich, Nxb. S i hoc, Ha Noi, 1962, tr. 164.<br /> (19), (21), (22). Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc,<br /> (9). Nguyin HOu Thong, Hue nghi vd ldng nghi<br /> sdd, tr. 221, 237. LUdng Quan la mot lang thuoc xa<br /> thu cong truyin thong, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, Thuy Bieu g£n nha may vdi Long Tho, Tp. Hue<br /> 1994, tr. 33. hien nay.<br /> (10). Tac gia Li Tana cd de cap sd lUdc ve mot so' (20). 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