Vấn đề biên giới - lãnh thổ giữa Việt Nam và Campuchia tại Trung kỳ vào nửa sau thế kỷ XIX

VAN DE BIEN GIOTI - LANH THO' G I O A VIET NAM VA<br /> CAMPUCHIA TAI TRUNG KY VAO NUTA SAU THE KY XIX<br /> <br /> <br /> L £ TRUNG D C N G *<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> B ien gidi Vi$t Nam Campuchia<br /> doan tai Trung K^ Id doan bien gidi<br /> di tit nga ba bien gidi Ldo - Campuchia -<br /> day chi Id ve 1^ thuyet. Trdn thpc td, cac bp<br /> lac, cU dan ban dia d day vdn chUa c6 lien<br /> h$ hdnh chfnh vdi chfnh quyen cua Dai<br /> Vi§t Nam, thupc dia phdn cac tinh Kon Viet. Cho tai ndm 1819, Le Vdn Duygt, theo<br /> Turn, Gia Lai, Dak LSk va Dak Nong ngdy lenh Gia Long, Vdn phai dap Tvah Man<br /> nay. Net dde thii ciia vung bien gidi nay Id Trudng Luy, nay thudng goi Id TrUdng luy<br /> nhidu niii cao, rting gi^ che phii vd dan cU Quang Ngai, noi tC( huyen Ha Dong (Quang<br /> thua thdt. Nam tdi huy§n Bong Sdn (Binh Dinh) de<br /> Khu vUc ndy vdn la dia ban cU t n i cua phan dinh lanh th^ Nha Nguyen vdi lanh<br /> nhieu bp lac thupc cac s4c tpc khac nhau, thd cua cac ddn tpc Tay Nguy§n.<br /> doi khi lien kdt lai trong cac lien minh bp Trong sd cac sdc tpe vung Tay Nguyen,<br /> lac dpc lap, ma sOl eu cua ta thudng goi Id sii cu Viet Nam thudng nhac tdi hai "nUdc"<br /> "nUdc" va "chila bao gid ket hOp lai thdnh Thuy Xa va Hoa Xa, Id hai thupc quoc cua<br /> quoc gia" (1). Tii sau nam 1471, sau khi Dai ViSt, nam cl khu vpc tinh Gia Lai va<br /> ddnh thdng Chi§m Thanh, vua L6 Thanh Dak Lak, Dak Nong ngdy nay.<br /> Tdng chia dd't nUdc ndy thanh 3 qude gia: Sach Phu bien tap luc cua Le Quy^ Don,<br /> Chiem Thdnh, Hoa Anh, Nam Bdn vd ap viet vdo ndm 1776, cho biet:<br /> dung chinh sach chU hdu ddi vdi hp (2). Hai "Hai vi Thuy Vuong vd Hoa ViiOng nUdc<br /> nUdc Hoa Anh va Nam Ban tUdng ting hdu Nam Bdn, nUdc ndy cd 50 Idng le thupc.<br /> nhu hoan toan vdi toan bp viing cao nguyen trong do cd nui Bd Nam. Ndi rat cao vd Idn,<br /> cac tinh Nam Trung Bp ngdy nay, bao gom: lam trdn son cho mptphUdng.<br /> Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phii Thuy Vuang d vi phia ddng ndi Bd<br /> Yen, Khdnh Hda, Binh Thudn, trai ddi tdi Nam, cdn Hoa Vuang d ve phia tdy nui, cd<br /> tdn Boloven (Lao) d phia Tay (3). Tuy dia phdn rieng vd Idm nhd gdc bang go de<br /> nhiSn, quydn ton chu cua D^i Vi$t ap ddt d d, bp ha cd den may tram ngiibi" (4).<br /> <br /> <br /> •PGS.TS. Vi^n Stt hpc<br />  Rghlfln cihi Lich sJr. sd 5.2012<br /> <br /> Le Quy Don cdn chi ro v\ trf cua Thuy niidc Ldo, nam gidp thudc man Binh Hba,<br /> Xa vd Hoa Xa: bdc gidp thudc man Binh Dinh" (8).<br /> "Tii ngudn An Lac di Iin cdc thdn Hd Dg,i Nam ThUc It^c con xde djnh vi tri<br /> Nghieu, Ddt Cdy, qua deo La Hai gidp ddt cua Hda Xd vd Thuy Xd so vdi Trdn Tay<br /> phu Phu Yen, den cdc xiC Sdng L6i, NUdc Thdnh (Campuchia thdi Minh Mang). Theo<br /> Nong, Thuang Nhd din ngudn Hd L6i Id dd, ndu xudt phdt tC( huygn Sdn Bdc (9)<br /> chS cdc Sdch ngUdi De, ngUifi Man d (tiic "hudng vi phia ddng tim duifng md di, qua<br /> gpi De Id ngiidi Chdm, Man Id ngiidi Mpi) 15 ngdy mdi din cho d cua Qude trUdng<br /> cpng 3 ngdy, lai tii ddy cho ngiidi Man tiin Thuy Xd. Ddt nUdc dy ddng gidp nUdc Hod<br /> bdo hp ddn theo diidng nui md di hdt 14 Xd, tdy gidp huyin San Bob, nam gidp man<br /> ngdy thi den ndi hai vua Thuy Xd vd Hoa Diin Diin, bdc gidp Lai Man... Nudc Hod<br /> Xd nude Nam Bdn. Thdy Vuong d phia Xd chd Qu6c trudng d cdch nUdc Thuy Xd 3<br /> Bdng nui, Hoa Vuong dphia Tdy nui" (5). ngdy dudng" (10).<br /> Dai Nam nhdt thong chi chi ro hdn: "Tit Ngay sau do, Dai Nam Thi/c luc chi ra<br /> huyen ly (Ddng Xudn - Phu Yen) di vi phia mpt hdnh trinh khac: "... hdnh trinh tii<br /> Tdy 20 dam den xd PhUdc Diic, lai di 2 huyin San Bob din cho Quoc trUdng [Thuy<br /> dam den thdn Phu Thdnh, lai di 1 dam den Xd} d, udc dp 6 ngdy, cdch cho cf cda Quoc<br /> thdn Ci^ Phu, lai di them 5 dam de'n thdn trudng Hod Xd dp 2 ngdy dUifng. Ddt nUdc<br /> Vdn Hda, tie ddy di ve phia Tdy sudt din dy, ddng gidp nUdc Hod Xd, tdy gidp man<br /> dia gidi niidc Thuy Xd, Hoa Xd. Hai bin Phu Npn, tiep gidp vdi cdc huyin Sdn Phu,<br /> dudng cd nhieu trai sdch ngUdi Man, nui San Bdc, Que Ldm; nam bdc tidp gidp cdc<br /> khe hiem trd, lai cd nhiiu cop" (6). bp lac ngudi man khdng biet den tdn ddu.<br /> Dai Viet dia dii todn biin cua Nguyin xa dy ddu nhieu nui khe cdng chi thdp be<br /> Vdn Sieu ciing cho biet vd vi tri hai nUdc khdng cd hinh thi'danh san dai xuyen" (11).<br /> Thuy Xa, Hoa Xa: "Thuy Xd, Hoa Xd d Trong bdi viet "Hoi iHc vi tb Du thdnh<br /> ngodi coi Nam Bdn nUdc Chiim Thdnh cd. lap mpt ngdi chUa, hay Id vdn di vi Hda<br /> Bdy gid trong Thiidng dao tinh Phii An cd Vuang vd Thuy Vuon^', Lecldre Adhdmar,<br /> nui Bd Nam rat cao. Thuy Xd d phia ddng Khdm sU Phap h Campuchia vdo ndm<br /> nui ay, phia ddng gidp don Phuc SOn, tinh 1903, cho bidt, Thuy VUdng vd Hoa VUdng<br /> Phu An, phia nam thi Id mdn quen thupc d Id hai thu Bnh eua ngudi Jarai, dinh cU h<br /> Thach Thdnh (trong Thach Thdnh cd tiiOng phfa B&c cao nguyen giQa song SrSpok h<br /> dd gpi Id Ho Vuang thdnh vudng Udc 4 phia Tdy vd TrUdng Sdn cua Vi$t Nam 5<br /> mdu), phia bdc thi mdn la d tinh Chiim phfa Dong. Tpa dp chfnh xdc ciia khu vpc<br /> (Binh Dinh). Hoa Xd d phia tdy nui dy, ndy Id giiia eae Vi tuydn 13-14 vd cde Kinh<br /> phia tdy tiep gidp vdi SOn Bdc sd nam nUdc tuydn 105 - 106 (12). Chiing toi da trUc tidp<br /> Chdn Lap, phia nam thi Id lac man. phia tra eiiu tpa dp n&y tr§n ban do Ddng dUdng<br /> trin la sdng Dai Giang, phia dudi Id sdng 1886 (Map of Indo-China showing<br /> Ba Giang Idm gidi han bd coi 2 nUdc dy" proposed Burma - Siam - China railway<br /> (7). (13)) v^ thdy r i n g vdng Vi tuydn 13-14 di<br /> Vd vi trf cua Hda Xa, Dai Nam Thiic luc qua viing Dak L5k eiia Viet Nam v^ Stung<br /> chdp ndm 1829 vidt: "Gidi han Hoa Xd: Treng- cua Campuchia, phfa Bic eua<br /> ddng gidp thupc man Phd Yin, tdy gidp Sambor. Tuy nhiSn, vdng Kinh tuydn 105-<br />  V&n de bien gidi - lanh Jhd...<br /> <br /> 106 tr§n ban dd nky lai di qua xa v l phfa phdn Idn nhiing vUng da't a'y vd cho Lao va<br /> Tay, vUdt ea sang bd Tfiy song Mekong. sau dd cho Viet Nam trong nhQng nam<br /> Didu nky khong phP hpp vdi nhQng mo ta 1893 - 1904, Sarin Chhak cho r i n g viing<br /> khac vd vi tri cua Thuy Xa vh Hoa Xa. Li§u Dak Lak, dupc tra vd Vi$t Nam, vdn thupc<br /> c6 phai ky thuat ve ban do v^o nhiing nSm lanh thd Campuchia (16). Dl minh hoa cho<br /> 80 the ky XIX cdn cd nhilu sai adt? Mftc dii quan dilm nay, dng dfin ra mot tdm ban dl<br /> vky, kdt hdp vdi mP ta eua Besnard, chu dudng bien gidi ciia Campuchia vdi 5 dilm<br /> tinh Dak L^k, theo dd, Thuy Xk vk Hda X& ma ong ta cho la vdn ciia Campuchia bi c l t<br /> n i m giQa sdng Ayoun vk Sdng Ba (14), cho cdc nudc Idng gilng, trong dd dilm I la<br /> chiing tPi cho r i n g vPng ddt Thuy X&, Hoa khu vUc tmh Dak L l k ngSy nay ciia Vi^t<br /> Xd ed t h i k6o dM tH Dak Lak d phfa D6ng Nam {xem. bdn dd 1).<br /> va an sau hdn nQa vao lanh tho Campuchia B&n don 1: 6 v u n g lanh tho difpc Sarin<br /> hi§n nay. Chhak c h o \k cua Campuchia, bi s&p nhSp<br /> v&o ckc nii6c l^ng gi^ng<br /> Nhu vay, cdc nguon sii lieu deu thdng (vilng difoc ddnh d£(u 11^ vClng da^l lhu6c D ^ Lik cOa<br /> nhdt r i n g viing ddt Hoa Xa va Thuy Xa ^ Viet Nam)<br /> n i m b Tay Nguygn, ndi giap gidi vdi Phu<br /> Yen ve hUdng Dong. Tuy nhien, vi trf chfnh<br /> xSc cua tiing nUdc so vdi nhau thi cac ^<br /> kidn khong thdng nhS't. Mot sd ngUdi (Le<br /> Quy Don, Nguyen Van Sieu) cho rang Thiiy<br /> Xa d phfa Dong, Hda Xa d phfa TSy; Dai<br /> Nam Thuc liic thi cho rang Hoa Xa 6 phia<br /> Dong, Thuy Xa b phfa Tay. Day cung la f<br /> kien cua Hoai Dung trong mpt bai vidt vd<br /> Thiiy Xa, Hoa Xa cong bo^ tren Tap chf Tri<br /> Tdn. sd98, nSm 1943 (15).<br /> <br /> Tom lai, tvt cu6i thd ky XV, do kdt qua<br /> Ngudn; Oiann Qihak, Cdc dudng biin gidj ciia Campuchia vdi<br /> ciia viec Chi§m Thanh bi chia cat, vung cao cdc nude cii trong Lien bang Ddng Duong - Ldo vd V'Kt Nam<br /> nguyen Kontum - Dak Lak, ndi cU tru ciia (NamKyvdTrungK^)<br /> Hoa Xa va Thuy Xa, la mpt vung dpc lap, Didu edn lUu y la, trong khi kh4ng dinh<br /> nhUng cd quan h$ thdn thudc vdi Viet Nam. viing ddt nay la "vung lanh tho cua<br /> Lien quan den Ddk Lak va quan h§ ciia Campuchia" chU "khdng phdi cua ngUdi<br /> v^ng nay vdi Campuchia, nam 1964, hoc Annam" (17), Sarin Chhak khong dUa ra<br /> gia va nha hoat ddng chinh tri Campuchia ba't cCt mpt ludn cut nao de chUng minh cho<br /> Sarin Chhak bao v$ luan an tidn sy luat quan dilm cua minh. Tai lieu duy nhdt<br /> hpe tai Paris vdi di tai ve cac dUdng biSn dupc d§n ra de chUng minh cho nhan dinh<br /> gidi cua Campuchia. Trong Phdn thii nhdt nay la ta'm Bdn dd Chinh tri Ddng Duang<br /> cua luan an, co tdn la "Biin gidi ciia tinh eiia Francois Delonele phat hanh vao thang<br /> Stung Tren^, khi ph§ phan viec Phap, sau 10>1889, dUa theo cac nguon: Bdn do qudn<br /> khi Idy lai tii tay Xiem mpt viing rpng Idn sU, tdi liiu chinh thUc cua Viet Nam, Midn<br /> cua Campuchia thupc ta ngan song Diin, Xiim cUng nhu tdi lieu cua cdc nhd<br /> 111 Mekong nam 1893, tpa hd nhU da cat mpt tJidm hiim QCem bdn do 2).<br />  Rghifin cihi Ljch sd-. stf 5.8012<br /> <br /> D l tim h i i u thflc - hfl xung quanh vdn<br /> Bkn dd 2: B&n d l c h i n h t r j D 6 n g DUcfng<br /> cjia Frnn^ioig Delonele - nfim 1889<br /> dd nay, theo ehiing toi, ta edn di ngupc<br /> ddng ljch sfl, tim c^ch xdc dinh quan h§<br /> gifla Chfln Lap vdi Lam Ap - Chigm Thanh<br /> va Thiiy Xk, Hoa Xa cung nhfl gifla hai<br /> "nfldc" nay vdi Vi$t Nam.<br /> Nhfl da bidt, nfldc Lam Ap (tfl thd ky DC<br /> la ChiSm Thanh) dupc hinh thanh tfl nSm<br /> 190 do kdt qua cua ckc eudc nli day cua<br /> ngfldi ddn viing Tflpng Lam (ngay nay la cac<br /> tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh)<br /> chdng lai kch thdng tri Nha Hkn. Trung tam<br /> ciia Lam Ap n i m d vflng Binh - Tri - Thi§n<br /> ngay nay. Nguydn Van Huy trong bai vidt<br /> Ngudn: Oiann Chhak, - Cdc dudng biin giai cua Campuchia vdi TYm hieu cdng dong ngUdi Chdm tai Viet<br /> cdc nu