Vấn đề thành phần câu trong một số sách Tiếng Việt thực hành

S6 2 (244)-2016<br /> <br /> 25<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC" & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> VAN DE THANH PHAN CAU<br /> TRONG MQT SO SACH TIENG VIET THlfCHANH<br /> THE ISSUES ON TEACHING SENTENCE C O ' M P O N E N T S<br /> IN SOME TEXTBOOKS OF PRACTICING ON VIETNAMESE ACADEMIC<br /> D6<br /> <br /> TEXTS<br /> <br /> H 6 N G DirONG<br /> <br /> (TS; ©ai hgc K H X H & NV, B H Q G Ha NOi)<br /> Abstract: This article refers to the issues on teaching sentence components in some textbooks<br /> of Practicing on Vietnamese academic texts. Based on the summary ofthe sentence components<br /> taught at high school, the article will survey the teaching of sentence components in some<br /> textbooks of Practicing on Viemamese academic texts at university, to determine the same and<br /> different points between the university knowledge and knowledge at school. From that, there is a<br /> general and common view about the sentence components at the tertiary level.<br /> Key words: teaching; sentence components; textbooks; practicing; Vietaamese academic<br /> text.<br /> La mOt mdn h^c day cho sinh vifin ndm thft trudng Id dk gidp cdc em phdt triin cac kl nang<br /> , nhat, Tiing Vi?t th\ec hdnh khdng di sau vdo giao tiep thdng thudng ay thanh ki nang giao<br /> I dsiy ki^n thftc li thuyet, md thdng qua cdc d^ng tiep thdnh thuc trong mdi trudng ngfin ngft vdn<br /> ' bai tdp de rfin luyOn eac kl ndng sft d^ng ngdn hda.<br /> ngft eho sinh vifin, trong do cd van de n h ^<br /> Chfnh vi m\ic dfch nay, ma chuang trinh<br /> difin vd phdn tich thanh phan cau. Dieu ndy SGK tft sau ndm 2000 dd cd sy thay doi.<br /> dong nghTa vdi viOc sinh vien phdi v ^ d\mg Trudc ndm 2000, chuang trinh cdi each giao<br /> cdc kien thftc da cd tft b|ic ph6 thdng 6h gidi dye xac dinh myc tifiu eung cap II thuyet ve<br /> " quyet cdc bai t^p thyc hdnh. Tuy nhien, cac bai tilng ViOt song song vdi mye tifiu ren ki nang<br /> ' t|tp tion^ sdch cd phii hgp vdi cac kien thftc thyc hdnh. Sau ndm 2000, vdi myc tifiu trpng<br /> \ thdnh phdn cdu d bdc pho thdng hay khdng, vd tam la rfin luyOn giao tiep, SGK pho thdng doi<br /> cac kien thftc chung ve thanh phan cau trong mdi theo hudng giam nhg If thuylt, thdng qua<br /> cdc sdch d^y Tiing Viit th\ec hdnh cd thong bdi tgp thyc hdnh de hgc sinh rut ra khdi niOm<br /> i nhat vdi nhau hay khdng lai Id mgt dieu can vl cac thdnh phan cdu, cau true cdu. Trong cac<br /> >! bdn tdi.<br /> SGK ph6 thdng, chuong trinh ngft phap cd the<br /> dugc coi Id bat dau tft sach Tieng ViOt Idp 2,<br /> f 1. Tong quan vh cdc thdnh phin cdu<br /> vdi nhihig tilp cdn budc diiu ve cdc kieu cau<br /> {dwfc d^y & b$c phS thdng<br /> Theo ehd truong cua cac nhd bifin so^n phdn logi theo myc dfch ndi. Cac em dugc hgc<br /> Ai<br /> ldm gi? (hian 13,14, tiang 108,116), Ai thi<br /> , sach gido khoa (SGK), viOc dgy tilng ViOt d<br /> pho tiidng dugc tiiye hiOn tiieo quan dilm giao ndo? (tiiin 15, 16, 17, trang 122, 133, 142).<br /> . tiep, vi mdc dii "trudc tuoi den trudng, tre em Day chfnh la co sd cua viOc hgc thanh phan<br /> cd nude deu da cd khd ndng nghe va ndi tilng cdu d ldp hpc cao hon, bdt dau tft SGK Tilng<br /> ^ViOt tuong d6i thao, th§m chf cd em dugc ViOt ldp 4 vdi hai thdnh phin cau dau tifin<br /> '' ngudi ldn dgy trudc edn biet dpc, bilt vilt ft dugc dua vdo giang dgy Id chia ngft va vi ngft.<br /> '' nhieu", nhung "cdc kl ndng hinh thdnh d Ifta Din dau cap trung hgc co sd (ldp 6), SGK mdi<br /> '^tuSi tiln hgc dudng mdi chi Id kT ndng giao tong kit ve thdnh phan ehinh, thdnh phan phu<br /> i'tilp thdng thudng" [Nguyin Minh Thuyet cua cdu "Thdnh phin chfnh cua cdu la nhftng<br /> ^•2006, tr25]. Va dgy hgc tieng ViOt tiong nha thdnh phin bdt buOc phdi cd mdt dl eau ciu<br /> <br /> NGON NGU* & BCtt S 6 N G<br /> <br /> 26<br /> <br /> S6 2 (244)-2016<br /> <br /> tgo hoan chinh vd difin dgt dugc mOt y nghTa ViOt cdn gidi thiOu cdc kilu cdu don tronj<br /> tign v?n. Thdnh phan khdng bSt buOc cd mdt tilng ViOt nhu cdu tran thugt don cd tiJ "11"<br /> dugc gpi la thanh phin phu" INgiJ van 6 tgp 2, (bai 27, [Ngft v5n 6 tgp 2, ti-.114-116]), clu<br /> tr93]. BSn canh dd, song song vdi vifc gidi don trin thugt khdng cd tit "Id" (bdi 28, [NgD<br /> thiOu cdc thanh phin cau, chuong trinh tieng vdn 7 tgp 2, tr.l 18]).<br /> He tiiong thanh phan cau dugc giang dgy d bgc pho tfidng ed thi dugc tdm luge trong mpt<br /> bdng nhu sau:<br /> Dinh nghia, cau tgo, each nhan difn<br /> Thdnh<br /> phan<br /> cau<br /> Dmh nghia: La thdnh phan chfnh cda cdu nfiu tfin sy vat,<br /> hiOn tugng cd hanh dOng, dgc diem, trgng thai....dugc<br /> mifiu td d vi ngiJ.<br /> Thdnh<br /> phan<br /> Cach nhgn diOn: Chu ngft trd Idi cho cdc cau hdi Ai, Con<br /> chfnh:<br /> gi, hodc Cdi gi?<br /> TPC cua<br /> Cau tgo: Chu ngft thudng la danh tft, dgi tft, ho§c cym<br /> cau<br /> la<br /> danh tft. Trong nhimg trudng hgp nhat djnh, dOng tft, tinh<br /> nhfhig<br /> tft, hodc cum dOng tii, cum tfnh tft ciing cd the lam chd<br /> tiidnh<br /> ngQ (Cau co till cd mOt hogc nhilu chd ngft)<br /> phin bit Vi<br /> Djnh nghia: Thanh phin chfnh ciia cau cd kha ndng ket<br /> buOc<br /> ngiJhgp vdi cac phd tft chi quan hO thdi gian<br /> phdi c6<br /> Cdch nh^n di^n: tra ldi cho cac cau hdi Ldm gi, Ldm<br /> m§t dl<br /> sao, Nhu the nao, Ld gi?<br /> \<br /> cdu c6<br /> c i u tao: Thudng la dOng tft hogc cym dOng tft, tfnh tft<br /> ciu tao<br /> hogc cym tfnh tft, danh tft ho§c cym danh tii<br /> hodn<br /> Cau c6 the cd mdt ho^c nhilu vi ngft<br /> chinh vd<br /> Trong cdu tran thudt don co tft Id: Vj ngft thudng do tft<br /> diln dgt<br /> "la" kit hgp vdi danh tit (cym danh tft) tgo thanh. Ngodi<br /> dugc<br /> ra, to hgp gifta tiJr "la" vdi dOng tft (cym dOng tft) ho§e<br /> mOt<br /> y<br /> tfnh tft (cym tfnh tft)... cung cd the lam \\ ngft.<br /> tign v?n.<br /> Khi vi ngft bilu thi y phu dinh, n6 kit hgp vdi edc eym tit<br /> Thdnh<br /> khongphdi, chuaphdi.<br /> phin<br /> Nhiing cau diing dl mifiu ta hdnh dOng, trgng thdi, d|lc<br /> khong<br /> diem...ciia sy vgt nfiu d chii ngft duge ggi Id cau mifiu td.<br /> bit buOc<br /> Trong cdu mifiu ta, chii ngft dftng trudc vj ngft<br /> cd m|t<br /> Nhftng cau diing dl thdng bdo vl sy xuit hiOn, t6n tgi,<br /> dugc gpi<br /> hodc tieu bien ciia sy vgt dugc gpi la cau t6n tgi. MOt<br /> Id didnh<br /> tiong nhihig each tgo cau ton tgi la dao chii ngft xuOng<br /> phan<br /> sau vi ngft.<br /> phy.<br /> Thanh<br /> phan phy<br /> <br /> Trgng<br /> ngft<br /> <br /> ®i°l* nghia: Ve y nghTa, tiang ngft dugc tiifim vao cau de<br /> xac dinh tiidi gian, noi chon, nguyen nhdn, myc dich,<br /> phuong tiOn, each thftc dien ra sy viOe nfiu trong cau<br /> Vfi hinh fliftc, trgng ngft ed till diing d diu edu, eu6i edu<br /> hay gifta cau<br /> - Gii^a ti-ang ngft vdi chii ngft va vj ngft tiiudng cd mpt |<br /> <br /> Ji62(244)-2016<br /> <br /> Khdi<br /> ngii<br /> <br /> Thdnh<br /> phin biet<br /> <br /> ii5p<br /> Id<br /> edc<br /> tiidnh<br /> phin<br /> khdng<br /> tham gia<br /> vdo viOc<br /> diln ^ t<br /> nghTa sy<br /> viOc ciia<br /> cdu nfin<br /> dugc ggi<br /> Id tiidnh<br /> phin biOt<br /> lap<br /> <br /> Thanh<br /> phin<br /> tinh<br /> tiiai<br /> Thdnh<br /> phan<br /> cam<br /> than<br /> Thdnh<br /> phin<br /> gpi<br /> ddp<br /> Thanh<br /> phan<br /> phy<br /> chu<br /> <br /> NG6N NGtr & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> 27<br /> <br /> quang nghi khi ndi hodc mfit ddu phdy ghi viet<br /> - Phdn lo^i tr^ng ngG: trang ng& chi noi ch6n, thdi gian,<br /> nguyen nhdn, muc dich, phuong tien<br /> Bjnh nghta: Ld thdnh phan cdu diing trudc chii ngii de [Ngii vdn 9<br /> neu 16n de tdi dupc ndi den trong cdu.<br /> tip 2, tr. 8)<br /> Tmdc khdi ngii, thudng cd the thfim cdc quan hp tit ve,<br /> ddi vdi<br /> Djnh nghia: Dupc dilng de the hifin cdch nhin cda ngudi [Ngft vdn 9<br /> ndi dfii vdi su vific dupc ndi dfin trong cdu<br /> tdp 2,ti-.18]<br /> Cd li vi kho tdm din noi khdng khdc dupc, nen anh phdi<br /> cudi vdy thdi.<br /> Djnh nshia: Dugc diing de bgc 10 tdm If ciia ngudi ndi [Ngft vdn 9<br /> (vui, buon, mftng, gign...)<br /> tgp2,ti-. 18]<br /> Trdi ai. chi cdn cd namph^t<br /> Dinh nghta: Dugc diing de tgo lap ho^c de duy tri quan [NgiJ vdn 9<br /> hO giao tiep<br /> tap 2,<br /> ti.<br /> Thua dng, chung chdu a Gia Ldm lin day a<br /> 31,32]<br /> <br /> Djnh nghia: Dugc dung de bo sung mOt s6 chi tilt cho [Nga vdn 9<br /> nOi dung chfnh ciia cdu. Thdnh phan phy ehu thudng tgp 2, ti-32]<br /> dugc ddt gifta hai diu gach ngang, hai diu phiy, hai dau<br /> ngo^e don, ho^c giQa mOt ggch ngang vdi mOt diu phiy.<br /> Nhifiu khi thanh phin phy chii cdn dugc dgt sau h ^ dau<br /> chim,<br /> 2. Mgt so van de ve thdnh phan cau (dugc till hiOn qua cdc bdi t^p vl loi do thanh<br /> phan ndng eot va thanh phin phu khdng ed<br /> trong cac sdch Tieng ViOt thyc hanh<br /> De ndm dugc chuong trinh dgy vd hgc mii lifin hO, l5i thi hiOn sal quan hO gii^ cde<br /> thanh phin cau trong ede bdi gidng vl tilng thdnh phin cau)<br /> ViOt thyc hdnh, chung tdi sfi dilm Igi mgt so<br /> Trong cde bai tgp ve loi thdnh phin cdu, cd<br /> gido trinh tilng ViOt thyc hanh ma ehung tdi mOt phan dugc tdc gia dl c|p Id "kit cau roi<br /> thing ke dugc.<br /> ndt". Vi dy:<br /> Due tinh cua ngudi phu nQ trong phong<br /> 2.1. Sdch ning<br /> Vi$t th^c hanh cda<br /> trdo "Ba ddm dang" da dugc phdt hi^ cao dp<br /> Vwcfng Hittt Li, Binh Xu&n Qi^nh<br /> tu<br /> due<br /> tinh sdn cd md chj Dgu da mang ldy<br /> Pmri day ve ciu tgo cdu dugc viet tii trang<br /> 102 den ti-ang 131, ghm cdc phin: Vilt cdu din nay hai muai bdy ndm chdn Id bdi hpc quy<br /> diing, Viet cdu trong sang, Vilt cdu hay va bdu tuy doi vai nay thi ddc tinh do chua day<br /> LuyOn cau. Phin nOi dung dgy vl thdnh phan da hodn chinh (tr. 111).<br /> cdu dugc tiinh bdy thdng qua cde myc Viet<br /> Day Id mOt kilu cdu khdng gdy gpn, tong<br /> cau dftng vd Vilt cdu trong sdng. Trong dd, chi hgp rat nhilu loi vl thdnh phin cau. Tuy nhien<br /> cd hai thdnh phan duge de cgp den la chii ngft cdch diing thugt ngft "rli ndt" cd lfi nfin dugc<br /> vd vi ngft, dugc trinh bdy tiidng qua hO thing bdn lgi vd nfin sft dyng mOt thugt ngft khac<br /> cdc bai tdp ve sfta iSi chu ngft vd vi ngft (cdu gidn dj hon (vf dy "ehgp ciu tnic", "ciu true<br /> thilu chii ngft/vi ngft, cdu cd chii ngii nhgp nhap nhing",...).<br /> nhftng). Cdc thdnh phin k h ^ ciia cau dugc gpi<br /> Trong cuon sdch ndy, tac gid cd mOt tifiu<br /> ehung Id thdnh phan phy md khdng dugc cac myc "vilt cau trong sdng" vd dgp nhOp khai<br /> tdc gid chl rd Id g6m nhftng thdnh phin nao ni?m "cau khong trong sdng" Id cau mo ho.<br /> <br /> 28<br /> <br /> NGON N G f<br /> <br /> & B6I<br /> <br /> Chung tdi cho ring cau mo ho la logi cdu cd<br /> hlnh thftc ciu tnic eho phep hieu cau theo<br /> nhilu nghTa, vd khdng the triing ldm mOt vdi<br /> logi cau "khdng trong sdng", thudng dugc hilu<br /> Id kilu cau c6 nhihig cdch hieu khong diing<br /> vdi thuin phong mT tyc cua ngudi ViOt.<br /> Cac trudng hgp cau mo ho do sy khdng ro<br /> rang trong viOc phdn djnh thdnh phan phy ciia<br /> cdu va ciia tft (trong sach, cac tac gia ggi Id<br /> cau tiftc noi va cau tnic ehim) dugc lay vi du<br /> nhu:<br /> - Do nhgp nhdng giiJa b l ngft ciia vi tft vdi<br /> tigng ngft ciia cau. Vf dy:<br /> Tdi CO ngu&i bgn hpc d Hue. (Tdi co ngudi<br /> bgn /hpc d Hid, Tdi cd ngudi bgn hgc/& Hui)<br /> - Do ranh gidi gifta vj ngii chfnh vd vi ngft<br /> phy khdng ro rang. Vi dy:<br /> Me con di chp chiiu m&i vi. (M? con di chp<br /> / chiiu mdi vi, M^ con di ch^r chiiu/mdi vi)<br /> CThyc ra, nlu xet kJ vl tftng ngiJ doan thi<br /> cau nay phai cd 4 cdch hilu, bdi ngft dogn "m?<br /> con" cd till hieu la "m? ciia con" hogc "m? va<br /> con").<br /> - Do thilu thanh phin cdu hogc dat sai vj trf<br /> thanh phin cau. Vf dy:<br /> Bd di cong tdc xa, m? a nhd viet thu, rdi bi<br /> tdi ra buu di^n bo vdo hdm thu<br /> Ngoai ra, tac gid sdch cd de cap din "vi ngft<br /> phy" nhung khdi niOm vj ngft phy khdng dugc<br /> cdc tac gia thuyet minh, trong khi d pho thong<br /> day la khai niOm cde hpc sinh chua dugc hgc.<br /> Theo Jakhontov (1971), ddy Id flianh phin<br /> "dftng d vj tri trudc chii ngft ma c6 the ciing<br /> vdi chii ngu tgo thdnh mOt cau trpn vgn"<br /> [Nguyen Vdn HiOp 2009. ti-.199]. Vj ngft phy<br /> con dugc gpi la tiln vj ngft bdi vi tri cda nd<br /> dftng tiudb ndng cot cau. V l mdt ten ggi,<br /> thdnh phin nay cd till cfi nhieu ten ggi khdc<br /> nhau nhu ti^ng ngft tinh thdi (Nguyin Kim<br /> Than), trang ngft chi tinh hulng hay vj ngft<br /> phy (Biii Minh Todn, Nguyen Thj Luong), gia<br /> ngiJ cau (DiOp Quang Ban), vj ngft ding chftc<br /> (Nguyin Minh Thuyet vd Nguyen Van HiOp),<br /> minh xac ngft ^ a o Thanh Lan),...<br /> Trong sach cdn mgt so cdch dien dgt mang<br /> phong each khau ngft hon Id vdn phong khoa<br /> hgc (nhu Cdn vi hai cdu (42) vd (43) thi ta<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> S62(244)-2016<br /> <br /> danh bd tco' [tr.l 12]). Tuy nhifin d dfiy chiing<br /> tdi chi t§p tiimg vao nOi dung kilnflifrcthinli<br /> phin cfiu nfin nhftng l5i ndy chiing tfii xin<br /> dugc phfin tfch d mOt djp khdc.<br /> 2.2. Sdch Tiing Vi0t thuc hdnh cda Tr^<br /> TriDdi<br /> Tdc gid Trin Tri Doi khdng nfiu cdc van ^<br /> If thuylt thdnh phin cau thanh mOt phin riSng<br /> md thdng qua edc bai dgc, yfiu ciu sinh vi£ii<br /> nhdn xfit ve edch cau tgo cac cfiu. Day la mpt<br /> phuong phdp dgy higu qud, nhdm din nuK<br /> dich dgy sirdi vien tgo l$p vdn bdn, dfch cuoi<br /> ciing ciia mdn Tilng ViOt thye hdnh.<br /> Trong bdi tgp 26 (tr.69), dya trfin vi?c phSn<br /> tfch vf dy mOt s6 cfiu cu till, tdc gid ling gh^p<br /> ngin gpn cdc kiln thftc v l ndng cit cdu (gom<br /> thdnh phin chu ngft va vj ngft), vd phfin bi^t<br /> giGa thanh phan phy ciia eau va thdnh pm<br /> phy cua ngft (tuy tac gia khdng chi rd Id thanh<br /> phin gi).Vf dy:<br /> Bdng cdc nguon von. Sdc San dd ddu tu hon<br /> TP phy ciia cdu<br /> CN<br /> VN '"<br /> 5 ti dong xdy dung 7 tru&ng hoc cao tdng.<br /> irons do cd 1 tru&ng PTTH. 1 trudns BTM,<br /> TP phy ciia ngft<br /> tru&ne TH-THCS.<br /> Cung trong bdi tgp nay, tdc gid din ra raOt<br /> so vf dy vl kieu cfiu khdng cd chii ngft/khuy^t<br /> chii ngft, vd xep thanh hai nhdm:<br /> Nhdm 1: cdu ton tai Odidng cd chii ngtt). Vf<br /> dy: 6) Ngdy xua cd ngfedi ldi budn rdt gt^a<br /> cd, tin Id Vgn Lfch<br /> Nh6m 2: cfiu dgc biOt (chi cd thdnh p h ^ \\<br /> ngft vd cd till khdi phuc chii ngft nhd vdn cinh<br /> ciia cdu). Vf du: Chung quanh chd ngdi trang<br /> hodng todn gdm vdc.<br /> Xfit vl khdi nigm, cdu ton tgi ti-ong quan<br /> diem ciia tdc gid khfing tuong ftng vdi khii<br /> niOm hong sdch p h i tiidng". 6 b^c phi tiifing,<br /> cfiu tin tgi dugc eho la cd eiu tnic "trgng ngfl<br /> + vj ngft + chu ngft", tiieo dd tix)ng cfiu: Ngc^<br /> xua cd neudi ldi budn rdt gidu cd [...J "c6" Ii<br /> v( ngft, cdn phin ggch chan se ddng vai trd li<br /> Chiing t6i chl don thuin so s&ih vl kiln thtic gitta<br /> b§c pho th6ng vk d^ hgc, khQng bin din tfnh diing<br /> sai ciia khdi niOm.<br /> <br /> S6 2 (244)-2016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG<br /> <br /> 29<br /> <br /> ;hii ngft (chft khdng phdi ca cym cd ngudi ldi<br /> budn rdt gidu cd la vi ngft).<br /> Cdn cau dgc biOt, theo cdch dinh nghTa eua<br /> SGK pho thdng la "logi cdu khdng dugc cdu<br /> tgo theo md hinh chU ngie - vf ngi^' vd dugc<br /> phfin biOt vdi cau nit ggn - cung dugc cau tgo<br /> theo md hinh ndy nhung chii ngft, vi ngft, ho$c<br /> ddi khi cd hai bi luge bd vi nhftng mye dfch<br /> nhat dinh. Nhu vgy, cdu nit ggn la loai eau cd<br /> the khdi phyc lai ehft ngft ho§c vi ngu tiiy theo<br /> vdn cdnh, edn cau dgc biOt Id loai eau khong<br /> khoi phyc lai dugc ehii ngft hogc vi ngft.<br /> Trong phan giai thfch v l cfiu ddc biet, quan<br /> dilm cua tac gid la logi cfiu nay ed till khdt<br /> iphyc dugc ehu ngft nhd vdn cdnh ciia cdu. Dfiy<br /> ild mOt quan difim khac vdi quan difim trong<br /> iSGK pho tiiong.<br /> <br /> m^t trong edu vd vi tri ciia ehiing tiong cfiu,<br /> gom: (ti-.151-ti-.152).<br /> - Thdnh phin ndng cot: chd ngft - vj ngft.<br /> Vfdy: Ndngfi<br /> Qi^in sdch ndy rdt hay<br /> - Thanh phin ohy: ti-gng ngft (cd thi 6