Văn hóa và sự phát triển bền vững đất nước trong bối cảnh biến đổi toàn cầu

Xa hgi hgc. sd 2 (138). 2017<br /> <br /> 9<br /> <br /> VAN HOA VA s y PHAT TRIEN BEN VU>fG DAT Nl/CJC<br /> TRONG BOI CANH BIEN DOI TOAN CAU<br /> NGUYEN TRQNG CHU AN'<br /> Tom tdt: Van hoa khong nhung la nin tdng tinh thdn cua xa hpi, quan trpng hem,<br /> vdn hoa con co vai tro diiu tiit su van dgng cua xa hoi va nhu mQt dong J^rc true tiip<br /> thuc day s^ phdt trien kinh ti - xa hoi ben viing. Cdn dgc biet nhdn mgnh dieu nay de<br /> khdc phuc quan diem sai ldm da tieng ngic tri trong tu duy cua nhiSu nguoi khi hg chi coi<br /> vdn hod Id cdi bong, cdi dudi. cdi dn theo kinh ti. Do vay, khong nen coi suphdt triin ben<br /> vimg cua ddt nude chi bao gom ba tni CQt ea ban la ben vimg vi kinh te, ben vung ve xa<br /> h0i vd ben viing ve mdi trudng, md con cdn phdi coi suphdt trien ben vung ve vdn hoa Id<br /> tru cot thu tu, md vdn hod thi chi co d con ngudi, do v^ rdt cdn sir phdt triin bin vimg<br /> con nguoi. Trong diiu kien co nhiing bien dgng todn edu rdt kho lu&ng hien nay, dephdt<br /> triin bin vOng ddt nude thi rdt cdn mgt tdm nhin Idu ddi, bao qudt nhieu mgt vd toan<br /> di^n, hay noi cdch khdc, rdt cdn mgt cdch nhin vd each tiep can he thong.<br /> Tu khoa: vdn hda, con ngudi, phdt triln ben viing.<br /> <br /> Tii khi thdnh lap nude Viet Nam Ddn chu COng hda vd trong sudt qud trinh xdy d\mg<br /> vd phdt triln ddt nude, dii cd nhilu liic gap phdi vd vdn khd khan, thach thiic, song Dang<br /> Cgng sdn vd Nha nude Viet Nam vdn ludn coi trgng vai tro ciia vdn hda, ddt vdn hda vdo vi tri<br /> quan trpng, coi van hda vira Id myc tiSu, vira la dpng lue eua su phat trien ddt nude.<br /> Khi dat nude thdng nhdt hodn toan vd nhat Id tu khi bdt dau cdng eu^c Ddi mdi<br /> (ndm 1986), Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam ludn dl cao vai tro cua van hda. Nghi quylt 05 cua<br /> Bd Chinh tri (khda VI), Nghj quylt Trung uong 4 (khda VII), nhat la Nghi quyet HOi nghi<br /> Trung uong 5 (khda VIII) ngdy 16-07-1998 Vi xdy dung vd phdt trien nen vdn hoa Vi^t<br /> Nam tien tiin, dam dd bdn sdc ddn tgc diu Id nhiing nghi quyet rdt quan trpng ve ITnh v\re<br /> vdn hoa. Ddc biet, Nghi quylt Trung uong 5 (khda VIII) da gan kit vdn hda vdi su phat<br /> triln kinh tl - xa hpi vd vdi vi^c thue hi?n tiln bO vd cdng bdng xa hpi; gdn kit van hda<br /> vdi mpi ho?it dOng xd hdi v l t^t cd cac mdt chinh tri, Mnh te, xa hgi, lu^t phdp,.., ddng<br /> thdi khdng djnh: "Chdm Io vdn hda Id chdm Io cung co nen tdng tinh than ciia xa hpi.<br /> Thilu nin tang tinh t h ^ tiln bp va lanh manh, khdng quan tdm gidi quylt tdt mdi quan h?<br /> giiia phdt trien kinh tl vdi tien bd va cdng bang xd hgi thi khdng the cd su phat trien kinh<br /> tl - xd hdi ben vung" (Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam, 1998: 55).<br /> Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi4t Nam.<br /> <br /> 10<br /> <br /> Vdn hoa va suphdt trien bin viing ddt nuoc...<br /> <br /> NhSng luan dilm dupe Nghi quylt Trung uong 5 (khda VIII) neu len la hit sire<br /> diing ddn, rdt diing liie vd vd cimg cdn thilt, bdi vi nd nhdn manh tam quan trpng eiia van<br /> hda trong mdi quan he vdi su phat triln kmh t l - xa hdi trong bdi canh dien ra nhftng biln<br /> ddi toan cdu hit siic manh mg; la co sd dl khdc phuc nhfing quan dilm sai ldm da tung<br /> ngu trj trong tu duy ciia mdt sd khdng it ngudi khi hp cho r ^ g , vdn hda chdng khac ^ la<br /> cdi bdng, edi dudi. Id cdi an theo kinh tl. Dde bi^t, Nghi quylt trSn cdn cd gia tq th\rc tien<br /> rdt cao khi eoi vdn hda la dgng luc thiic ddy phdt triln kinh t l - xa hOi trong dilu ki|n the<br /> gidi ngay nay.<br /> Gid ddy, khi dai bp ph$n cdc nude trSn the gidi dd va dang bude vao nin kinh tl tri<br /> thiic d cac miic dd khde nhau thi ean cd su nhan thiic mdi han vd d mpt tam cao hon vl<br /> vai trd quan trgng cua vdn hda trong sit phdt trien ben viing cua ddt nude, chur khdng nen<br /> chi dimg lai d quan niSm da tung phd biln eua nhiing nam 80-90 eiia the ky 20. Bdi vi,<br /> lieh sii cho thay, s\r phat trien ciia ddt nude ve mgi mat, ke ed kinh tB lan ehinh tri va cd<br /> eon ngudi, xet den cung, nlu muon di that xa, n£u muon ngdy cdng trd nen ben vung hon<br /> thi diu phdi ndm trong quf d^o cua vdn hda va phai ed van hda dlin dudng. Ve dieu nay,<br /> tii rdt sdm, Ho Chi Minh da timg c6 m^t khdng dinh rdt quan trpng rdng, van hoa phai chi<br /> dudng cho qude ddn di, rdng "van hda ... khdng thi diing ngoai, ma phai d trong kinh tl<br /> vd chmh tri" (Hd Chi Minh, 1995: 368-369).<br /> Trudc su suy thodi qua nhanh ehdng va het siie nghiem trpng ciia mdi trudng tu<br /> nhien, trudc sir can kiSt ede ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien khdng tai tao ma trudc do ai<br /> Cling tudng nhu vd tan, va nhat la su khung hoang sinh thai da hien hien trude mat nhdt Id<br /> qua svr biln ddi khi h^u, md tir cu6i nhiing nam 70 ddu nhiing nam 80 the ky 20, cdc nha<br /> khoa hpe va chinh trj tren thi gidi dd dua ra y tudng va quan diem v l su phat triln bin<br /> vQng (Sustainable development). Ndm 1980, khi Lien minh quoc t l bdo tdn thiSn nhien vd<br /> tai nguyen thi6n nhien (lUCN) ban ve su phat trien bin vQng, tuy dd cd dh c^p din sy bin<br /> viing sinh thdi, song ehua de cap den eae mdt khdc trong su phat triln liln quan din xd<br /> hgi vd con ngudi. Trong Bao eao "Tuong lai chung cua chiing ta" (1987), Hgi dong thi<br /> gidi ve mdi trudng va phat trien (WCED) cua LiSn hpp qude da dua ra quan diem mdi<br /> hon, coi "phdt trien bin vGng la svr phat trien dap dng dupe nhfing yeu c^u ciia hi$n t?d,<br /> nhung khdng gay trd ngai eho vifc dap ling nhu cdu ciia eac thi h? mai sau" (Chuong<br /> trinh nghj sv 21 cua Vipt Nam, 2004: 5). Tuy nhien, phai thua nh|in rdng, quan dilm ndy<br /> vl phat trien ben vung van cdn kha ehung chung vd vai trd cua van hda dang ndm d ngoai<br /> t W ehii y.<br /> Ndm 1992, tai Rio de Janeuo (Brazil), H^i nghi Thugng dinh Trdi ddt ve mdi<br /> tnrdng vd phat triln, vd 10 ndm sau do (2002) tai Johannesburg (Cpng hda Nam Phi), Hpi<br /> nghi Thugng dinh the gidi vl phdt triln ben vihig da cd sv bd sung, phat triln cy thi hon<br /> cdc vdn kipn quoc t l dugc dua ra trudc do khi coi phdt triln bin viing la qud trinh phdt<br /> trien cd su kit hpp hdi hda, hpp ly vd ch?it che gifia ba mdt trong phdt triln la: phdt triln<br /> ben viing vl kinh ti, phdt triln bin vfing vl xa hgi, bdo v§ va phat triln ben vihig v l moi<br /> truang. Trong ba m§t dd, vi?e phdt trien bin vihig vi kinh te chii trpng din toe dp tdng<br /> trudng dn djnh trong mOt thdi gian tuong doi ddi, bao dam chat fugng tdng tnidng thi<br /> <br /> Nguyin Trgng Chuan 11<br /> Men d hi$u qua va siic c ^ tranh ciia nin kinh tl; suphdt triin bin vimg vi xd h0i hudng<br /> trgng tam vdo cac khia canh tiln bd, cdng bdng xa hpi, xda ddi gidm ngheo, tgo co hdi<br /> viec lam, 6n dinh ddi sdng ngudi dan; bdo v^ va phdt triin bin virng vi moi truang tap<br /> trung vdo viec de phdng, ngan ngiia, khde phuc cdc logi d nhilm; cai thien ehdt lugng mdi<br /> trudng; khai thac hgp 1^ va tiet ki^m cdc nguon tai nguyen thien nhien; bdo ve dien tich<br /> rimg hipn ed, chdng dot rimg vd chat pha rdng tv nhien, nhdt la riing nguyen sinh, dl lay<br /> dat san xuat, lay dat trdng cay cdng nghiep hodc lam bai chan tha gia siic. Nhu vay, sv<br /> phat trien vl ca ba m^t kinh tl, xa hpi va mdi trudng tao thdnh mdt ehinh thi thong nhit<br /> tao nen sv phdt trien bin vfing theo quan dilm mdi hon.<br /> <br /> Tuy nhien, cdn phai chi ra rang, trong ede van ki$n ehinh thiie vd rat quan trpng<br /> neu tren ay cua cdng ddng the gidi, vai tro cua vdn hda trong phdt trien bin viing kinh<br /> te - xa h^i vdn cdn khd md nhat, ehua cd vj tri xiing dang nhu dang Ig nd phdi cd. Song,<br /> cung chinh trong giai doan ndy, UNESCO dd nhdn ro tkm quan trpng cua vdn hda trong<br /> su phat trien va trong viec dilu tilt kinh tl - xd hgi hi?n dai thi hien d viec phdt dgng<br /> Thap ky the gidi phdt trien vdn hda (1988-1997). Dieu nay thi hi^n qua viec eyu Tong<br /> Giam ddc UNESCO, dng Federico Mayor, da timg nhdn manh rang, "tir nay trd di, vdn<br /> hda cdn coi minh nhu mgt ngudn c6 suy tr^c tiip cho phdt triin vd nguac lai phdt triin<br /> cdn thica nhgn vdn hoa gia mgt vi tri trung tdm, mgt vai trd dieu tiet xa hgi" (Uy ban<br /> qude gia ve Thap ky the gidi phat triln van hda, 1992: 22). Dieu do cd nghTa rdng, theo<br /> dng Federico Mayor, vdn hda vira cd vai trd dieu tiet sv van dpng cua xd hOi vd dieu<br /> quan trpng hon, vira ed vai trd nhu mpt dpng luc ben trong, dpng lue trvc tilp thiie dky<br /> sv phat triSn kinh t6 - xd hpi chii khdng phdi Id nhdn td nam ben ngodi sv phdt trien kinh<br /> te - xa hdi.<br /> <br /> Nhfing dilu trinh bdy tren ddy mdt lan nfia eho thay rdng, nhgn thuc cua con ngudi<br /> ve vai tro cua vdn hoa trong stf phdt trien noi chung vd trong suphdt trien kinh ti - xa<br /> ndi rieng, la mgt qud trinh; qud trinh do ngdy cdng day du han vd sdu sdc han. Vi va<br /> gid ddy chiing ta khdng nen eoi sv phat trien ben viing ve kinh te - xa hpi ehi xudt phat va<br /> ehi bao gdm ba try cOt ca ban la bin vihig ve kinh te, bin vihig ve xa h^i vd bin vihig vl<br /> mdi trudng nhu bin vfing ve xa dd dupe thira nhan kha rpng rai sudt nhilu ndm qua. Ben<br /> canh cac tru cdt gdm phdt trien ben viing ve kinh te, hpi va ben vung ve mdi trudng thi su<br /> phat trien ben vfing ciia bat cii mdt quoc gia nao trong thdi dai ngay nay eiing cdn can<br /> phai cd suphdt trien bin viing vi vdn hoa vdi tinh cdch Id tru cot thu tu.<br /> Vi?t Nam eiing nhu tdt cd cdc qude gia khac, khdng the dat dugc sy phat triln bin<br /> vung vl kinh tl - xd hpi nlu nhu vdn hda dan tpc cimg edc gia tri dd dugc thdm djnh qua<br /> thdi gian bj phai nh^t, bj mai mpt, bi gidi tre Idng quen va nhat la bi huy hoai do sy kem<br /> cdi trong vi?c ho^ch djnh vd thyc thi cac chinh sach trong thyc tiln. Trong thyc te, ehiing<br /> ta khdng nhfing chua thyc hi$n tit mong muon cua Ho Chi Minh la "phat triln nhfing<br /> truyen thdng tdt d?p cua vdn hda dan tdc" va "hap thy nhung cdi mdi cua van hda tiln bO<br /> thi gidi dl xdy dyng mOt nin vdn hda Vi§t Nam ed tinh ehat ddn tgc, khoa hpc vd dai<br /> chling" (Hd Chi Minh, 1995: 173) md cdn mdc phai nhieu yeu k^m khac nhu Nghi quylt<br /> Trung uong 5 (khda VIII) da ehi ra (Bdng C^ng sdn Vi^t Nam, 1998: 46-54).<br /> <br /> 12<br /> <br /> Vdn hoa vd suphdt triin bin vihig ddt nu&c...<br /> <br /> Da gdn ehyc ndm trdi qua tir do nhung cho den nay nhihig ylu kem ky dudng nhu<br /> van chua khdc phuc dupe bao nhieu, tham chi cd mat cdn trd nen suy thoai ndng ne hon.<br /> Bai vilt ndy ehi dl cap din mot sd khia canh quan trpng vl mdi quan h6 giua phdt triln<br /> kinh tl - xd hdi va vdn hda; coi van hda nhu dpng luc ndi smh trong qud trinh phdt triln;<br /> ehi ra nhung dilm cdn ldm tdt hon trong ITnh vyc van hod d& ed su phat trien b6n vfing dat<br /> nude tren tat ed cac ITnh vuc.<br /> Dl dang nhan ra rdng, tir khi ehuyin sang phdt trien nen kinh te thi trudng den nay,<br /> Viet Nam vdn chua xay dung dugc mdt nin van hod kinh doanh tuong xiing, du siic dap<br /> ung cac yeu cdu eao cua cdng cude hpi nhap qude te. Han the nfia, nhiing gid tri ciia vdn<br /> hda va dao due kinh doanh truyin thong hien cung ed mat da bi suy thoai hode xudng cdp<br /> trdm trpng, bgc 16 ro d tdt cd eac khau, tir khdu san xudt, ehl bien hoac nhdp khau den<br /> khau phdn phdi va tieu thy. Ong cha ta da timg dfie ket rang, "mpt lan that tin, van lan bdt<br /> tin". Sy "bdt tin" nay thi hi?n rd nhdt trong ITnh vyc xuat khau vdi nhieu Id hang bi eac<br /> nude nhap khdu trd lai vi lam an gian ddi.<br /> Tile rdng, ngay nay, chfi tin trong san xuat, kinh doanh vdn duoc cha dng ta rat coi<br /> trpng khdng edn gifi dugc gid tri nhu no da cd trong qua khu va le ra phai ed trong khung<br /> cdnh toan eau hda manh mS dang diln ra. Sy chiem doat trdng trgn hay tinh vi eac nhan<br /> hi8u, ban quyen, thuong hieu ndi tieng th6 gidi hodc dn cdp, ke ca bang cdng nghe cao lan<br /> bdng nhiing thii doan thdng thudng cua mpt sd doanh nhdn vd dao due; tinh trang san<br /> xudt va budn ban hang gia, hang hda kem chdt lugng, thu8 nude ngodi ldm hang kem ehat<br /> lupng rdi ghi san xuat t ^ Viet Nam; dua hdng hod qua han sii dyng hodc hang hda co<br /> nhfing ehat ddc h^i ve vung sau vung xa de lira ba eon kem hilu bilt la rat tram trpng;<br /> Dde biet, nan budn Idu, dupe cac ed nhan hay mdt nhdm ngudi c6 chuc trach bdo ke, nan<br /> trdn thue tran lan, xoay vdng hda dan, chimg tir, khai gia hang hda nhdp khau thdp khdng<br /> nhung chi lam giam eae ngudn thu ciia dat nude ma tai hai khong kem dang ldm dieu<br /> dung, t h ^ chi ldm pha san nhiing doanh nghiep lam an chan ehinh. Sy suy thoai ve dao<br /> diie kinh doanh cung vdi nhung kg hd trong chinh sdch, phap lii|t, trinh d^ qudn ly ylu<br /> k^m cua eac co quan cdng quyen va nhat la thue thi phdp lu|it khdng nghiem la nhfing<br /> nguyen nhdn true tiep lam eho nhieu ngdnh sdn xudt vd nin kinh t l cua cd nude ndi chung<br /> phat triln khdng bin vfing (Duy Phuong, 2013). Vdn hda doanh nghiSp, van hda kinh<br /> doanh trong kinh te thi trudng, do vEiy, vira cd the ddng vai trd thiic ddy manh me nhung<br /> thieu van hda, vdn hda thdp kem hoac phan van hda eung cd thi ddng vai trd phd hoai hay<br /> kim ham sy phat trien sdn xuat kinh doanh Id dieu hoan todn de dang nhdn ra.<br /> Dang n g ^ hon la nan tham nhung, hdi 10 Ipi ich nhom tieu eye, phi phdp diln ra<br /> keo dai trong nhieu liiih vyc, tir linh vyc quan ly, hanh chinh cdng, cdp phep xdy dung<br /> din cae ITnh vyc cd lien quan tdi kinh t l nhu din bu thu hdi ddt dai, tilp nhan dau tu de<br /> lap edc khu cdng nghiep, tir viec thdm djnh kha ndng tai chinh ciia nha dau tu va danh gid<br /> hieu qua dy an den vi?c ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi tnrdng, v.v. chua dupe ngan chdn mpt<br /> each hi^u qua. Tham nhung trong cac ITnh vyc kinh tl quan trpng khdng nhfing chua duoc<br /> ngdn chdn, ma dang ndi hon la mdt sd vy tham nhiing rdt Idn cdn chua dupe xir ly kjp<br /> thdi hodc xu ly ehua du siic rdn de. Lpi ich nhdm, "chii nghia tu bdn than hfiu" dang thao<br /> <br /> Nguyin Trgng Chudn<br /> <br /> 13<br /> <br /> tung gay nhieu khdu trong vi?c phong vd chdng tham nhiing. Dilu dd dang lam suy gidm<br /> nghiSm trpng nilm tin eua eac tdng Idp nhan dan vdo sy nghiem minh eiia phdp lu^t<br /> (Nguyin Trpng Chudn, 2014; Vu Ngoc Hoang, 2015).<br /> Su suy thoai ve vdn hod dao diic, cy thi nhdt Id trong cung each giao tilp vd ling xii,<br /> cung ngay edng bOc 10 ro net han trong nhung nganh ma xua nay vdn mang cac gid tri<br /> truyen thdng het siic tdt dep ciia ddn tdc ta nhu edc ngdnh gido due vd y te. Nhieu gid tri<br /> trong viec ddo t^o nghe nghiep chuygn mdn va cham sdc con ngudi ngay nay da biln mat<br /> va thay vdo dd la su suy thodi, sy xudng cdp dao diic thi hi?n qua vi§c mua ban edng khai<br /> giay phep, chling chi, bdng cdp tdt cd cac hfe hpc, mua ban benh an, mua ban gidy ehiing<br /> nhan siic khoe, trye Igi bdo hiem y te,... Tac hai cua sy suy thoai vdn hoa dao diic trong<br /> c ^ linh vyc nay nghiem trgng hon nhieu so vdi sy suy thoai trong eac ITnh vyc khdc vi<br /> chui^ lien quan true tiep den con ngudi, den ngudn !ye chii yeu, mdt loai vdn xd hOi<br /> khong gi cd the thay thi trong su phdt trien ben vung.<br /> Long thuang ngudi, tinh than rudt thit, tinh nghTa gia dinh, tinh nghia vg chdng va<br /> sy dum bgc I ^ nhau trong cdng ddng Idng xdm vdn la sdc m^inh, la nhfing gia tri cua vdn<br /> hda truyen thdng ddn tdc dd dugc thfi thdch qua thdi gian, dang ed nguy co bi ddng tiln<br /> lam cho xdi mdn, lam cho Iu md. Sy nhan tdm, thdm chi Id dOc dc den tpt ciing; sy thd a,<br /> vd cam trudc tai hpa hoac ndi bat hanh eiia ngudi khac, ke cd ngudi than hay rudt thit,<br /> khdng cdn la hien tupng ea biet.<br /> Dac biet, edn danh gia nghiem tiie va that sy khdch quan mdt sd chuong trhih phdt<br /> trien kinh te, bdi trong Imh vuc nay cd khdng it do venh giiia kinh te vd vdn hoa va chinh<br /> vdn hoa dang ehiu nhiing tdn that rdt khd hoac khdng the nao khdi phyc lai. Tinh trang<br /> nhan danh thu hdi ddt dl chilm dat cua ddng bdo cdc ddn tdc thilu sd, ddy hp vao sdu noi<br /> khdng cd dat canh tac; dac biOt, vi?c cho phep vd lpi dyng sy eho ph6p chuyen ddi myc<br /> dieh sir dyng "rimg ngheo kiet", song trSn thyc te khdng phdi "ngheo kiet" da va dang<br /> hiiy hoai nhieu khu riing nguyen sinh trong sd dd cd vimg van hda ndi tilng ciia ddng bao<br /> cac dan tdc it ngudi. Phdi thira n h ^ rdng, cho nay cd loi cd chinh sach Idn nhfing co quan<br /> quan ly va nhat la nhung ngudi dugc giao trpng trdch thi hdnh cdng vu .<br /> Khdng thi khdng ndi den hang trdm cdng trinh thuy di?n vdi nhung quy md khdc<br /> nhau dd vd dang tae dpng rat mgnh den sy cdn bdng sinh thai, da "nudt chiing" nhieu bdn<br /> lang vdi nhung di sdn van hda vd ciing qu^ gid, lam thay ddi nip sdng, ldi sing gdn ch§t<br /> vdi thien nhien ciia hdng tri$u con ngudi. Khdng it nhihig cdnh rimg, trong do cd cd<br /> nhihig cdnh rimg dae dyng, nhfing cdnh rimg dugc dong bdo cac dan tdc gift gin nghiem<br /> ngat theo luat tuc, da biln mdt do cd su'tilp tay trye tiep eiia nhung ngudi dugc giao<br /> nhiem vu canh gifi riing. Khdng it cac gia trj van hoa, phong tyc, cac net sinh hogt vdn<br /> hda cOng ddng d mot sd viii^, chdng han nhu ke sur thi, cung vi v^y da ho§c se mdt theo.<br /> Khdng gian sinh hogt vdn hda cpng ddng, nhdt la cua cpng dong cae dan tge it ngudi,<br /> dang ngay edng bi thu hep lam cho nhieu gid trj vdn hda ciia hg dang dan bi mai mOt. Cdi<br /> gia phdi tra cho sy tdng trudng kinh t l don thudn s6 Id qud ddt.<br /> Do khdng dugc tinh toan ky ludng, thieu tdm nhin xa vd thiiu quan diim h$ thdng<br /> va khdng d6ng bO khi hoach djnh chinh sdch, cho nen myc ti6u kinh t l vi vdy dd khdng<br /> <br />