Vl TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG<br />
THl/dNG MAI BIEN DONG T H 6 | CO TRUNG OAI<br />
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HOANG ANH TUAN*<br />
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H ai s\i noi ehung va hai thUdng axi<br />
noi rieng khong phai la huf6ng<br />
nghien ciiu qua mdi me cl nxidc ta, du thanh<br />
thdng hai thiidng kliu viic qua eae thdi ky<br />
lich sii. Tren quan diem do, bai viet nay<br />
tiep tuc thao luan ve vi tri eiia Viet Nam<br />
tiiu tren linh viic nay chUa thUc sU ndi b^t trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Dong thdi<br />
(1). Trong khi do, nghien ciiu nhiing khia Co Trung dai, dac biet la vai tro ciia mot sd<br />
canh cu the cua lich sii dan toe nhin ivt hai eang ehinh yeu eua quoc gia Dai Vi^t<br />
phUdng dien bien lai chUa phai la phUdng du6i thdi Ly - Trdn - Le sd - Mae, du6i tae<br />
phap tiep c^n phd bien. PhUdng phap nay dong eua qua trinh bien doi, chuyen dieh<br />
CO nhiing ldi the nha't dinh, cho phip chiing eua mang ludi hai thiidng khu vUc va quoc<br />
ta CO cai nhin doi sanh va dinh vi lich s\l te'(4).<br />
dan toe trong bdi canh rong ciia hai st( khu<br />
Giao Chi/Giao C h a u t r o n g he t h o n g<br />
viic va qud^c te. Tuy nhien, no ddng thdi doi<br />
hai thiftfng Vinh Bac B9 d e n trifdc the<br />
hoi sU than trong tiif ngiidi viet khi xac dinh<br />
kyX<br />
pham vi nghien ciiu, die bi$t la viec phan<br />
lap mot so' khai ni^m cu the, nha't la nhiing Trai vdi cac quan diem sii hpc truyen<br />
khai niem lien quan den dan toe va toe thong von co xu hudng ha tha'p vi tri cua<br />
nguoi (2). mien bde nU6c ta trong h^ thoang hai<br />
thiidng khu viic thdi ky cd vd trung dai,<br />
Trong mot so' bai viet trU6c day, khi<br />
nhtitng nghien ciiu gdn day, nha't la nhiing<br />
diem qua vi tri cua Viet Nam trong he<br />
nghien ciiu ciia cac nha Viet Nam hpe nUdc<br />
thdng hai thUdng khu viic thdi Co Trung<br />
ngoai, sii dung tii lieu thanh van cua Trung<br />
dai, chiing toi da ra't can nhac khi phan lap<br />
Quo'c thdi ky sdm cho tha'y, trong thiic te,<br />
va sii dung mot sd^ thuat ngii nhU "Vi^t<br />
lanh Lhd ciia ngUdi Viet co vi tri quan trpng<br />
Nam/Dai Viet", "ngiidi Vi^t"... nham tranh<br />
trong cac tuyen hai thUdng d Bien Dong<br />
nhiing each hieu khong sat thiie v6i boi<br />
hdn nhiing gi chiing ta tiing nghi.<br />
canh lich sii ehung ciia quoc gia Dai Viet va<br />
ca khu viic (3). Mot each khai quat, vriee Nhiing phat hien khao ed hpe tai cae di<br />
phan lap cu the noi iidm mot sd khai niem tich da mdi sau Hoa Binh (Soi Nhu, Cai<br />
se giiip nggdi viet tranh difd:; nhiing each Beo) va hau ky da mdi (Ngpc Viing, Ha<br />
hieu thai qua (hoac qua tich ciic, hoiic qua Long) trong nhiing thap ky qua cho tha'y<br />
tieu ciic) ve vi tri ciia Viet Nam trong he mat do cii tni kha cao va dn dinh eiia cae<br />
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• TS. Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng Dai hpc KHXH & NV - DHQGHN<br />
Rghien cijii Lich 5i3r. s6 9+10.2008<br />
<br />
nhom cil dan cd tai cac khu viic duyen hai Tay Bac Vinh Bac Bp (9). Vao khoang dSu<br />
niidc ta (5). Khong chi tien hanh khai thac Cong nguyen, hai eang Hdp Phd (Hepu) va<br />
va canh tac tai cho, nhiing cii dan co c) day Tii v a n (Xuwen) nam d siidn Bac Vinh Bac<br />
con tien hanh giao liiu va trao ddi vdi cac Bp - ndi nghe danh bat va buon ban ngpc<br />
nhom cii dan khae d phia nam Trung Qudc, trai da ra't phat trien - diidc ghi nhan la<br />
Dai Loan, Philippines, Dong Nam A... tao diem xua't phat cua ngiidi Trung Quo'c di<br />
nen mpt the iing xii tiidng ddi md va mpt buon ban ven bd xuong phia Nam. Khong<br />
truyen thong giao liiu sdm va manh vdi the lau sau do, hai thiidng eang nay danh ma't<br />
gidi ben ngoai (6). dan vi tri trung tam dieu pho'i cua minh va<br />
thiidng nhan phiidng Nam thiidng xuyen<br />
Sau khi nha Tan (Trung Qudc) binh<br />
gh6 vao vung ha chau tho song Hdng (10).<br />
dinh xong cac tpc ngiidi Viet phiidng Nam<br />
vao nam 214 Tr. CN, mien Bae niide ta trd Mien Bac niidc ta da dong vai tro quan<br />
thanh mpt bp phan cua qusln Tiidng, mpt trpng nhii c^a ngo giao thiidng cua Trung<br />
trong bo'n quan (Man Chung, Nam Hai, Quo'c it nha't trong khoang ba the ky dau<br />
Que Lam va Tiidng) do nha TSn lap ra. Sau sau Cong nguyen. Tii giQa the ky HI sau<br />
mpt thdi gian ngan thoat khdi sii cai tri eua Cong nguyen, cac cupc khdi nghia lien tiep<br />
nha Tan (208-179 Tr. CN), nam 179 Tr. CN cua ngiidi Viet chd'ng lai ach cai tri eua<br />
ngiidi Au Lac lai bi Nam Viet ciia Trieu Da ngiidi Han lien tiep nd ra. Chinh sach cai<br />
xam lUdc va den nam 111 Tr. CN mien Bac tri khae nghiet va sii vd vet cua cac thai<br />
nUde ta bi sat nhap vao sii quan ly cua nha thii Trung Qudc d niidc ta khong chi tac<br />
Han (7). Nhiing tai lieu sdm eiia ngiidi dpng tieu ciic den tinh hinh trao doi buon<br />
Trung Quo'c cho tha'y mue tieu ehinh eua ban npi tai ma con bi coi la mpt trong sdcac<br />
viee xam liidc phiidng Nam ciia cae trieu nguyen nhan dSn den eae cupc danh pha<br />
dai Trung Quo'c la nham ciidp boc cua cai ciia ngiidi Cham ra phia Bac tii nv(a cuo'i<br />
eua cac tpc ngiidi Viet giau co, nha't la vdi the ky TV do anh hiidng den cac luong trao<br />
nhiing san vat nhiet ddi nhU siing te, nga ddi truyen thdng ciia Champa qua Giao Chi<br />
voi, long chim tra, ngpc trai... trao doi diidc len Trung Quo'c (11). Sau khi quan he vdi<br />
vdi cac nhom c\i dan phiidng Nam (8). Champa d phia Nam diidc binh dn, hang<br />
Cac nguon sii lieu thanh van Trung loat cac cupc khdi nghia lai lien tiep nd ra cl<br />
Quo'c giai doan sdm ddng thdi cho tha'y, mien Bac niidc ta, tae dpng xa'u den dieu<br />
trong mpt so' the ky nha't dinh diidi thdi ky kien buon ban. NhU mpt h$ qua, thiidng<br />
Bac thupe, Giao Chi dong vai tro nhii mpt nhan niidc ngoai chuyen hiidng buon ban,<br />
trung tam dieu phoi ciia nen hai thiidng dila thiidng thuyen cua hp xa hdn ve phia<br />
Trung Qud^c b khu viic Bien Dong; ly sd Bac den khu viic Quang Chau, ndi tinh<br />
Long Bien tiing la trung tam cua cac hoat liinh chinh tri dn dinh va dieu kien buon<br />
dpng giao liiu thiidng mai; ndi don tiep cac ban cung thuan ldi hdn (12). Mae du sau d6<br />
phai doan thiidng nhan niidc ngoai den tinh hinh mien Bac niidc ta trd lai on dinh<br />
buon ban vdi Trung Quo'c. Nhiing tai heu va thiidng nhan ngoai qud^c doi khi gh6 vao<br />
nay ddng thdi cung ca'p nhiing bing chiing trao ddi, diidng nhii khu viic chau thd Bac<br />
CU the ve sii ton tai ciia mpt tuyen buon Bp da khong the la'y lai vi tri cua minh<br />
ban thiidng xuyen ket ndi Quang Chau vdi trong he thd^ng hai thUdng khu viic nhU d<br />
cac trung tam buon ban nam trong khu viic nhiing the ky triidc do. Cung thdi diem<br />
Vi h-i ciia Viet Ram h-ong h^ thfl'ng...<br />
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tren, eang Quang Chau tiep tue hUng thinh nay trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat<br />
va nhanh ehdng trd thanh eiia ngo chinh de trien cua lich sii Viet Nam da diidc cae nha<br />
thiidng nhan Trung Qudc buon ban xudng nghien ciiu quan tam phan tich tii lau (17).<br />
phUdng Nam. Tii trieu Tiiy (589-618), eang Nam 1986, tren cd sd phan tich sii hinh<br />
Quang Chau khong chi la diem khdi hanh thanh va phat trien cua cac trung tam<br />
cua p h i n ldn thiidng thuyen Trung Qudc di buon ban ven bien (Van Ddn va Nghe -<br />
xuong buon ban vdi phiidng Nam ma Tinh) thdi Ly - Trin, nha sii hpc ngUdi My<br />
thiidng nhan ngoai quo'c den Trung Qudc John Whitmore da de eao "vai trd thiidng<br />
cung lUu trii va buon ban tai day (13). He mai nang dpng eiia ngiidi Viet trong nen<br />
tho'ng hai thiidng tich ciic cua trieu Diidng thiidng mai qudc te ra't hUng tiiinh thdi ba'y<br />
the ky Vll-X xudng Dong Nam A cung nhii gid", ddng thdi keu gpi eae nha nghien eifu<br />
viee thiidng nhan Tay, Nam, va Dong Nam tap trung lam sang td eae va'n de nhii "nen<br />
A boat dpng nang dpng tai mien Nam tang san xua't xa hoi phuc vu thUdng mai,<br />
Trung Quo'c gop p h i n kiem tda sii hUng phiidng thiie td chiic thUdng mai va sii<br />
thinh trd lai eua hai thiidng khu viic duyen nang dpng xa hoi diia den san pham dii<br />
hai mien Bac niide ta, mac dii hoat dpng thiia...". Ong ket luan "ngudn cua cai thu<br />
buon ban van diidc duy tri nhiing d cap dp dUde tii thUdng mai chic chin da gdp phin<br />
khong thiic sii cao (14), dang ke vao vi^c thiet lap va ciing co' quyen<br />
The ky X - giiJa tho ky XV liie ehinh tri, kich thieh nen kinh te ban<br />
dia" (17). Quan diem nay eua Whitmore<br />
Trong mpt thdi ky tUdng ddi dai eae nha<br />
sau dd dupe cac nha sii hpc ke can nhil<br />
nghien ciiu trong niidc c6 xu hiidng duy tri<br />
Momoki Shiro, Li Tana, Charles Wheeler,<br />
cai nhin tUdng doi thieu ti'eh eiie ve ngoai<br />
Nola Cooke... tiep tue nghien ciiu va den<br />
thiidng Dai Viet tii sau khi gianh diide dpc<br />
nay da cd nhutng nhan thiie sang to (xin<br />
lap vao the ky X, Trai lai, cae nha s\i hpc<br />
xem eu the d nhiing p h i n tiep theo),<br />
niide ngoai cho r i n g sii thuyen chuyen vai<br />
tro dieu phdi thiidng mai bien tii Giao Chi<br />
Nhiing thong tin dii sd lUde trong cae bp<br />
sang cac hai eang mien Nam Trung Quo'c<br />
sii con lai den ngay nay cho tha'y, sau khi<br />
tii nxia. cuo'i thdi ky Bac thupc eiing nhU<br />
gianh dUdc dpc lap vao the ky X, nha't la<br />
viee ngiidi Viet gianh dUde dpc lap vao the<br />
dudi viidng trieu Ly (the ky XI-XHI), trieu<br />
ky X khong ddng nghia vdi viec phii nhan<br />
dinh khong hoan toan quay liing lai vdi<br />
vi tri ciia mien Bac niidc ta trong h$ tho'ng<br />
thifdng mai noi ehung va ngoai thiidng ndi<br />
thUdng mai khu viic, nha't la trong tuyen<br />
rieng. Tren cd sd eua nen thii eong nghiep<br />
hai thUdng noi Trung Quo'c vdi cac khu viie<br />
tiidng doi phat trien, trieu Ly da eo nhiing<br />
buon ban phia Nam (15), NhQng quan diem<br />
dpng thai tiidng do'i tich ciic trong buon ban<br />
tren ngay eang diidc cung co'vQng chac tren<br />
vdi niidc ngoai. Theo sach Tuc tU tri tiidng<br />
cd sd nhiing nghien ciiu mdi, gdp p h i n<br />
gidm triCcfng bien cua Ly Dao, chi hai nam<br />
khang dinh bien va kinh te bien da dong<br />
sau khi thanh lap, nam 1012 trieu Ly xin<br />
vai trd kha quan trpng trong sii phat trien<br />
nha Tdng cho md tuyen buon ban den Ung<br />
ciia lich sii Vi^t Nam Cd Trung dai hdn<br />
Chau qua diidng bien; nha Tdng khUdc tii<br />
nhieu l^n ngiidi ta tiing nghi (16).<br />
va chi cho ph6p thiidng nhan Dai Vi^t den<br />
Hang sd niide, hang sd bien va cac hoat trao ddi tai Quang Chau va mpt sd dia<br />
diem khae d khu viic bien gidi (19). Nam<br />
dpng kinh td', van hda gin vdi cae hing sd<br />
Rghito cijru Lich siJr. s6 9+10.2008<br />
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1040, tren cd sd cua mpt nen thu cong te khoang cuoi trieu DUdng (the ky VII-X),<br />
nghiep det lua da phat trien, vua Ly Thai Giao Chau ndi ehung va mien Bic nUdc ta<br />
Tong "day cung nii det ditdc ga'm vdc [nen] ndi rieng cd Uu the trong viec trao ddi<br />
xudng chieu phat het gam vdc cua niidc thiidng ph^m giQa hai khu viic la bien va<br />
Tdng d trong kho ra de may ao ban cho cac eae vung npi dia trong khi Quang Chau va<br />
quan [...] de td la vua khong diing ga'm vdc cac eang Nam Trung Qudc giQ vi the tien<br />
cua niidc Tdng nQa" (20). Nam 1149, dap phong trong giao dich vdi cae thiidng<br />
lai viec thuyen buon cac niidc Trao Oa, Lp thuyen den tQ Dong Nam A, Tay A va Nam<br />
Lac, Xiem La den Hai Dong xin cii tni buon A (24).<br />
ban, nha Ly "eho lap trang d ndi hai dao, - Cung tQ thdi Diidng, thiidng nhan va<br />
gpi la Van Ddn, de mua ban hang hda quy, thuy thu Hdi giao cd vai trd quan trpng<br />
dang tien san vat dia phiidng" (21). 6 khu trong he tho'ng hai thiidng b khu viic Dong<br />
viic phia Nam, cac trung tam trad ddi d A. VUdt qua cac trung tam trao ddi Dong<br />
vung Nghe - Tinh ciing ed dieu kien phat Nam A truyen tho'ng, thiidng nhan Hdi da<br />
trien, thu hiit mpt lUdng ldn thiidng nhan den dinh cii va buon ban tai nhieu thUdng<br />
tii Trung Qudc va Ddng Nam A den buon eang d phia Nam Trung Qudc, khu viic dao<br />
ban (22). Viidt ra khoi y nghia quo'c gia ve Hai Nam va diidc ghi nhan la cd vai tro<br />
chien liidc phat trien kinh te, tren phUdng nang dpng trong cac tuyen buon ban nhd cl<br />
dien hai thiidng khu viic va quo'c te, viec khu viic Giao Chi Diidng (25). O mpt sd<br />
nha Ly lap trang Van Ddn cd y nghia het trung tam buon ban ldn nhii Quan Chau<br />
siic quan trpng, danh da'u sii dii nhap cua (Phiic Kien), cac ddng hp Hdi ldn nhU Pu<br />
quo'c gia Dai Viet vao he tho'ng hai thUdng Kai-zong (Bd Khai Tong) va Pu Shou-geng<br />
khu viic va quo'c te qua khu viic Bien Dong, (Bd Thp Khang) cdn diidc nha Tdng phong<br />
the hien d mpt sdn6t ehinh sau day. lam quan giam thiidng tai eang Quan Chau<br />
- Cho den triidc the ky XV, cac tuyen hai (26). Trong khi dd, b dao Hai Nam, cong<br />
thiidng quo'c te no'i Trung Qudc vdi cae thi ddng Hdi giao dong den miic nhieu lang cua<br />
trUdng phiidng Nam chii yeu di qua khu ngiidi Hui-hu (Hdi Ho) da diidc lap nen cl<br />
viic vinh Bic Bp; vung duyen hai Dong Bie cac khu viic duyen hai thuoc dao Hai Nam<br />
niide ta vi the cd vi tri het siie quan trpng. (27). Khong ehi cd vi the thUdng mai vQng<br />
Trong ghi eh6p eiia cac thUdng nhan va chic tai cac hai eang mien Nam Trung<br />
thuy thu d cac the ky X-XV, viing bien trai Qudc nhif cae quan diem truyen thdng<br />
dai tii phia Nam Trung Quo'c qua Vinh Bic triidc day thiidng ghi nhan, Hdi thiidng cdn<br />
Bp xuo'ng viing bd bien Champa ndi tieng tich ciic tham dii vao cac tuyen buon ban<br />
vdi ten gpi Giao Chi DUdng (Bien Giao Chi). ndi lien bien vdi cae khu viic npi dia, gdp<br />
Trong khu viic buon ban soi dpng nay, cae p h i n dang ke vao vi$c thiic diy sii phat<br />
thUdng pham chinh la no le, muo'i va ngiia trien ciia mang ludi trao ddi d Bien Dong<br />
da dUde trao ddi thudng xuyen va Dai Viet thdi ky nay (28). , •<br />
thdi Ly da tham dii mpt each tich ciic vao - Vdi Dai Viet tQ cudi thdi T r i n va d i u<br />
cac boat dpng buon ban d khu viic bien thdi Le, vai trd ciia thUdng eang Van Don<br />
Giao Chi (23). Phan lip cae tuyen thUdng va viing eang bien Dong Bic trong h$ thdng<br />
mai, hpc gia Li Tana eho ring, trong bdi hai thUdng khu vUc vk qudc te d Bien Dong<br />
canh rpng cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc dUdc biet den nhieu qua ehUc nflng trung<br />
Vi hi ciia Vie^ Ram h-ong he thflng.<br />
<br />
chuyen va xua't khau go'm sQ. Ben canh keo Dai Viet dU nhap mot each chii dpng va<br />
chUe nang trung chuyen gom sU Trung ed he thdng vao quy dao thUdng mai qud'e te<br />
Qudc ra thi trUdng khu viic. Van Ddn cdn d khu vUc Vinh Bic Bp vd'n da hiing thinh<br />
dupe biet den nhu ciia ngo dUa go'm sU Dai tQ nhieu the ky trUde, dae biet la sau<br />
Viet (men nau thdi T r i n va men lam thdi nhQng ehinh sach ngoai thUdng tich ciic<br />
Le sd) ra thi trudng qudc te (29). Trong mpt eua trieu Tong vao cuoi the ky X (33),<br />
cai nhin phd quat, sii ndi len cua go'm sU Giuta the ky XV - cuoi the ky XVI<br />
Dai Viet tren thi trUdng qud'e te vao thdi<br />
diem nay da dap Ung mpt each kip thdi nhu Dien mao ngoai thUdng Dai Viet noi<br />
ciu eao ve go'm sU thUdng mai ciia thi ehung cung nhU thUdng eang Van Ddn va<br />
tnidng Tay A (Ba Tu, Ai Cap, Thd Nhi khu viic duyen hai Dong Bie ndi rieng tQ<br />
Ky...) cung nhU cac thi trUdng Hdi giao khu khoang ba thap nien cuo'i cua the ky XV<br />
viic nhu tai Philippines, Sulawesi...(30). den cuo'i the ky XVI da va dang la ehii de<br />
Gdm sU Dai Viet cdn dUdc xua't khau ra thi thu hut nhieu tranh luan giQa cac nha<br />
trUdng khu vUe den nQa cuo'i the ky XVI nghien cUu trong nhQng nam gin day, Sii<br />
trUde khi bi suy giam do ea nguyen nhan thieu ving thong tin ve vung hai eang<br />
trong nUdc (bien dpng chinh tri tac dpng Dong Bie tQ sau nam 1467 trong cac bp<br />
den kinh te) cung nhU nhQng tac dpng tQ chinh sQ Viet Nam khien cho viec nghien<br />
ben ngoai (vipe nha Minh bai bd ehinh sach cQu gap khdng ft trd ngai, ddng thdi din<br />
Hai Ca'm vao nam 1567 tao dieu kipn cho den nhQng nhan dinh ve sU suy thoai cua<br />
san p h i m gdm sQ Trung Quoe trd lai chiem ngoai thUdng va sii suy giam chQc nang ciia<br />
linh thi trQdng qudc te) (31). thUdng eang Van Don (34). Trong khi dd,<br />
thdng tin tQ nhQng ddt khao sat, dien da,<br />
- Mpt trong nhQng nhan td tae dpng r i t khai quat khao cd hpc, ket qua nghien cQu<br />
ldn va gin nhU xuyen sud't "ky nguyen sdm go'm sU thUdng mai ket h