Women social entrepreneurship and its impact on entrepreneurial performance

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A person who pursues an innovative idea with the potential to solve a community problem is known as social entrepreneur. These individuals are willing to take on the risk and effort to create positive changes in society through their initiatives.

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International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 9, Issue 1, Jan–Feb 2018, pp. 10–15, Article ID: IJM_09_01_003 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=9&IType=1 Journal Impact Factor (2016): 8.1920 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 © IAEME Publication WOMEN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL PERFORMANCE M. Malarkodi Head of the Department, Department of Management, GSS Jain College for Women, Chennai Dr. Saifil Ali Professor, School of Management, Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, Chennai ABSTRACT A person who pursues an innovative idea with the potential to solve a community problem is known as social entrepreneur. These individuals are willing to take on the risk and effort to create positive changes in society through their initiatives. Examples of social entrepreneurship include microfinance institutions, educational programs, providing banking services in underserved areas, helping children orphaned by epidemic disease, etc. The main goal of a social entrepreneur is not to earn a profit, but to implement widespread improvements in society. Key words: Social Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Performance Cite this Article: M. Malarkodi and Dr. Saifil Ali, Women Social Entrepreneurship and its Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance. International Journal of Management, 9 (1), 2018, pp. 10–15. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=9&IType=1 1. INTRODUCTION Despite the explosive growth of the social entrepreneurship field, the relevance of gender to conceptualizations and analysis in this field are still lacking despite claims that social enterprise can address social issues such as women‟s empowerment. Thus, while women may be the intended beneficiaries of particular forms of social enterprise, there is not a gender aware framework to examine unvoiced assumptions guiding concepts and research in the social entrepreneurship field more broadly (Brush, De Bruin and Welter, 2009). To address this gap, we focus on gender as central to conceptualizing and understanding social entrepreneurship, given that men and women are positioned differently in societies. Specifically, we apply feminist perspectives to problematize the gender-neutral and gender- blind assumptions related to the “social entrepreneur” and theorizing in the field of social entrepreneurship. Feminist scholars have already demonstrated that the field of http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
Women Social Entrepreneurship and its Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance entrepreneurship arose from the “model of economic rationality alleged to be universal and a- gendered” (Bruni, Gherardi and Poggo, 2004b). While the field of social entrepreneurship may still be in flux regarding a cohesive paradigm, existing concepts of the social entrepreneur envision an individual who is particularly adopt the factors such as (1) Identifying a stable but inherently unjust equilibrium that causes the exclusion, marginalization, or suffering of a segment of humanity that lacks the financial means or political clout to achieve any transformative benefit on its own; (2) identifying an opportunity in this unjust equilibrium, developing a social value proposition, and bringing to bear inspiration, creativity, direct action, courage, and fortitude, thereby challenging the stable state‟s hegemony; and (3) forging a new, stable equilibrium that releases trapped potential or alleviates the suffering of the targeted group, and through imitation and the creation of a stable ecosystem around the new equilibrium ensuring a better future for the targeted group and even society at large (Martin and Osberg, 2007). Thus the term “social entrepreneur” appears to have complex gender connotations rather than gender-neutrality associated with it. We argue, therefore, that both the identity of the social entrepreneur and the context in which this actor is embedded warrants analysis from a gender perspective. Social entrepreneurship is a growing, worldwide movement. The scope of social work is no longer limited to men but also to women. Additionally, there is immense scope for women social entrepreneurship to start their social initiatives. Women social entrepreneurship will play a big role in bringing the growth to the rural women in India and so it becomes important to study the factors, like entrepreneurial characteristics, entrepreneurial performance, and determinants of women social entrepreneurship. Following areas are so important where India faces problems:  Making the educated youths employable  Healthcare  Urban and Rural Sanitation  Making use of renewable sources of power  Nutrition and Food for the poor  Affordable housing  Agriculture Apart from the areas mentioned above, many more are there, but these are the basic needs of the Indian society, which are being the topics of discussions from so many years. Social enterprises in these sectors will not only create many opportunities but also can find a solution for these problems. 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES  To find out the general status of women social entrepreneurship  To identify the factors which determine social entrepreneurship among women 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The literature review has identified the studies that have examined the influence and relationship of variables used in the study. Research methodology includes the research model, variables, population, sample of the study, profile of respondents, instruments used in the study, and data collection methods. This study has made an attempt to analyze the influencing factors of woman social entrepreneurship and its impact on entrepreneurial http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
M. Malarkodi and Dr. Saifil Ali performance. The respondents are the entrepreneurs who run their own Small and medium sized enterprises in Tamilnadu. 4. RESEARCH DESIGN It is to be noted that there are several ways of studying and handling a research problem. The present study falls under the category of “Descriptive studies” as the nature of the problem is to determine the relationship among the different variables. This type of research is also a survey based study (Beri, 1983). The major strength of survey research has its wide scope and ability to collect the detailed information from a sample of large population. Sample Size According to Schall (2003), sampling is “the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population, so that the study of the sample will enable to understand the properties or characteristics would make it possible for the researcher to generalize such properties or characteristics pertaining to the population elements.” For the population of above 1,00,000, Van der Lans (2005) suggested a minimum of 400 samples enough to be surveyed. However, to avoid the error rate the sample size needs to be increased (Sekaran, 2003). Hence, the researcher plans for more than 400 samples. In this study the respondents are the Women entrepreneurs who run any business including trading, industry and service enterprises. Respondents have been selected from the following top FIVE associations in Chennai based on their familiarity. Chennai is selected because of the number of entrepreneurs is more compared to other cities in Tamilnadu. Moreover, Chennai is a metropolitan city where people from different culture and background can do business. Hence, Chennai is selected as the research area. 5. FINDINGS Based on the analysis of the data, the following major findings were made that are presented under the respective objectives.  It is found that 70 percent of the respondents have previous work experience relevant to their current business.  Around 40 percent of the respondents are spending more than 60 hours in a week to manage their business, and 34.9 percent of the respondents are spending 41 to 60 hours per week, and only 8.3 percent of the respondents are spending 20 hours or even less than 20 hours per week to manage their business.  Study reveals that one fifth of the respondentsis doing import and export trade, while the same percentage is doing whole sale and retail business. 7.9 percent of the respondents are doing education and training services, 7.4 percent of them are doing technical and engineering services, 6.6 percent of the respondents are doing manufacturing business and 4.8 percent of them are doing computer and related services. Very few respondents are doing business like construction, real estate, telecommunication, restaurants, transportation, health and beauty services and tourism.  It is found that 18.0 percent of the respondent are conducting health awareness program as a social activity, followed by 16.5 percent of them conducting road safety program, 16.3 percent of the respondents are conducting education related program, 15.9 percent of them are doing awareness program, 13.1 percent of the respondent are fighting against poverty and 10 percent of the respondent are doing child welfare activities.  Study reveals that 40.6 percent of the respondents are motivated by themselves to perform the social activities. 25.3 percent of them are influenced by their parents, 21.2 percent of the http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
Women Social Entrepreneurship and its Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance respondents are motivated by their friends and 12.9 percent of the respondents are influenced by their relatives to perform the social activities in their business.  It is found from the study that 31.2 percent of the respondents are performing the social activities for their self satisfaction. 23.0 percent of the respondents are doing social activities to attract their customers, 18.6 percent of them are doing these types of activities only to obey the government rules, 14.6 percent of them are doing for publicity and 12.5 percent of the respondents are performing social activities in their business to earn more profit.  It is found that that „Entrepreneurial Intention‟ and „Social Valuation of Entrepreneurship‟ contribute significantly to the prediction of financing. In addition to that, „Perceived Behavioral Control‟ is also found to have negatively and significantly contributed to the prediction of financing.  Result reveals that „Entrepreneurial motivation‟ contribute significantly to the prediction of technical support, which is followed by „Entrepreneurial Characteristics‟ and „Entrepreneurial Intention‟ which are found to have negatively and significantly contributed to the prediction of technical support.  It is identified that „Social Valuation of Entrepreneurship‟ and „Entrepreneurial Motivation‟ contribute significantly to the prediction of education training. In addition to that „Entrepreneurial Intention‟ and „Entrepreneurial Characteristics‟ are also found to have negatively and significantly contributed to the prediction of education training.  It is revealed from the result that the respondents differ significantly with respect to their age towards financing, regulatory framework, technical support and access funding, but do not differ towards entrepreneurship culture, taxation and education training.  Respondents who are in the age group of 31 to 40 years and 51 to 60 years are having positive opinion about financing, regulatory framework, technical support and access funding, when compared to the respondents who are in the age group of 41 to 50 years.  It is revealed from the result that the respondents differ significantly with respect to their age of starting their business towards financing, technical support and access funding, but do not differ towards regulatory framework, entrepreneurship culture, taxation and education training.  Based on the analysis it is concluded that there exists a significant difference between the respondents who have completed under-graduation level have positive opinion towards various significant determinants of women social entrepreneurship compared to the respondents who have completed diploma/certificate courses before starting their business.  It is found from the study that „technical support‟, „Financing‟, „Taxation‟and „Entrepreneurship culture‟are significantly contributed in the prediction of entrepreneurial performance.In addition to that „Regulatory Framework‟ is also found to have significantly but negatively contributed in the prediction of entrepreneurial performance.  The result shows that „Entrepreneurial characteristics‟has negative direct effect on Entrepreneurship Culture, Education and Training, Technical Support etc  The result shows that „Entrepreneurial characteristics‟has positive direct effect on Taxation, Financing  The result shows that Entrepreneurial Intention does not have positive direct effect on Regulatory Framework.  The result shows that Entrepreneurial Intention has negative direct effect on Technical Support.  The result shows that Entrepreneurial motivation has positive direct effect on Regulatory Framework, Technical support. Hence, it strongly supports the hypotheses.  The result shows that Technical Support has positive direct effect on Entrepreneurial Performance. Hence, it strongly supports the hypotheses. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
M. Malarkodi and Dr. Saifil Ali  The result shows that Regulatory Framework has negative direct effect on Entrepreneurial Performance. Hence, it strongly supports the hypotheses. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS  Though government is giving more importance to social entrepreneurship, it is in the hands of entrepreneurs to take it in a manner where doing social activities gives self satisfaction as public in India need social awareness in diverse fields.  Since, the result shows that the young people who chose for social entrepreneurial career need education and training, government should come forward by providing adequate education and training in the field of social entrepreneurship to those people either directly by opening training centers for entrepreneurial aspirants at various district headquarters, or instructing the NGOs and other private agencies to provide entrepreneurial training to those aspirants. This will attract young women entrepreneurial aspirants to do society oriented service.  Result revealed that social entrepreneurs who had entrepreneurial intention and social valuation of entrepreneurship are having more financing problems. Government should also assist them in providing funds by instructing agencies to have social entrepreneurship ventures with women social entrepreneurs, and also provide seed funds to them for initiating their business.  As social valuation of entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control significantly influence entrepreneurship culture, training should be given to women social entrepreneurs on educating social values and enhancing perceived behavioral control in order to have good entrepreneurship culture. Government should take necessary steps to assists social entrepreneurship, should open the door for excluded talents among the women entrepreneurs, and should create more networking opportunities for the entrepreneurs in the country.  As the result suggest that urban women entrepreneurs are having more social interest when compared to rural women entrepreneurs, it is suggested that the government and NGOs should created and develop the rural entrepreneurs and educate them about the importance of social values and activities.  The model derived out from this study put forth several outcomes, and these outcomes will be helpful for entrepreneurs to enhance their performance and to determine their position in the business. This model will be supportive to the Government for taking necessary initiative to assess the performance of entrepreneurs and provide them adequate support based on their requirements.  Though several associations are functioning in state level and also in central level, government should take necessary steps to organize these associations and make them to put under one roof which is an “Apex Association of Women Entrepreneurs” that controls all the associations across the country. This body will device a regulatory system among the entrepreneurs and will help them to solve their unsolved problems and issues pertaining to their business in both individual oriented and society oriented. 7. CONCLUSIONS Social entrepreneurship is attracting a new generation of leaders, who are all young, passionate with full of energy and want to make societal difference. Indian women social entrepreneurs are skilled and knowledgeable and they know how to prioritize their needs based on their ventures they implement. From the findings of the study, it is observed that social entrepreneurship in India is gaining momentum, and particularly women social entrepreneurship is at its forward trend. Women social entrepreneurs are establishing their name in several fields like import and export trade, wholesale and retail business, technical and engineering services, education and training services, and also computer related services. Presently, women social entrepreneurship focuses on different social activities like health awareness programme, road safety programme, education related programme, poverty http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 14 editor@iaeme.com
Women Social Entrepreneurship and its Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance eradication programme, child welfare programme, etc. They also play a strong role in generating social inclusion benefits, community strengthening and develop a positive impact in India. They demonstrate a genuine commitment to their mission as well as clear understanding of their individual challenges and support needs. REFERENCES [1] Defourny, J. & Nyssens, M., 2012. The EMES approach of social enterprise in a comparative perspective, Belguim. [2] Desa, G. (2012). Resource mobilization in international social entrepreneurship: Bricolage as a mechanism of institutional transformation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 727_751. [3] Di Domenico, M., Haugh, H., & Tracey, P. (2010). Social bricolage: Theorizing social value creation in social enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34, 681_703. [4] Intellecap, 2010. Beyond Profit - Indian Social Enterprise Landscape Survey, Mumbai. [5] Intellecap, 2012. On The Path to Sustainability and Scale: A study of India‟s Social Enterprise Landscape, Available at: www.intellecap.com. [6] Stevens, R., Moray, N., & Bruneel, J. (2014). The social and economic mission of social enterprises: Dimensions, measurement, validation, and relation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. doi:10.1111/etap.12091 [7] Teasdale, S., McKay, S., Phillimore, J. and Teasdale, N. (2011), “Exploring gender and social entrepreneurship: women‟s leadership, employment and participation in the third sector and social enterprises”, Voluntary Sector Review, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 57–76. [8] Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, Sanchita Raghav, Apoorva Raj, Ankit Tiwari and Mohan Gautam, Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship - An Elucidation for the Problems of Modern Society. International Journal of Management, 8(1), 2017, pp. 212–217. [9] Andriyansah, Femilia Zahra Student Awareness towards Social Entrepreneurship: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp. 457–464. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 15 editor@iaeme.com