Yttrium Oxide nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in the human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a lethal mammary carcinoma subtype that affects females and is associated with a worse prognosis. Chemotherapy is the only conventional therapy available for patients with TNBC due to the lack of therapeutic targets.