Biology of obesity

Stevia rebaudiana is a medicinal plant recommended to diabetic or obese patients as an alternative sweetener owing to its low-calorie property. Previous studies have found that the stevioside level is highest at the time of flower bud formation and lowest at the time of preceding and following flower bud formation. Hence, this study aims to identify the genes involved in the flowering of local S.

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This study was conducted on 585 children, 3 to 5 years of age, at five preschools in inner and suburban Hanoi, 287 children in the inner city and 298 children in the suburban area. Anthropometric methods, sociological methods and WHO standards were used to evaluate the children’s overweight/obesity status and investigate factors related to the overweight-obesity status of the children.

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In Vietnam, lotus plants are widely grown and some parts of the lotus plant have been used in traditional folk medicine. This herb is easy to find, inexpensive, non-toxic and is appreciated by local residents. However, thus far in Vietnam, few in the population know that lotus leaf can be used to prevent and treat obesity. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of lotus leaf in mice.

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Obesity is a known risk factor for induction of myocardial infarction, but, paradoxically, may also confer a protective effect against subsequent remodeling leading to heart failure. In this study, we investigated the effect of leptin, the product of the obese (ob) gene, on cardiomyocyte apoptosis, a well-characterized component of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction.

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Circulating tumour necrosis factor-a(TNFa) levels, which are elevated in obesity-associated insulin resistance and diabetes, inhibit insulin signalling at several points in the signalling cascade. The liver is critical in maintaining cir-culating glucose levels and, in a preliminary investigation using the human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line in this study, we demonstrated the role of TNFa in the regulation of this phenomenon and determined the underlying molecular mechanisms.

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Adiponectin acts as an insulin-sensitizing adipokine that protects against obesity-linked metabolic disease, which is generally associated with endo-plasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The physiological effects of adiponectin on energy metabolism in the liver are mediated by its receptors.

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The aim of this study is to discover and characterize novel energy homeo-stasis-related molecules. We screened stock mouse embryonic stem cells established using the exchangeable gene trap method, and examined the effects of deficiency of the target gene on diet and genetic-induced obesity.

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Meeting report A burst of energy in metabolic disease research Jaswinder K Sethi Address: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QR, UK. E-mail: jks30@cam.ac.uk comment Published: 27 May 2004 Genome Biology 2004, 5:327 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.

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Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về sinh học được đăng trên tạp chí sinh học Journal of Biology đề tài: Obesity genes: so close and yet so far...

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The average total daily energy expenditure is higher in obese than lean individuals when measured at stable weight. However, energy expenditure falls as weight is lost, due in part to loss of lean body mass and to decreased sympathetic nerve activity. When reduced to near-normal weight and maintained there for a while, (some) obese individuals have lower energy expenditure than (some) lean individuals. There is also a tendency for those who will develop obesity as infants or children to have lower resting energy expenditure rates than those who remain lean.

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Cushing's Syndrome Although obese patients commonly have central obesity, hypertension, and glucose intolerance, they lack other specific stigmata of Cushing's syndrome (Chap. 336). Nonetheless, a potential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is often entertained. Cortisol production and urinary metabolites (17OH steroids) may be increased in simple obesity.

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A central pathway through which leptin acts to regulate appetite and body weight. Leptin signals through proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus to induce increased production of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), requiring the processing enzyme PC-1 (proenzyme convertase 1). α-MSH acts as an agonist on melanocortin-4 receptors to inhibit appetite, and the neuropeptide AgRp (Agouti-related peptide) acts as an antagonist of this receptor. Mutations that cause obesity in humans are indicated by the solid green arrows.

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For many years obesity in rodents has been known to be caused by a number of distinct mutations distributed through the genome. Most of these singlegene mutations cause both hyperphagia and diminished energy expenditure, suggesting a physiologic link between these two parameters of energy homeostasis. Identification of the ob gene mutation in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice represented a major breakthrough in the field. The ob/ob mouse develops severe obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperphagia, as well as efficient metabolism (e.g.

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The Adipocyte and Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue is composed of the lipid-storing adipose cell and a stromal/vascular compartment in which cells including preadipocytes and macrophages reside. Adipose mass increases by enlargement of adipose cells through lipid deposition, as well as by an increase in the number of adipocytes. Obese adipose tissue is also characterized by increased numbers of infiltrating macrophages.

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Prevalence Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) show that the percent of the American adult population with obesity (BMI 30) has increased from 14.5% (between 1976 and 1980) to 30.5% (between 1999 and 2000). As many as 64% of U.S. adults ≥20 years of age were overweight (defined as BMI 25) between the years of 1999 and 2000. Extreme obesity (BMI ≥40) has also increased and affects 4.7% of the population. The increasing prevalence of medically significant obesity raises great concern. Obesity is more common among women and in the poor; the prevalence..

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 74. Biology of Obesity Biology of Obesity: Introduction In a world where food supplies are intermittent, the ability to store energy in excess of what is required for immediate use is essential for survival. Fat cells, residing within widely distributed adipose tissue depots, are adapted to store excess energy efficiently as triglyceride and, when needed, to release stored energy as free fatty acids for use at other sites.

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