Cryogenic temperatures

Ebook "Polymers at cryogenic temperatures" covers cryogenic treatment, properties and applications of cryo-treated polymer materials. Written by numerous international experts, the twelve chapters in this book offer the reader a comprehensive picture of the latest findings and developments, as well as an outlook on the field. Cryogenic technology has seen remarkable progress in the past few years and especially cryogenic properties of polymers are attracting attention through new breakthroughs in space, superconducting, magnetic and electronic techniques.

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"Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Double-Normalized and Tempered 9 % Nickel" covers double-normalized and tempered 9 % nickel steel plates intended particularly for welded pressure vessels for cryogenic service. Plates produced under this specification are subject to impact testing at −320°F [−195°C] or at such other temperatures as are agreed upon.

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Ebook Mechanical engineers’ handbook - Volume 4: Energy and power (Fourth Edition) – Part 1 includes contents: Chapter 1 thermophysical properties of fluids; chapter 2 mechanics of incompressible fluids; chapter 3 thermodynamics fundamentals; chapter 4 exergy analysis, entropy generation minimization, and the constructal law; chapter 5 heat transfer fundamentals; chapter 6 temperature measurement; chapter 7 heat flux measurement; chapter 8 furnaces; chapter 9 heat exchangers, vaporizers, and condensers; chapter 10 heat pipes; chapter 11 air heating; chapter 12 cooling electric equipment; ch...

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A study on the effect of the physical states of nitrogen on the breakdown properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy was carried out. Surface breakdown and volume breakdown of glass fiber reinforced epoxy in nitrogen gas, cryogenic nitrogen gas and liquid nitrogen under AC voltages were investigated.

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The results obtained with each experimental configuration are highly consistent for both the Al and Ti centres. In particular, equivalent dose values obtained from eleven of the twelve samples analysed agree at a 1σ confidence level. The various cryogenic systems do no induce any significant systematic bias for ESR dose evaluation.

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Energy content of biogas is directly proportional to the methane concentration thus, removing impurities increases the energy content of the gas so that it can be used as vehicle fuel or pooled into gas grid. Removing impurities is regarded as biogas upgrading, in doing so, cryogenic method is among different enrichment methods. Cryogenic method involves the subsequent compression and expansion of biogas until the suitable pressure and temperature is attained (in other words until the required purity is attained).

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The application of emulsion for combined heat extraction and lubrication requires continuous monitoring of the quality of emulsion to sustain a desired grinding environment; this is applicable to other grinding fluids as well. Thus to sustain a controlled grinding environment, it is necessary to adopt an effectively lubricated wheel-work interface.

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Turboexpanders and Process Applications offers readers complete application criteria, functional parameters, and selection guidelines. This book is intended for the widest possible spectrum of engineering functions, including technical support, maintenance, operating, and managerial personnel in process plants, refineries, air liquefaction, natural gas separation, geothermal mining, and design contracting.

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CHAPTER 63 CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS Leonard A. Wenzel Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 63.1 63.2 CRYOGENICS AND CRYOFLUID PROPERTIES CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATION AND LIQUEFACTION CYCLES 63.2.1 Cascade Refrigeration 63.2.2 The Linde or JouleThomson Cycle 63.2.3 The Claude or Expander Cycle 63.2.4 Low-Temperature Engine Cycles CRYOGENIC HEATTRANSFER METHODS 63.3. 1 Coiled-Tube-in-Shell Exchangers 63.3.2 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 63.3.3 Regenerators INSULATIONSYSTEMS 63.4.1 Vacuum Insulation 63.4.2 Superinsulation 63.4.3 Insulating Powders and Fibers MATERIALSFOR CRYOGENIC SERVICE ...

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The science and technology of deep refrigeration processing occurring at temperatures lower than about 150 K is the field of cryogenics (from the Greek kryos, icy cold).

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