Cytoskeletal organization

Ebook "Cell biology of the axon" focus on endogenous cytoskeletal systems that structurally organize the axon, confer tensile strength, and mediate intracellular transport and growth cone motility. Specifically, Shea et al. address issues of how organizational dynamics of neurofilaments are regulated, including mechanisms of transport, and how dysregulation of transport can contribute to motor neuron disease.

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In ebook "Stress-activated protein kinases" leading researchers in the field discuss the state-of-the-art of many aspects of SAPK signalling in various systems from yeast to mammals. These include various chapters on regulatory mechanisms as well as the contribution of the SAPK signalling pathways to processes such as gene expression, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, immune responses and tumorigenesis.

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Microgravity has been shown to markedly affect reproduction in humans and animals, especially reproductive organs such as the ovaries. Granulosa cells are one of the important components of the ovary, playing an important role in supporting oocyte maturation and fertilization. However, the effects of microgravity on granulosa cells have not been well characterized.

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The cytoskeletal organizer ezrin is a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family and plays important roles in not only cell motility, cell adhesion, and apoptosis, but also in various cell signaling pathways.

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E-cadherin is an adherens junction protein that forms homophilic intercellular contacts in epithelial cells while also interacting with the intracellular cytoskeletal networks. It has roles including establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, differentiation, migration and signalling in cell proliferation pathways.

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Over-expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is correlated with poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Previous studies examining other cancer types have implicated IMP3 in the regulation of several cellular functions that are characteristic of tumour cells. However, the role of this oncofetal protein in PDAC progression remained unclear.

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A majority of human proteins have a modular composition, and are constructed of domains that mediate biomolecular inter-actions, and in some cases have catalytic functions. Interaction domains (i.e. SH2 domains) can regulate catalytic activity, direct enzymes to their substrates, and mediate the formation of multi-protein regulatory complexes, and of extended protein net-works. The functions of such modular protein interactions in phosphotyrosine-based signaling pathways, cytoskeletal organ-ization and cell polarity will be explored.

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Palladin is an actin-associated protein that has been suggested to play crit-ical roles in establishing cell morphology and maintaining cytoskeletal organization in a wide variety of cell types. Palladin has been shown previ-ously to bind directly to three different actin-binding proteins vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a-actinin and ezrin, suggesting that it functions as an organizing unit that recruits actin-regulatory proteins to specific subcellular sites.

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Calpains are intracellular Ca 2+ -regulated cysteine pro-teases which mediate regulatory cleavage of specific substrates. They cover a broad range of physiological functions including proteolysis of molecules involved in cytoskeletal organization, the cell cycle, signal trans-duction, apoptosis, and protein renewal during growth and tissue regeneration. Originally found in mamma-lian skeletal muscle then in numerous organisms inclu-ding protists and plants, their expression is ubiquitous [1,2].

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