Educational signals

The alternative sigma factors are regulated by a phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction cascade involving anti-sigma factors and anti-anti-sigma factors. The proteins regulating Mycobacterium tuberculosissigma factor F (SigF), anti-SigF and anti-anti-SigF have been identified, but the factors catalyzing phosphorylation–dephosphorylation have not been well estab-lished.

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In the diazotrophKlebsiella pneumoniae, the nitrogen sensory protein GlnK mediates the cellular nitrogen status towards the NifL⁄NifA system that regulates transcription of the nitrogen fixation genes in response to ammo-nium and molecular oxygen.

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Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids mainly present at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, where they participate in recogni-tion and signalling activities. The synthesis of gangliosides is carried out in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus by a complex system of glycosyltrans-ferases.

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Hypoxic preconditioning may afford protection against subsequent lethal hypoxia. As hypoxic tolerance induces changes in the expression of genes involved in DNA damage and repair response pathways, we investigated whether DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), one of the DNA dou-ble-strand break repair proteins, could be involved in hypoxic precondi-tioning-induced protective signaling cascades.

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TheSaccharomyces cerevisiaeatypical protein kinase Bud32p is a member of the nuclear endopeptidase-like, kinase, chromatin-associated⁄kinase, endopeptidase-like and other protein of small size (EKC⁄KEOPS) complex, known to be involved in the control of transcription and telomere homeo-stasis.

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Recently, we have shown that phenyl hydroquinone, a hepatic metabolite of the Ames test-negative carcinogen o-phenylphenol, efficiently induced aneuploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We further found that phenyl hydroquinone arrested the cell cycle at G1 and G2 ⁄M. In this study, we demonstrate that phenyl hydroquinone can arrest the cell cycle at the G2 ⁄M transition as a result of stabilization of Swe1 (a Wee1 homolog), probably leading to inactivation of Cdc28 (a Cdk1⁄Cdc2 homolog).

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has historically been known as a pituitary hormone; however, in the past few years, interest has been raised in locally produced, extrapituitary GnRH. GnRH receptor (GnRHR) was found to be expressed in normal human reproductive tissues (e.g. breast, endometrium, ovary, and prostate) and tumors derived from these tissues.

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Histone-derived antimicrobial peptides have been identified in various organisms from plants to humans. The rat histone H4 mRNA variants, H4-v.1 and rat histogranin (HNr) mRNAs, were recently reported to be involved in the synthesis of H4-(86–100) and its related peptide HNr, respectively.

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Ca 2+ , as a messenger of signal transduction, regulates numerous target molecules via Ca 2+ -induced conformational changes. Investigation into the determinants for Ca 2+ -induced conformational change is often impeded by cooperativity between multiple metal-binding sites or protein oligomeriza-tion in naturally occurring proteins.

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SEQUENTIAL REVEALING OF INFORMATION AND THE RETURNS TO EDUCATIONAL SIGNALS Caution is required, however, in generalizing from this chapter’s results to choice markets that do not link school assignment to residential location. Under Tiebout choice, parents may have to give up desired neighborhood amenities—views, parks, air quality, or characteristics of neighbors—to obtain a more effective school.

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THREE ESSAYS ON THE ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION The reliability of x jm is likely to be higher, however, in markets where schools are more stratified. One reason is that stratification implies a higher true variance of the peer group, and therefore a larger signal component of the signal-to-noise ratio.

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