Hydrogenobacter

Aminotransferases catalyse synthetic and degradative reactions of amino acids, and serve as a key linkage between central carbon and nitrogen metabolism in most organisms. In this study, three aminotransferases (AT1, AT2 and AT3) were purified and characterized fromHydrogenobacter thermophilus, a hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, which has been reported to possess unique features in its carbon and nitrogen anabolism.

10p mobifone23 21-01-2013 36 3   Download

Of the 600+ known proteases identified to date in mammals, a significant percentage is involved or implicated in pathogenic and cancer processes. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) gene family, comprising four enzyme members [DPIV (EC 3.4.14.5), fibroblast activation protein, DP8 and DP9] and two nonenzyme members [DP6 (DPL1) and DP10 (DPL2)], are inter-esting in this regard because of their multiple diverse functions,

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Adipophilin is a 50 kDa protein that belongs to the PAT family (perilipin, adipophilin, TIP47, S3-12 and OXPAT), which comprises proteins involved in the coating of lipid droplets. Little is known about the functional role of adipophilin in muscle. Using the C2C12 cell line as a model, we demon-strate that palmitic acid-treated cells highly express the adipophilin protein in a dose-dependent way.

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Glutaminase from Micrococcus luteusK-3 [Micrococcusglutaminase (Mglu); 456 amino acid residues (aa); 48 kDa] is a salt-tolerant enzyme. Our previous study determined the structure of its major 42-kDa fragment. Here, using new crystallization conditions, we determined the structures of the intact enzyme in the presence and absence of its product l-glutamate and its activator Tris, which activates the enzyme by sixfold.

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Realistic quantitative models require data from many laboratories. There-fore, standardization of experimental systems and assay conditions is crucial. Moreover, standards should be representative of thein vivoconditions. How-ever, most often, enzyme–kinetic parameters are measured under assay con-ditions that yield the maximum activity of each enzyme.

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Following the original reports of pre-mRNA splicing in 1977, it was quickly realized that splicing together of different combinations of splice sites – alternative splicing– allows individual genes to generate more than one mRNA isoform. The full extent of alternative splicing only began to be revealed once large-scale genome and transcriptome sequencing projects began, rapidly revealing that alternative splicing is the rule rather than the exception.

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The retroviral life cycle requires that significant amounts of RNA remain unspliced and perform several functions in the cytoplasm. Thus, the full-length RNA serves both the viral genetic material that will be encapsulated in viral particles and the mRNA encoding structural and enzymatic pro-teins required for viral replication.

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What makes a nucleotide sequence an exon (or an intron) is a question that still lacks a satisfactory answer. Indeed, most eukaryotic genes are full of sequences that look like perfect exons, but which are nonetheless ignored by the splicing machinery (hence the name ‘pseudoexons’).

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Nucleotide variations that do not alter the protein-coding sequence have been routinely considered as neutral. In light of the developments we have seen over the last decade or so in the RNA processing and translational field, it would be proper when assessing these variants to ask if this change is neutral, good or bad.

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Mitochondrial biogenesis, which depends on nuclear as well as mitochon-drial genes, occurs in response to increased cellular ATP demand. The nuclear transcriptional factors, estrogen-related receptor a (ERRa) and nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2, are associated with the coordination of the transcriptional machinery governing mitochondrial biogenesis

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c-Type cytochromes require specific post-translational protein systems, which vary in different organisms, for the characteristic covalent attach-ment of heme to the cytochrome polypeptide. Cytochromec biogenesis System II, found in chloroplasts and many bacteria, comprises four subun-its, two of which (ResB and ResC) are the minimal functional unit.

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The structural basis for the homotropic inhibition of pantothenate synthe-tase by the substrate pantoate was investigated by X-ray crystallography and high-resolution NMR spectroscopic methods. The tertiary structure of the dimeric N-terminal domain of Escherichia colipantothenate synthetase, determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.7 A˚ , showed a second molecule of pantoate bound in the ATP-binding pocket.

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The aim of this study is to discover and characterize novel energy homeo-stasis-related molecules. We screened stock mouse embryonic stem cells established using the exchangeable gene trap method, and examined the effects of deficiency of the target gene on diet and genetic-induced obesity.

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Although thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent promoters of adipogenesis in the preadipocyte, they induce apoptosis in several other cell types, such as cancer cells, endothelial cells and T-lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the proapoptotic effect of TZDs in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which express high levels of the peroxisome proliferator-acti-vated receptor-c (PPARc) protein.

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The class of nonribosomally assembled siderophores encompasses a multi-tude of structurally diverse natural products. The genome of the erythro-mycin-producing strainSaccharopolyspora erythraeacontains 25 secondary metabolite gene clusters that are mostly considered to be orphan, including two that are responsible for siderophore assembly.

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Although heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) has been shown to markedly inhi-bit H2O2-induced apoptosis in C2C12 cells, and nucleolin⁄C23 has also been implicated in apoptosis, the relationship of these two molecules is still largely unknown. The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential involvement of nucleolin⁄C23 in the antiapoptotic mechanism of Hsp70.

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The translocation domain (T domain) of diphtheria toxin adopts a partially folded state, the so-called molten globule state, to become functional at acidic pH. We compared, using hydrogen⁄deuterium exchange experiments associated with MS, the structures of the T domain in its soluble folded state at neutral pH and in its functional molten globule state at acidic pH.

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During embryogenesis, most of the mammalian skeletal system is preformed as cartilaginous structures that ossify later. The different stages of cartilage and skeletal development are well described, and several molecular factors are known to influence the events of this enchondral ossification, especially transcription factors.

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The cell cycle-dependent element (CDE) and the cell cycle genes homology region (CHR) control the transcription of genes with maximum expression in G2 phase and in mitosis. Promoters of these genes are repressed by pro-teins binding to CDE⁄CHR elements in G0 and G1 phases. Relief from repression begins in S phase and continues into G2 phase and mitosis.

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The bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system is a protein targeting pathway dedicated to the transport of folded proteins across the cytoplas-mic membrane. Proteins transported on the Tat pathway are synthesised as precursors with N-terminal signal peptides containing a conserved amino acid motif.

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