Mechanism of transcription

The multifaceted control of gene expression requires tight coordination of regulatory mechanisms at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Here, we studied the interdependence of transcription initiation, splicing and polyadenylation events on single mRNA molecules by full-length mRNA sequencing.

18p vimichaelfaraday 25-03-2022 16 2   Download

Chromatin state provides a clear decipherable blueprint for maintenance of transcriptional patterns, exemplifying a mitotically stable form of cellular programming in dividing cells. In this regard, genomic studies of chromatin states within cancerous tissues have the potential to uncover novel aspects of tumor biology and unique mechanisms associated with disease phenotypes and outcomes.

15p vielonmusk 21-01-2022 14 1   Download

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (HNRNP) A1 and A2 are the most abundant HNRNPs with nearly identical functions, and play important roles in regulating gene expression at multiple levels (i.e. transcription, posttranscription, and translation). However, the expression and regulation mechanism of HNRNPA1 and A2 themselves remain unclear. In this study, the amino acid sequences of HNRNPA1 and HNRNPA2 were compared and found to have 78% and 86% homology in key functional domains.

10p thiencuuchu 27-11-2021 10 1   Download

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds are rich in both protein and oil, which are major sources of biofuels and nutrition. Although the difference in seed oil content between soybean (~ 20%) and rapeseed (~ 40%) exists, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanism.

15p vishikamaru2711 29-04-2020 11 0   Download

The RsMYB1 transcription factor (TF) controls the regulation of anthocyanin in radishes (Raphanus sativus), and its overexpression in tobacco and petunias strongly enhances anthocyanin production. However, there are no data on the involvement of RsMYB1 in the mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance, despite strong sequence similarity with other MYBs that confer such tolerance. In this study, we used the anthocyanin-enriched transgenic petunia lines PM6 and PM2, which overexpress RsMYB1.

15p thithizone3 30-07-2019 14 1   Download

Chapter 6 - The mechanism of transcription in bacteria. In this chapter we will focus on the basic mechanism of transcription. We will begin with RNA polymerase, the enzyme that catalyzes transcription. We will also look at the interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA.

55p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 76 3   Download

SHP-1, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase with two srchomology 2 domains, is expressed predominantly in hematopoietic and epithelial cells and has been implicated in numerous signaling pathways as a negative regulator. Two promoters direct the expression of human and murine SHP-1, and two types of transcripts (I) and (II) SHP-1, are initiated from each of these promoters. The cDNA sequences of (I)SHP-1 and (II)SHP-1 are identical except in the 5¢ untranslated region and in the first few coding nucleotides.

8p system191 01-06-2013 35 3   Download

The human MUC4 gene encodes a large membrane-associated mucin, characterized by a mucin tandem repeat domain and a growth factor-like transmembrane domain. In addition to the originally published sequence (sv0-MUC4), several MUC4 cDNA sequences (called sv1-MUC4 to sv21MUC4, MUC4/X, MUC4/Y) from various tissues and cell lines have been recently described. They differ from sv0MUC4 by deletions and/or insertions located in the 3¢ region or, for two of them, by deletion of the central repetitive domain.

8p research12 01-06-2013 42 4   Download

The 5¢ flanking region of the bile salt export pump (Bsep) gene was systematically analysed to provide the basis for understanding the mechanisms which regulate Bsep transcription. In addition substrates and drugs were investigated for their ability to alter Bsep promoter activity. Bsep promoter function was restricted to hepatocyte derived HepG2 cells. The 5¢ deletional analysis revealed a biphasic shape of reporter gene activities, indicating a suppressive element between nucleotides )800 and )512. ...

9p research12 01-06-2013 38 4   Download

Chromatin is a highly dynamic structure that plays an essential role in regulating all nuclear processes that utilize the DNA template including DNA repair, replication, transcription and recombination. Thus, the mechanisms by which chromatin structures are assembled and modified are questions of broad interest. This minireview will focus on two groups of proteins: (a) histone chaperones and (b) ATPdependent chromatin remodeling machines, that co-operate to assemble DNA and histone proteins into chromatin....

7p research12 01-06-2013 32 4   Download

The organization of DNA within eukaryotic cell nuclei poses special problems and opportunities for the cell. For example, assembly of DNA into chromatin is thought to be a principle mechanism by which adventitious general transcription is repressed. However, access to genomic DNA for events such as DNA repair must be facilitated by energy-intensive processes that either directly alter chromatin structure or impart post-translational modifications, leading to increased DNA accessibility.

6p research12 01-06-2013 36 4   Download

Retinoids are potent immune modulators that inhibit Fas ligand (FasL) expression and thereby repress the activationinduced apoptosis of immature thymocytes and T-cell hybridomas. In this study, we demonstrate that all-transretinoic acid (all-trans-RA) directly represses the transcriptional activity of the nuclear factors of activated T-cells (NFAT), which is an important transactivator of the FasL promoter.

9p research12 01-06-2013 42 5   Download

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway plays a major role in a number of pathophysio-logical conditions. However, there have been conflicting evidences regarding the action of cAMP/PKA on nuclear factor-jB(NF-jB). Inthis study,wehaveexplored the effect of cAMP/PKA on NF-jBactivity and determined its molecular mechanism. PKA activating agents or expression of thecatalyticsubunitofPKA(PKAc) inhibitedtheNF-jB-dependent reporter gene expression induced by tumor nec-rosis factora(TNFa). ...

7p research12 23-04-2013 33 4   Download

InSaccharomyces cerevisiae, toxic concentrations of Na + or Li + ions induce the expression of the cation-extrusion ATPase gene,ENA1. Several well-studied signal transduc-tion pathways are known correlating high salinity to the transcriptional activation ofENA1. Nevertheless, informa-tion on the actual sensing mechanism initiating these path-ways is limited.

7p research12 23-04-2013 21 2   Download

Cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61/CCN1) is an angiogenic factor and a member of a family of growth factor-inducible immediate-early genes with functions in cell adhesion, pro-liferation and differentiation.We investigated the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways involved inCyr61/ CCN1gene activation in smoothmuscle cells.Treatment of these cells with sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lysolipid, increased rapidly but transiently the expression of theCyr61/CCN1gene at both themRNAandprotein levels....

14p tumor12 20-04-2013 36 2   Download

Viral infection of fibroblastic and endothelial cells leads to the transient synthesis of interferon-b(IFN-b). The down-regulation of IFN-bsynthesis after infection results both from transcriptional repression of the IFN-bgene and rapid degradation of mRNA. As with many cytokine mRNAs, IFN-bmRNA contains an AU-rich element (ARE) in its 3¢-untranslated region (UTR). AREs are known tomediate mRNAdeadenylation and destabilization. Depending on the class of ARE, deadenylation was shown to occur through synchronous or asynchronous mechanisms....

8p tumor12 20-04-2013 23 2   Download

The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factora-subunit (HIFa)is pivotal in the cellular response to the stress of hypoxia. Post-translational modification of HIFa by hydroxylase enzymes has recently been identified as a key
oxygen sensing mechanism within the cell. The absence of the substrate oxygen prevents the hydroxylases from modi-fying HIFaduring hypoxia and allows dramatic up-regula-tion of both HIFaprotein stability and transcriptional activation capability.

8p tumor12 20-04-2013 28 2   Download

The c-jungene encodes the protein Jun, a component of the essential transcription factor, AP1. Jun/AP-1 occupies a central position in signal transduction pathways as it is responsible for the induction of a number of genes in response to growth promoters. However, the exact mecha-nisms leading to an enhanced expression of the c-jun gene itself during proliferation, differentiation, cell growth and development are not fully understood. Cell culture studies have given some insight in the mechanisms involved in the up-regulation of c-jun expression by UV irradiation and phorbol esters. ...

9p tumor12 20-04-2013 43 2   Download

The immune coagulant fgl2/fibroleukin has been previously shown to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of murine and human fulminant hepatitis and fetal loss syndrome. Constitutive expression of fgl2 transcripts at low levels are seen in cytotoxic T cells, endothelial, intestinal and tropho-blast cells, while specific factors (such as virus and cytokines) are required to induce high levels of fgl2 expression in other cell types including monocytes/macrophages.

13p fptmusic 16-04-2013 37 5   Download

PMAP-36 is a cathelicidin-derived host defence peptide originally deduced by a transcript from pig bone marrow RNA. The expression of the propep-tide in leukocytes, and the structure, antimicrobial activity, and mechanism of action of the mature peptide were investigated. The proform is stored as a dimeric precursor of 38 kDa formed by a dimerization site at its C-ter-minal cysteine residue; it is likely that the mature peptide is dimeric when released.

9p fptmusic 11-04-2013 48 2   Download